See backward in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for backward meaning in English (43.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ass backward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ass-backward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backwardation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward compatibility"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward-compatible"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward compatible"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward compliment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward design"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward dive"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward in coming forward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward induction"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward integration"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward linkage"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward-looking"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward-lookingness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backwardly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward masking"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backwardness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward pass"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward pawn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward rationalization"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward slash"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backward time machine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bend over backward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fast backward"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forward-backward algorithm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "other backward class"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "work backward"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more backward",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most backward",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "backward (comparative more backward, superlative most backward)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The silt collects in the backward part of the tank.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Situated toward or at the rear of something."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj--sQYcDmj",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "56 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 7 2 5 5 7 3 3",
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "hindwards"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 7 2 5 5 7 3 3",
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "rearward"
},
{
"_dis1": "56 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 7 2 5 5 7 3 3",
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "retrograde"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward tilt of the head",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving in the direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-i9r7KV5c"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The occasional apparent backward movement of planets is evidence that they revolve around the sun.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Engage the lock to prevent backward rotation of the wheel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving in the direction opposite to the usual direction of movement."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-DEaYCoGr",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 27 38 9 8 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 1",
"sense": "in the opposite direction of usual",
"word": "contrariwise"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This is a backward step for the country.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving oppositely to the desired direction of progress."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-2qcovNON",
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Acting or moving oppositely to the desired direction of progress."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This backward writing is hard to read.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reversed in order or sequence."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-Xp7Rch4r",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 8 9 2 39 4 2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 3",
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "mirror image"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 8 9 2 39 4 2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 3",
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "switched"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 8 9 2 39 4 2 3 5 5 4 3 4 4 3",
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "back to front"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "She certainly isn't backward in coming forward!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1882, Charles Edward Page, How to feed the baby to make it healthy and happy, page 133",
"text": "The effect is to retard their progress—giving them too little opportunity and too little incentive for copying the language of adults— and a little later the child is pained and the parents' ears tingle at hearing a chance remark: “ How terribly backward she is about talking.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Leonard Keene Hirshberg, What You Ought to Know about Your Baby, page 19",
"text": "The fact that a child is backward in talking is no sign of defective intelligence, nor does it prove that it will be a slow pupil.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1919, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, “chapter 51”, in The Moon and Sixpence",
"text": "Then her eyes, always alert for the affairs of her kitchen, fell on some action of the Chinese cook which aroused her violent disapproval. She turned on him with a torrent of abuse. The Chink was not backward to defend himself, and a very lively quarrel ensued.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170",
"text": "Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly. The children are backward in walking and backward in talking and the soft-spot (fontanel) on the top of the head remains open months longer than it should.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2003 August, “Media Prospecting”, in Mortgage Magazine, archived from the original on 2006-08-20",
"text": "Don't be backward in suggesting story ideas to local media but always think of the wants, needs and desires of their readers when selling-in story ideas.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reluctant or unable to advance or act."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-JEGXG5Ce",
"links": [
[
"Reluctant",
"reluctant"
],
[
"unable",
"unable"
],
[
"advance",
"advance"
],
[
"act",
"act"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "vastahakoinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "saamaton"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "arka"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "arriéré"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "zögerlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "gehemmt"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "riluttante"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "dwakewtu",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "دواکەوتو"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 2 2 40 1 2 3 4 4 3 5 24 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "They were a backward people without any writing.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Tom Donnelly, “Back to Mogadishu?”, in Armed Forces Journal, archived from the original on 2009-01-08",
"text": "Most cruelly, the immediate security interests of the United States and the states surrounding Somalia are now to keep it a failed state, to prevent Islamists from consolidating even a weak state centered on Mogadishu. The leader of the victorious faction, one Aden Hashi 'Ayro, is said to be a veteran of Afghanistan; he knows well what a small sanctuary in a backward corner of the globe can mean for al Qaeda.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a culture, country, practice etc., undeveloped or unsophisticated."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-znK5FdHq",
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"undeveloped",
"undeveloped"
],
[
"unsophisticated",
