See -ō on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Southern Sami",
"lang_code": "sma",
"word": "-oe"
},
{
"lang": "Lule Sami",
"lang_code": "smj",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"lang_code": "se",
"word": "-u"
}
],
"lang": "Western Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-o"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-o",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Proto-Finnic *-o.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Samic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms action nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ō-smi-pro-suffix-grqUOYY9",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "-uõ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*-y"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*-ō"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*-ū"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*-ô"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ōn",
"word": "-ων"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "-an",
"word": "-अन्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*-ā"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*-ā"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m",
"head": "*(é)-ō"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ō m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-on",
"2": "(Ø)-n̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "(Ø)-én"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"translation": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"word": "-Hō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient, from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ō-ine-pro-suffix-nEvkw4cs",
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"patient",
"patient#English"
],
[
"Joseph, Brian D.",
"w:de:Brian D. Joseph"
],
[
"Fritz, Matthias",
"w:de:Matthias Andreas Fritz"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(productive) Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient, from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"id": "en--ō-ine-pro-suffix-fJ2EqZ1c",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ô",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ô.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates adverbs from adjectives."
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:adverb",
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:adverb"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ô",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ô.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine an-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-an"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 16 13 16 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 0 1 4 0 4 4 6 3 7 18 6 6 5 5 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 0 1 3 0 4 4 6 6 7 18 6 6 5 5 9 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 20 10 10 7 12 14 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Creates agent nouns from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:agent_noun",
"links": [
[
"agent nouns",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-auz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-auz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ows"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ows",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-us",
"3": "*-s",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "u-stem suffix",
"pos2": "genitive singular suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-us (u-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-awi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-awi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the genitive singular, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ows, from *-us (u-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix). In the dative singular, from Proto-Germanic *-awi, modification of *-iwi after *-auz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“son's”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive singular of u-stem nouns"
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:genitive_singular",
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:genitive singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“to the son”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the dative singular of u-stem nouns"
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:dative_singular",
"links": [
[
"dative",
"Appendix:Glossary#dative"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:dative singular"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-iwi"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"in ō-stems"
],
"tags": [
"Alemannic"
],
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of multiple endings:\n* In the ō-stems, inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the u-stems, by analogy with variation between *-ō and *-iwi in the dative singular, supported in the feminine u-stems by the ō-stems.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ō → *gebō (“gifts”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of õ-stem nouns"
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:ō_stem_nominative_plural",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:ō-stem nominative plural"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Anglo-Frisian",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of masculine and feminine u-stem nouns"
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-gmw_pro:u_stem_nominative_plural",
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Anglo-Frisian) Forms the nominative plural of masculine and feminine u-stem nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:u-stem nominative plural"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-iwi"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "*-īnō/*-ōnō",
"word": "-anō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "*-īnō/*-ōnō",
"word": "-nō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ijō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-jō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-iwō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-iʀō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "genitive plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ̂",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ̂"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oHom",
"pos": "genitive plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stain (“stone”) + -ō → *stainō (“stones', of stones”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive plurals of a-stem, ō-stem, r-stem, and consonant stem nouns."
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-EYrcvVPA",
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "-iʀ- (z-stem formative) + -ō → *-iʀō (z-stem genitive plural suffix)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When combined with a stem, forms the genitive plurals of various other noun classes."
],
"id": "en--ō-gmw-pro-suffix-cXbdek5Z",
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "おう"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese romanizations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of おう"
],
"id": "en--ō-ja-romanization-sNZCeYVG",
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"おう",
"おう#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tamil",
"lang_code": "ta",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ஓ"
},
{
"lang": "Malayalam",
"lang_code": "ml",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ഓ"
},
{
"lang": "Telugu",
"lang_code": "te",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ఓ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "(clitic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Dravidian clitics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dubitative-alternative clitic"
],
"id": "en--ō-dra-pro-suffix-saWOsg9R",
"tags": [
"clitic",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-éh₂",
"4": "*-(o)-éh₂",
"id": "o-grade"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Predominantly from Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂, later merging with *-eh₂ (of several origins; see Etymology 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 4 8 18 4 21 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Creates feminine nouns from roots and stems."
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-ZN4joOVq",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂, *-éh₂, feminine to thematic *-o-, *-ó- and collective to thematic neuter *-om, *-óm.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ō f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "adjectival",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative feminine singular of *-az (adjectival)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-bgdKKira",
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "adjectival",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative neuter plural of *-az (adjectival)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-2-~sKMwO",
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 4 8 18 4 21 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
"word": "*-ą"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-g~m7VdK4",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "instrumental"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oh₁"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "-er",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-az (“-er”)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-6VrX7yYi",
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 4 8 18 4 21 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-az (suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-DJtm8OF8",
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_a-stem_noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 4 8 18 4 21 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
"word": "*-ą"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
],
"id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-qOYIXr7F",
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "romanization",
"head": "",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "romanization",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "おう"
}
],
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese romanizations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual script codes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Rōmaji transcription of おう"
],
"links": [
[
"Rōmaji",
"romaji"
],
[
"おう",
"おう#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Rōmaji",
"alt-of",
"romanization"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Tamil",
"lang_code": "ta",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ஓ"
},
{
"lang": "Malayalam",
"lang_code": "ml",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ഓ"
},
{
"lang": "Telugu",
"lang_code": "te",
"roman": "-ō",
"word": "-ఓ"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "clitics"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "clitic"
},
"expansion": "(clitic)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Dravidian clitics",
"Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Dravidian lemmas",
"Proto-Dravidian suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"dubitative-alternative clitic"
],
"tags": [
"clitic",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-éh₂",
"4": "*-(o)-éh₂",
"id": "o-grade"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Predominantly from Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂, later merging with *-eh₂ (of several origins; see Etymology 2).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gem-decl-noun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ôz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǭ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ǫ̂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmaz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ōmiz",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"name": "gem-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates feminine nouns from roots and stems."
