See backwardness in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish backward\nProto-Germanic *-inōną\nProto-Indo-European *-dyé-\nProto-Germanic *-atjaną\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Germanic *-þuz\nProto-Germanic *-assuz\nProto-Germanic *-inassuz\nProto-West Germanic *-nassī\nOld English -nes\nMiddle English -nesse\nEnglish -ness\nEnglish backwardness\nFrom backward + -ness.",
"forms": [
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"tags": [
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"head_templates": [
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"expansion": "backwardness (countable and uncountable, plural backwardnesses)",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "89 11",
"kind": "other",
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{
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"parents": [],
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{
"_dis": "83 17",
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"parents": [],
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{
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{
"_dis": "98 2",
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"name": "Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "94 6",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "95 5",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "81 19",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-backwardness-en-noun-haiHI8t4",
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "taḵalluf",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "تَخَلُّف"
},
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"lang_code": "afb",
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"masculine"
],
"word": "تخلف"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nazadničavost",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "назадничавост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "izostanalost",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "изостаналост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "takaperoisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
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"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "takapajuisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "vanhanaikaisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "jälkeenjääneisyys"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arriération"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "retard"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "xocrogdson bajdal",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "хоцрогдсон байдал"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
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},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "średniowiecze"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "înapoiere"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otstálostʹ",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отста́лость"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "underutveckling"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Reluctance."
],
"id": "en-backwardness-en-noun-kfk4yzQe",
"links": [
[
"Reluctance",
"reluctance"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 98",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "reluctance",
"word": "vastahakoisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 98",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "reluctance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zacofanie"
}
]
}
],
"word": "backwardness"
}
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"Terms with Italian translations",
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nEnglish backward\nProto-Germanic *-inōną\nProto-Indo-European *-dyé-\nProto-Germanic *-atjaną\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Germanic *-þuz\nProto-Germanic *-assuz\nProto-Germanic *-inassuz\nProto-West Germanic *-nassī\nOld English -nes\nMiddle English -nesse\nEnglish -ness\nEnglish backwardness\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-atjaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"nominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"action noun\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tus\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þuz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-assuz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-inassuz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-nassī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-nes\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-nesse\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ness\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"backwardness\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"backwardness\">\nFrom backward + -ness.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nEnglish backward\nProto-Germanic *-inōną\nProto-Indo-European *-dyé-\nProto-Germanic *-atjaną\nProto-Indo-European *-tus\nProto-Germanic *-þuz\nProto-Germanic *-assuz\nProto-Germanic *-inassuz\nProto-West Germanic *-nassī\nOld English -nes\nMiddle English -nesse\nEnglish -ness\nEnglish backwardness\nFrom backward + -ness.",
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"tags": [
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]
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"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The state of being backward."
],
"links": [
[
"backward",
"backward"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
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],
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[
"Reluctance",
"reluctance"
]
],
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]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "taḵalluf",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَخَلُّف"
},
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"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "afb",
"roman": "taḵalluf",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"Gulf-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "تخلف"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nazadničavost",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "назадничавост"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "izostanalost",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "изостаналост"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "takaperoisuus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "takapajuisuus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "vanhanaikaisuus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "jälkeenjääneisyys"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arriération"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "retard"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"lang_code": "mn",
"roman": "xocrogdson bajdal",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "хоцрогдсон байдал"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zacofanie"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "średniowiecze"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "înapoiere"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otstálostʹ",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отста́лость"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "state of being backward",
"word": "underutveckling"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "reluctance",
"word": "vastahakoisuus"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "reluctance",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zacofanie"
}
],
"word": "backwardness"
}
Download raw JSONL data for backwardness meaning in English (6.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.