See craven on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for craven meaning in All languages combined (18.4kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "cravanter",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "creaunt",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "creaunt (“defeated”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more craven",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most craven",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (comparative more craven, superlative most craven)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "68 4 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English adjectives ending in -en",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "92 2 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 4 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 0 1 41 2 11 5 3 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "97 3 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Fear",
"orig": "en:Fear",
"parents": [
"Emotions",
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cry craven"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2010, Bruce Cumings, The Korean War",
"text": "Prime Minister Abe's fumbling and craven performance took place on a national holiday in Korea, marking the country wide uprising against the Japanese colonial rule that began on March 1, 1919. March 1 is also the day in 1932 that Japan chose to inaugurate Manchukuo (after seizing northeastern China).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020 October 12, Andrew Marantz, quoting Dave Willner, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, in The New Yorker",
"text": "But they’ve made some big carve-outs that are just absolute nonsense. There’s no perfect approach to content moderation, but they could at least try to look less transparently craven and incoherent.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 September 26, Sam Jones, “Spain elections: Feijóo launches doomed bid to lead country”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
"text": "The PP has seized on the possibility of an amnesty to rally support and to portray the PSOE leader as craven, dependent on Catalan separatists and hellbent on remaining in office.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 15, Christian Wolmar, “Ministers should carry the can for ticket office fiasco”, in RAIL, number 996, page 47",
"text": "Now, I hold no candle for the train operators, and I think that in the main they have been far too craven about any government proposals. But in this instance, they have been badly traduced, led up the hill, and then chucked back down it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unwilling to fight; lacking even the rudiments of courage; extremely cowardly."
],
"id": "en-craven-en-adj-gkPUONtt",
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"rudiment",
"rudiment"
],
[
"courage",
"courage"
],
[
"cowardly",
"cowardly"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cowardly"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strahliv",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "страхлив"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "lafhartig"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "malkuraĝa"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "poltrona"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "pelkurimainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lâche"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "feige"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "meata"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "malódušen",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "мало́душен"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "plášliv",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "пла́шлив"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "covarde"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "malodúšnyj",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "малоду́шный"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "Kukavica"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "plašljivac"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "cobarde"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "feg"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "mesig"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "malodúšnyj",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "малоду́шний"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "pakhdonish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "פּחדניש"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "cravanter",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "creaunt",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "creaunt (“defeated”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cravens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (plural cravens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A coward."
],
"id": "en-craven-en-noun-T3Wsec-l",
"links": [
[
"coward",
"coward"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "coward"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strahlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "страхливец"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "pelkuri"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "couard"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lâche"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Feigling"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feiger Hund"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "heigull"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raggeit"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bleyða"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "plášlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пла́шливец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "strášlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "стра́шливец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kukávica",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кука́вица"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "covarde"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gealtaire"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cobarde"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "mes"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "feg stackare"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "korkak"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "cravanter",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "creaunt",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "creaunt (“defeated”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cravens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cravening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cravened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cravened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (third-person singular simple present cravens, present participle cravening, simple past and past participle cravened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To make craven."