"unsophisticated"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Of a culture, country, practice etc., undeveloped or unsophisticated."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "crude"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mutaḵallif",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مُتَخَلِّف"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "afb",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mitḵallif",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"Gulf-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "متخلف"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izostanal",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "изостанал"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "endarrerit"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "onderontwikkeld"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "takapajuinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "kehittymätön"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "alikehittynyt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "arriéré"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "rückständig"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "unterentwickelt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "zurückgeblieben"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "zurückgewandt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypanáptyktos",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "υπανάπτυκτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "fejletlen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "vanþróaður"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "cúlánta"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "indietro"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "dwakewtu",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "دواکەوتو"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "pinnōkka",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "പിന്നോക്ക"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslelā",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "मागासलेला"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslelī",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "मागासलेली"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslele",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "मागासलेले"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "atrasado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "înapoiat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otstályj",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "отста́лый"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "atrasado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "rezagado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "subdesarrollado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "tercermundista"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "bakom"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 2 6 2 61 2 2 4 2 2 2 5 3",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "eriré"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward child",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow to apprehend; having difficulties in learning."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-9oR4C9Y1",
"links": [
[
"apprehend",
"apprehend"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Slow to apprehend; having difficulties in learning."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "progressive"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The party's ideas and policies are very backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lacking progressive or enlightened thought; outdated."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-lhokmiYT",
"links": [
[
"outdated",
"outdated"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "antediluvian"
},
{
"word": "antiquated"
},
{
"word": "backwards"
},
{
"word": "parachronistic"
},
{
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"word": "obsolete"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "staromoden",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "старомоден"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "demodé"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "achterhaald"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "vanhakantainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "altmodisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "rückwärtsgewandt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "rückständig"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "überholt"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquiert"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "paliomodítikos",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "παλιομοδίτικος"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "opisthodromikós",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "οπισθοδρομικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "úreltur"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "fágtha"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquato"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "fuori moda"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "przestarzały"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "archaiczny"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "pasado de moda"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "anticuado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trasnochado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "desactualizado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aviyi"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 67 2 1 3 3 5 5",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "foû môde"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward season",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1848, Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton",
"text": "\"[…] I've a job of work to finish tonight; mourning, as must be in time for the funeral to-morrow; and grandfather has been out moss- hunting, and will not be home till late.\"\n\"Oh, how charming it will be! I'll help you if you're backward. Have you much to do?\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1855, The zoologist: a popular miscellany of natural history, Volume 14",
"text": "We have had a long run of heavy, wet and squally weather; the dry season is two months backward, and the Lepidoptera have not appeared so abundantly as they should have done.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170",
"text": "Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Late or behindhand."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-OgrTGxOb",
"links": [
[
"Late",
"late"
],
[
"behindhand",
"behindhand"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "overdue"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "overdue"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chess",
"orig": "en:Chess",
"parents": [
"Board games",
"Tabletop games",
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a pawn, further behind than pawns of the same colour on adjacent files and unable to be moved forward safely."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-63CjfNQh",
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"pawn",
"pawn"
],
[
"adjacent",
"adjacent"
],
[
"file",
"file"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) Of a pawn, further behind than pawns of the same colour on adjacent files and unable to be moved forward safely."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cricket",
"orig": "en:Cricket",
"parents": [
"Ball games",
"Sports",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"On that part of the field behind the batsman's popping crease."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-oxJ~vegu",
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"behind",
"behind"
],
[
"batsman",
"batsman"
],
[
"popping crease",
"popping crease"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) On that part of the field behind the batsman's popping crease."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cricket",
"orig": "en:Cricket",
"parents": [
"Ball games",
"Sports",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Further behind the batsman's popping crease than something else."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-Ncj5JLCD",
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"Further",
"further"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) Further behind the batsman's popping crease than something else."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 3 5 6 10 2 6 1 9 11 2 12 7 17 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 3 5 4 7 2 8 1 6 7 2 6 4 12 2 3 2 4 4 2 1 2 1 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 4 5 4 7 1 6 2 7 5 2 8 6 10 3 2 4 3 4 2 1 2 1 4 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ward",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1713, Alexander Pope, Windsor Forest, line 50",
"text": "For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unwilling; averse; reluctant."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj--L0bTM7t",
"links": [
[
"Unwilling",
"unwilling"
],
[
"averse",
"averse"
],
[
"reluctant",
"reluctant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Unwilling; averse; reluctant."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 5 6 7 3 2 6 3 10 11 5 10 7 16 3",
"sense": "so that the back precedes the front",
"word": "back to front"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1812–1818, George Gordon Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 2, verse 24",
"text": "The soul forgets her schemes of Hope and Pride, / and flies unconscious o'er each backward year.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Already past or gone; bygone."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adj-b9UqJjg1",
"links": [
[
"bygone",
"bygone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Already past or gone; bygone."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "forepast"
},
{
"word": "historical"
},
{