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic feminine suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂, *-éh₂, feminine to thematic *-o-, *-ó- and collective to thematic neuter *-om, *-óm.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "*-ō f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "adjectival",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative feminine singular of *-az (adjectival)"
],
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "adjectival",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative neuter plural of *-az (adjectival)"
],
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
"word": "*-ą"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"nominative",
"plural",
"reconstruction",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "instrumental"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oh₁"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "-er",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-az (“-er”)"
],
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general",
"word": "*-az"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-az (suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general)"
],
"links": [
[
"*-az",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_a-stem_noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
"word": "*-ą"
}
],
"glosses": [
"instrumental singular of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"instrumental",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɔː/"
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic root suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"word": "-uõ"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"word": "*-y"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "ine-bsl-pro",
"word": "*-ō"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"word": "*-ū"
},
{
"lang": "Proto-Germanic",
"lang_code": "gem-pro",
"word": "*-ô"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"lang_code": "grc",
"roman": "-ōn",
"word": "-ων"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Hellenic",
"lang_code": "grk-pro"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"lang_code": "sa",
"roman": "-an",
"word": "-अन्"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"lang_code": "inc-pro",
"word": "*-ā"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"word": "*-ā"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Italic",
"lang_code": "itc-pro"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m",
"head": "*(é)-ō"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ō m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-on",
"2": "(Ø)-n̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "(Ø)-én"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"translation": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"word": "-Hō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient, from verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"patient",
"patient#English"
],
[
"Joseph, Brian D.",
"w:de:Brian D. Joseph"
],
[
"Fritz, Matthias",
"w:de:Matthias Andreas Fritz"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(productive) Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient, from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Southern Sami",
"lang_code": "sma",
"word": "-oe"
},
{
"lang": "Lule Sami",
"lang_code": "smj",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"lang_code": "se",
"word": "-u"
}
],
"lang": "Western Samic",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-o"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-o",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cognate with Proto-Finnic *-o.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "smi-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Samic",
"lang_code": "smi-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Samic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries with collapsible category trees for nonexistent categories",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Samic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Samic lemmas",
"Proto-Samic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Samic suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms action nouns from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic adverb-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ô",
"id": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ô.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates adverbs from adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:adverb"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine an-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ô",
"id": "agent noun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ô",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ô.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "an-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine an-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-anō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ini",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-an",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-an"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Creates agent nouns from verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"agent nouns",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-auz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-auz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ows"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ows",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-us",
"3": "*-s",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "u-stem suffix",
"pos2": "genitive singular suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-us (u-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix)",
"name": "af"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-awi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-awi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "In the genitive singular, from Proto-Germanic *-auz, from Proto-Indo-European *-ows, from *-us (u-stem suffix) + *-s (genitive singular suffix). In the dative singular, from Proto-Germanic *-awi, modification of *-iwi after *-auz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“son's”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive singular of u-stem nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:genitive singular"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“to the son”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the dative singular of u-stem nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"dative",
"Appendix:Glossary#dative"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:dative singular"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-iwi"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic inflectional suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"raw_tags": [
"in ō-stems"
],
"tags": [
"Alemannic"
],
"word": "-ō"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "nominative plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "i",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "inherited"
},
"expansion": "inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ôz",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ôz",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-eh₂es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-eh₂",
"3": "*-es",
"nocat": "1",
"pos1": "eh₂-stem suffix",
"pos2": "nominative plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of multiple endings:\n* In the ō-stems, inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ôz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂es, from *-eh₂ (eh₂-stem suffix) + *-es (nominative plural suffix).\n* In the u-stems, by analogy with variation between *-ō and *-iwi in the dative singular, supported in the feminine u-stems by the ō-stems.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gebu (“gift”) + -ō → *gebō (“gifts”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of õ-stem nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:ō-stem nominative plural"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Anglo-Frisian"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "sunu (“son”) + -ō → *sunō (“sons”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the nominative plural of masculine and feminine u-stem nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"nominative",
"Appendix:Glossary#nominative"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Anglo-Frisian) Forms the nominative plural of masculine and feminine u-stem nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"gmw-pro:u-stem nominative plural"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "*-iwi"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"derived": [
{
"alt": "*-īnō/*-ōnō",
"word": "-anō"
},
{
"alt": "*-īnō/*-ōnō",
"word": "-nō"
},
{
"word": "-ijō"
},
{
"word": "-jō"
},
{
"word": "-iwō"
},
{
"word": "-iʀō"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "-e"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "-o"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "genitive plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ǫ̂"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oHom",
"pos": "genitive plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ǫ̂, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "*-ō",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stain (“stone”) + -ō → *stainō (“stones', of stones”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the genitive plurals of a-stem, ō-stem, r-stem, and consonant stem nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "-iʀ- (z-stem formative) + -ō → *-iʀō (z-stem genitive plural suffix)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When combined with a stem, forms the genitive plurals of various other noun classes."
],
"links": [
[
"genitive",
"Appendix:Glossary#genitive"
],
[
"plural",
"Appendix:Glossary#plural"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ō meaning in All languages combined (30.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.