],
"id": "en-craven-en-verb-K0ulFh1z",
"links": [
[
"craven",
"#Adjective"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jam",
"2": "en",
"3": "craving"
},
"expansion": "English craving",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English craving.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jam",
"2": "adjective",
"head": "craven"
},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "jam-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"cra‧ven"
],
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"lang_code": "jam",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Jamaican Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "35 0 1 41 2 11 5 3 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That boy's bloody greedy. Can you believe he ate all the food in my pot?",
"text": "Da bwoy deh too damn craven. 'Im nuh come nyam off all a di food inna mi pot.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Anancy was walking back home with Cat and said \"Wait a minute, Br'er Cat. How come you were playing so nice with Rat? Why didn't you eat him? Don't you know that Rat tastes great?' That greedy cat replied, 'Is that so, Br'er Anancy?' […]",
"ref": "2002, Frederic Gomes Cassidy, Robert Brock Le Page, Dictionary of Jamaican English (in English), page 128",
"text": "“Anancy .. walk home wid Puss an sey 'tap Bra Puss is how you dah play so nice wid Rat an noh eat him yet? Yuh no know sey Rat is nice meat?' Hear puss wid him craven self, 'true Bra Nancy?' […]”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gluttonous, greedy"
],
"id": "en-craven-jam-adj-jpGojCtW",
"links": [
[
"gluttonous",
"gluttonous"
],
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gravalicious"
},
{
"word": "licky-licky"
},
{
"word": "nyamy-nyamy"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"University of the West Indies Press"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/krʲeːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/krʲeːbən/"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "English: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: crave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "Yola: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: crave"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crafian"
},
"expansion": "Old English crafian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krafōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krafōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krafjaną",
"t": "to demand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crafian, from Proto-West Germanic *krafōn, modification of Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cravest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cravedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "craveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cravede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "craveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cravynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cravende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycraved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crav"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to ask or petition (for something)"
],
"id": "en-craven-enm-verb-E7HoLt55",
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"petition",
"petition"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 0 1 41 2 11 5 3 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to demand or claim; to ask forcefully"
],
"id": "en-craven-enm-verb-VRwZ5LvN",
"links": [
[
"demand",
"demand"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to ask or inquire (about something)"
],
"id": "en-craven-enm-verb-xSbq1R19",
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"inquire",
"inquire"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to want or crave"
],
"id": "en-craven-enm-verb-3MBSG2BF",
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"crave",
"crave"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) to want or crave"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to charge; to calumniate"
],
"id": "en-craven-enm-verb-yXqC20nz",
"links": [
[
"charge",
"charge"
],
[
"calumniate",
"calumniate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) to charge; to calumniate"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkraːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "crave"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cravyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "crawyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "krave"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adjectives ending in -en",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
"en:Fear",
"en:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cry craven"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
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"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more craven",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most craven",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (comparative more craven, superlative most craven)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2010, Bruce Cumings, The Korean War",
"text": "Prime Minister Abe's fumbling and craven performance took place on a national holiday in Korea, marking the country wide uprising against the Japanese colonial rule that began on March 1, 1919. March 1 is also the day in 1932 that Japan chose to inaugurate Manchukuo (after seizing northeastern China).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020 October 12, Andrew Marantz, quoting Dave Willner, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, in The New Yorker",
"text": "But they’ve made some big carve-outs that are just absolute nonsense. There’s no perfect approach to content moderation, but they could at least try to look less transparently craven and incoherent.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 September 26, Sam Jones, “Spain elections: Feijóo launches doomed bid to lead country”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
"text": "The PP has seized on the possibility of an amnesty to rally support and to portray the PSOE leader as craven, dependent on Catalan separatists and hellbent on remaining in office.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 15, Christian Wolmar, “Ministers should carry the can for ticket office fiasco”, in RAIL, number 996, page 47",
"text": "Now, I hold no candle for the train operators, and I think that in the main they have been far too craven about any government proposals. But in this instance, they have been badly traduced, led up the hill, and then chucked back down it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unwilling to fight; lacking even the rudiments of courage; extremely cowardly."
],
"links": [
[
"fight",
"fight"
],
[
"rudiment",
"rudiment"
],
[
"courage",
"courage"
],
[
"cowardly",
"cowardly"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cowardly"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strahliv",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "страхлив"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "lafhartig"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "malkuraĝa"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "poltrona"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "pelkurimainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lâche"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "feige"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "meata"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "malódušen",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "мало́душен"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "plášliv",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "пла́шлив"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "covarde"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "malodúšnyj",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "малоду́шный"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "Kukavica"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "plašljivac"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "cobarde"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "feg"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "mesig"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "malodúšnyj",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "малоду́шний"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "pakhdonish",
"sense": "extremely cowardly",
"word": "פּחדניש"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adjectives ending in -en",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
"en:Fear",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "cravanter",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "creaunt",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "creaunt (“defeated”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cravens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (plural cravens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A coward."