"word": "past"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reversedly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "in reverse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dated"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "obsolete"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "primitive"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazad",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "назад"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "achteruit"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "naar achteren"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperoinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "taaksepäin suuntautuva"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "taakse"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zurück"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "nach hinten"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "ibuks",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "aftur"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "siar"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "indietro"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "back"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "whakamuri"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "w tył"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "traseiro"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "posterior"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "înapoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "spre-napoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "către spate"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "regresiv"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "îndărăt"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zádnij",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "за́дний"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 28 27 12 8 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 3 1 2",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"note": "often reduplicated - mainly for the senses implying \"retreat\"",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "geri"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obratno",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "обратно"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxiàng",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "逆向"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "vzad"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "achteruit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "takaperoinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "peruuttava"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anápodos",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ανάποδος"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "aftur á bak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "siar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retromarcia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "backway"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "w tył"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "do tyłu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "înapoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "îndărăt"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrátnyj",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "обра́тный"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "bakåt"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 34 35 13 8 0 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "baklänges"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "forward"
},
{
"word": "forwards"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more backward",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most backward",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "backward (comparative more backward, superlative most backward)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The passenger turned around and walked backward, towards the tail of the aircraft.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"At, near or towards the rear of something."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-095y6~Dd"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He tilted his head backward.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The grandfather clock toppled backward and crashed to the ground.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Her arm was bent backward at an odd angle.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing or normally pointing."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-V~HBIQI7"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In reverse gear the wheel turns backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a direction opposite to the usual direction of movement."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-MO3h70IZ"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 13 13 11 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 1 0 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Directions",
"orig": "en:Directions",
"parents": [
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This project seems to be going backward.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1700, John Dryden, Theodore and Honoria",
"text": "The work went backward.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Oppositely to the desired direction of progress, or from a better to a worse state."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-7wOrKtkB",
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Oppositely to the desired direction of progress, or from a better to a worse state."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He had his cap on backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a reversed orientation; back to front."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-XknFMN62",
"links": [
[
"back to front",
"back to front"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A palindrome reads the same backward as forward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a reversed order or sequence."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-FQkBcUsZ"
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "As we begin the new millennium, it behoves us to look backward as well as forward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Toward or into the past."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-31-Szjq-"
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"In the past."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-dfGp6rdK",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) In the past."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599, John Davies, Nosce Teipsum",
"text": "the Mind can backward caſt\nUpon herself, her understanding Light",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1862, George Eliot, Romola",
"text": "It was still possible — perhaps it might be inevitable — for him to accept frankly the altered conditions, and avow Baldassarre's existence; but hardly without casting an unpleasant light backward on his original reticence[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"By way of reflection; reflexively."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-adv-ocHMY-AV"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "artqa",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "артҡа"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazad",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "назад"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "enrere"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "asini",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ᎠᏏᏂ"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "向後"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiànghòu",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "向后"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zpátky"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "dozadu"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "vzad"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "gur",
"lang": "Farefare",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "abilimpoore"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "taaksepäin"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperin"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "en arrière"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "à reculons"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "para atrás"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "de costas"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zurück"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píso",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "πίσω"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "hátra"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "hátrafelé"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "aftur á bak"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperin"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"alt": "うしろへ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ushiro e",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "後ろへ"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"alt": "こうほうへ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kōhō e",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "後方へ"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rūrsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "retrōrsum"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "puṟakōṭṭŭ",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "പുറകോട്ട്"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "do tyłu"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "z powrotem"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "para trás"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nazád",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "наза́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrátno",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "обра́тно"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "patalikod"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "nazád",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "наза́д"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 20 20 14 13 5 6 12 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ngược lại"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "backward",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The state behind or past."