],
"links": [
[
"coward",
"coward"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "coward"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "strahlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "страхливец"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "pelkuri"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "couard"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lâche"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Feigling"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feiger Hund"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "heigull"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raggeit"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bleyða"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "plášlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пла́шливец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "strášlivec",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "стра́шливец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kukávica",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кука́вица"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "covarde"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gealtaire"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "coward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cobarde"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "mes"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "feg stackare"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "coward",
"word": "korkak"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English adjectives",
"English adjectives ending in -en",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
"Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
"en:Fear",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cravant"
},
"expansion": "Middle English cravant",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "cravanté",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "cravanter",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "cravanter",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "creaunt",
"t": "defeated"
},
"expansion": "creaunt (“defeated”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "craven",
"t": "to crave"
},
"expansion": "craven (“to crave”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cravens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cravening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cravened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "cravened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven (third-person singular simple present cravens, present participle cravening, simple past and past participle cravened)",
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}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To make craven."
],
"links": [
[
"craven",
"#Adjective"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪvən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jam",
"2": "en",
"3": "craving"
},
"expansion": "English craving",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English craving.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "jam",
"2": "adjective",
"head": "craven"
},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "jam-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"cra‧ven"
],
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"lang_code": "jam",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Jamaican Creole adjectives",
"Jamaican Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"Jamaican Creole lemmas",
"Jamaican Creole terms derived from English",
"Jamaican Creole terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Jamaican Creole terms with quotations",
"Jamaican Creole terms with redundant head parameter",
"Jamaican Creole terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "That boy's bloody greedy. Can you believe he ate all the food in my pot?",
"text": "Da bwoy deh too damn craven. 'Im nuh come nyam off all a di food inna mi pot.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Anancy was walking back home with Cat and said \"Wait a minute, Br'er Cat. How come you were playing so nice with Rat? Why didn't you eat him? Don't you know that Rat tastes great?' That greedy cat replied, 'Is that so, Br'er Anancy?' […]",
"ref": "2002, Frederic Gomes Cassidy, Robert Brock Le Page, Dictionary of Jamaican English (in English), page 128",
"text": "“Anancy .. walk home wid Puss an sey 'tap Bra Puss is how you dah play so nice wid Rat an noh eat him yet? Yuh no know sey Rat is nice meat?' Hear puss wid him craven self, 'true Bra Nancy?' […]”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"gluttonous, greedy"
],
"links": [
[
"gluttonous",
"gluttonous"
],
[
"greedy",
"greedy"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "gravalicious"
},
{
"word": "licky-licky"
},
{
"word": "nyamy-nyamy"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"University of the West Indies Press"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/krʲeːvən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/krʲeːbən/"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "English: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: crave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "Scots: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: crave"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "crave"
},
"expansion": "Yola: crave",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: crave"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "crafian"
},
"expansion": "Old English crafian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*krafōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *krafōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*krafjaną",
"t": "to demand"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English crafian, from Proto-West Germanic *krafōn, modification of Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cravest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cravedest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "craven",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "craveden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cravede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "craveth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "crave",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cravynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cravende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "craved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ycraved",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "craven",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crav"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to ask or petition (for something)"
],
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"petition",
"petition"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to demand or claim; to ask forcefully"
],
"links": [
[
"demand",
"demand"
],
[
"claim",
"claim"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to ask or inquire (about something)"
],
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"inquire",
"inquire"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"to want or crave"
],
"links": [
[
"want",
"want"
],
[
"crave",
"crave"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) to want or crave"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"to charge; to calumniate"
],
"links": [
[
"charge",
"charge"
],
[
"calumniate",
"calumniate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) to charge; to calumniate"
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkraːvən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "crave"
},
{
"word": "cravyn"
},
{
"word": "crawyn"
},
{
"word": "krave"
}
],
"word": "craven"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.