],
"id": "en-backward-en-noun-DNmR6ewf",
"related": [
{
"word": "backwards"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state behind or past",
"word": "menneisyys"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with unknown or uncertain plurals",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ward",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Directions"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ass backward"
},
{
"word": "ass-backward"
},
{
"word": "backwardation"
},
{
"word": "backward compatibility"
},
{
"word": "backward-compatible"
},
{
"word": "backward compatible"
},
{
"word": "backward compliment"
},
{
"word": "backward design"
},
{
"word": "backward dive"
},
{
"word": "backward in coming forward"
},
{
"word": "backward induction"
},
{
"word": "backward integration"
},
{
"word": "backward linkage"
},
{
"word": "backward-looking"
},
{
"word": "backward-lookingness"
},
{
"word": "backwardly"
},
{
"word": "backward masking"
},
{
"word": "backwardness"
},
{
"word": "backward pass"
},
{
"word": "backward pawn"
},
{
"word": "backward rationalization"
},
{
"word": "backward slash"
},
{
"word": "backward time machine"
},
{
"word": "bend over backward"
},
{
"word": "fast backward"
},
{
"word": "forward-backward algorithm"
},
{
"word": "other backward class"
},
{
"word": "work backward"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more backward",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most backward",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "backward (comparative more backward, superlative most backward)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The silt collects in the backward part of the tank.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Situated toward or at the rear of something."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward tilt of the head",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving in the direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The occasional apparent backward movement of planets is evidence that they revolve around the sun.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Engage the lock to prevent backward rotation of the wheel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving in the direction opposite to the usual direction of movement."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "retrograde"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This is a backward step for the country.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Acting or moving oppositely to the desired direction of progress."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Acting or moving oppositely to the desired direction of progress."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This backward writing is hard to read.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reversed in order or sequence."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "She certainly isn't backward in coming forward!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1882, Charles Edward Page, How to feed the baby to make it healthy and happy, page 133",
"text": "The effect is to retard their progress—giving them too little opportunity and too little incentive for copying the language of adults— and a little later the child is pained and the parents' ears tingle at hearing a chance remark: “ How terribly backward she is about talking.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Leonard Keene Hirshberg, What You Ought to Know about Your Baby, page 19",
"text": "The fact that a child is backward in talking is no sign of defective intelligence, nor does it prove that it will be a slow pupil.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1919, W[illiam] Somerset Maugham, “chapter 51”, in The Moon and Sixpence",
"text": "Then her eyes, always alert for the affairs of her kitchen, fell on some action of the Chinese cook which aroused her violent disapproval. She turned on him with a torrent of abuse. The Chink was not backward to defend himself, and a very lively quarrel ensued.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170",
"text": "Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly. The children are backward in walking and backward in talking and the soft-spot (fontanel) on the top of the head remains open months longer than it should.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2003 August, “Media Prospecting”, in Mortgage Magazine, archived from the original on 2006-08-20",
"text": "Don't be backward in suggesting story ideas to local media but always think of the wants, needs and desires of their readers when selling-in story ideas.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Reluctant or unable to advance or act."
],
"links": [
[
"Reluctant",
"reluctant"
],
[
"unable",
"unable"
],
[
"advance",
"advance"
],
[
"act",
"act"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "They were a backward people without any writing.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Tom Donnelly, “Back to Mogadishu?”, in Armed Forces Journal, archived from the original on 2009-01-08",
"text": "Most cruelly, the immediate security interests of the United States and the states surrounding Somalia are now to keep it a failed state, to prevent Islamists from consolidating even a weak state centered on Mogadishu. The leader of the victorious faction, one Aden Hashi 'Ayro, is said to be a veteran of Afghanistan; he knows well what a small sanctuary in a backward corner of the globe can mean for al Qaeda.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a culture, country, practice etc., undeveloped or unsophisticated."
],
"links": [
[
"culture",
"culture"
],
[
"undeveloped",
"undeveloped"
],
[
"unsophisticated",
"unsophisticated"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Of a culture, country, practice etc., undeveloped or unsophisticated."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward child",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow to apprehend; having difficulties in learning."
],
"links": [
[
"apprehend",
"apprehend"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Slow to apprehend; having difficulties in learning."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "progressive"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The party's ideas and policies are very backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Lacking progressive or enlightened thought; outdated."
],
"links": [
[
"outdated",
"outdated"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "antediluvian"
},
{
"word": "antiquated"
},
{
"word": "backwards"
},
{
"word": "parachronistic"
},
{
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"word": "obsolete"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a backward season",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1848, Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton",
"text": "\"[…] I've a job of work to finish tonight; mourning, as must be in time for the funeral to-morrow; and grandfather has been out moss- hunting, and will not be home till late.\"\n\"Oh, how charming it will be! I'll help you if you're backward. Have you much to do?\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1855, The zoologist: a popular miscellany of natural history, Volume 14",
"text": "We have had a long run of heavy, wet and squally weather; the dry season is two months backward, and the Lepidoptera have not appeared so abundantly as they should have done.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1925, Louis Fischer, The Health-care of the Baby: A Handbook for Mothers and Nurses, page 170",
"text": "Rickety children are backward in teething, and when the teeth do appear, they decay very rapidly.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Late or behindhand."
],
"links": [
[
"Late",
"late"
],
[
"behindhand",
"behindhand"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "overdue"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "overdue"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chess"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a pawn, further behind than pawns of the same colour on adjacent files and unable to be moved forward safely."
],
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"pawn",
"pawn"
],
[
"adjacent",
"adjacent"
],
[
"file",
"file"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) Of a pawn, further behind than pawns of the same colour on adjacent files and unable to be moved forward safely."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Cricket"
],
"glosses": [
"On that part of the field behind the batsman's popping crease."
],
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"field",
"field"
],
[
"behind",
"behind"
],
[
"batsman",
"batsman"
],
[
"popping crease",
"popping crease"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) On that part of the field behind the batsman's popping crease."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Cricket"
],
"glosses": [
"Further behind the batsman's popping crease than something else."
],
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"Further",
"further"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) Further behind the batsman's popping crease than something else."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1713, Alexander Pope, Windsor Forest, line 50",
"text": "For wiser brutes were backward to be slaves.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unwilling; averse; reluctant."
],
"links": [
[
"Unwilling",
"unwilling"
],
[
"averse",
"averse"
],
[
"reluctant",
"reluctant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Unwilling; averse; reluctant."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1812–1818, George Gordon Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, canto 2, verse 24",
"text": "The soul forgets her schemes of Hope and Pride, / and flies unconscious o'er each backward year.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Already past or gone; bygone."
],
"links": [
[
"bygone",
"bygone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Already past or gone; bygone."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "forepast"
},
{
"word": "historical"
},
{
"word": "past"
}
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "hindwards"
},
{
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "rearward"
},
{
"sense": "toward the back",
"word": "retrograde"
},
{
"sense": "in the opposite direction of usual",
"word": "contrariwise"
},
{
"word": "reversedly"
},
{
"sense": "so that the back precedes the front",
"word": "back to front"
},
{
"word": "in reverse"
},
{
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "mirror image"
},
{
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "switched"
},
{
"sense": "reversed",
"word": "back to front"
},
{
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "crude"
},
{
"word": "dated"
},
{
"word": "obsolete"
},
{
"word": "primitive"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazad",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "назад"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "achteruit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "naar achteren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperoinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "taaksepäin suuntautuva"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "taakse"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zurück"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "nach hinten"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "ibuks",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "aftur"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "siar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "indietro"
},
{
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "back"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "whakamuri"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "w tył"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "traseiro"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "posterior"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "înapoi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "spre-napoi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "către spate"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "regresiv"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "îndărăt"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zádnij",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "за́дний"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"note": "often reduplicated - mainly for the senses implying \"retreat\"",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "geri"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "obratno",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "обратно"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nìxiàng",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "逆向"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "vzad"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "achteruit"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "takaperoinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "peruuttava"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anápodos",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ανάποδος"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "aftur á bak"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "siar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retromarcia"
},
{
"code": "jam",
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "backway"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "w tył"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "do tyłu"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "înapoi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "îndărăt"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrátnyj",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "обра́тный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "bakåt"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "in the direction reverse of normal",
"word": "baklänges"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "vastahakoinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "saamaton"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "arka"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "arriéré"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "zögerlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "gehemmt"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "riluttante"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "dwakewtu",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "دواکەوتو"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "reluctant to advance",
"word": "bakåtsträvande"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mutaḵallif",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مُتَخَلِّف"
},
{
"code": "afb",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "mitḵallif",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"Gulf-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "متخلف"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izostanal",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "изостанал"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "endarrerit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "onderontwikkeld"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "takapajuinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "kehittymätön"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "alikehittynyt"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "arriéré"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "rückständig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "unterentwickelt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "zurückgeblieben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "zurückgewandt"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ypanáptyktos",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "υπανάπτυκτος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "fejletlen"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "vanþróaður"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "cúlánta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "indietro"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "dwakewtu",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "دواکەوتو"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "pinnōkka",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "പിന്നോക്ക"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslelā",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "मागासलेला"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslelī",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "मागासलेली"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "māgāslele",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "मागासलेले"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "atrasado"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "înapoiat"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otstályj",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "отста́лый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "atrasado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "rezagado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "subdesarrollado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "tercermundista"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"word": "bakom"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "undeveloped",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "eriré"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "staromoden",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "старомоден"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquat"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "retrògrad"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "demodé"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "achterhaald"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "vanhakantainen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "altmodisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "rückwärtsgewandt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "rückständig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "überholt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquiert"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "paliomodítikos",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "παλιομοδίτικος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "opisthodromikós",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "οπισθοδρομικός"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "úreltur"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "fágtha"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquato"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "fuori moda"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "przestarzały"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "archaiczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "antiquado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "pasado de moda"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "retrógrado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "anticuado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trasnochado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "desactualizado"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aviyi"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "of an idea: outdated",
"word": "foû môde"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "forward"
},
{
"word": "forwards"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with unknown or uncertain plurals",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ward",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Directions"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more backward",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most backward",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "backward (comparative more backward, superlative most backward)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The passenger turned around and walked backward, towards the tail of the aircraft.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"At, near or towards the rear of something."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He tilted his head backward.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The grandfather clock toppled backward and crashed to the ground.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Her arm was bent backward at an odd angle.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a direction opposite to that in which someone or something is facing or normally pointing."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In reverse gear the wheel turns backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a direction opposite to the usual direction of movement."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This project seems to be going backward.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1700, John Dryden, Theodore and Honoria",
"text": "The work went backward.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Oppositely to the desired direction of progress, or from a better to a worse state."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figuratively) Oppositely to the desired direction of progress, or from a better to a worse state."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He had his cap on backward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a reversed orientation; back to front."
],
"links": [
[
"back to front",
"back to front"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A palindrome reads the same backward as forward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a reversed order or sequence."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "As we begin the new millennium, it behoves us to look backward as well as forward.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Toward or into the past."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"In the past."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) In the past."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599, John Davies, Nosce Teipsum",
"text": "the Mind can backward caſt\nUpon herself, her understanding Light",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1862, George Eliot, Romola",
"text": "It was still possible — perhaps it might be inevitable — for him to accept frankly the altered conditions, and avow Baldassarre's existence; but hardly without casting an unpleasant light backward on his original reticence[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"By way of reflection; reflexively."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "artqa",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "артҡа"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nazad",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "назад"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "enrere"
},
{
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "asini",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ᎠᏏᏂ"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "向後"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiànghòu",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "向后"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zpátky"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "dozadu"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "vzad"
},
{
"code": "gur",
"lang": "Farefare",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "abilimpoore"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "taaksepäin"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperin"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "en arrière"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "à reculons"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "para atrás"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "de costas"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rückwärts"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "zurück"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píso",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "πίσω"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "hátra"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "hátrafelé"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "aftur á bak"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "takaperin"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ar gcúl"
},
{
"alt": "うしろへ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ushiro e",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "後ろへ"
},
{
"alt": "こうほうへ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kōhō e",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "後方へ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "rūrsum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "retrōrsum"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "puṟakōṭṭŭ",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "പുറകോട്ട്"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "do tyłu"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "z powrotem"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "para trás"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nazád",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "наза́д"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrátno",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "обра́тно"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "patalikod"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "nazád",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "наза́д"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "in the direction towards the back",
"word": "ngược lại"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with unknown or uncertain plurals",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ward",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"en:Directions"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bakwarde"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bakwarde",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "abakward"
},
"expansion": "abakward",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "back",
"3": "-ward",
"pos1": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "back (adverb) + -ward",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bekward",
"t": "backward"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bekward (“backward”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English bakwarde, abakward, equivalent to back (adverb) + -ward. Cognate with Old Frisian bekward (“backward”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "backward",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "backwards"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The state behind or past."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbæk.wə(ɹ)d/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbækwɚd/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-au-backward.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg/En-au-backward.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/En-au-backward.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
},
{
"enpr": "băk'wərd"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state behind or past",
"word": "menneisyys"
}
],
"word": "backward"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-01 using wiktextract (0b52755 and 5cb0836). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.