See -ō in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-uõ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: -uõ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: -uõ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-y"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *-y",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-ū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *-ū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *-ū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *-ô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ων",
"id": "nominalisation"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -ō"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m",
"head": "*(é)-ō"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ō m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-on",
"2": "(Ø)-n̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "(Ø)-én"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"word": "-Hō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs."
],
"id": "en--ō-ine-pro-suffix-yDeSzoCR",
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"patient",
"patient#English"
],
[
"Joseph, Brian D.",
"w:de:Brian D. Joseph"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(productive) Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"id": "en--ō-ine-pro-suffix-fJ2EqZ1c",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic root suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European masculine suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*-ō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-ō"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-uõ"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: -uõ",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: -uõ"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*-y"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *-y",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *-y (n-stem)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*-ū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *-ū",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *-ū"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ô"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *-ô",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *-ô (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ων",
"id": "nominalisation"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -ων (-ōn)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-ā"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*-ā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-ā"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: -अन् (-an)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ō",
"id": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -ō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -ō"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-decl-noun-mf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-on",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ones",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onh₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "é₁e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-onm̥s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nóHom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-nés",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néy",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰós",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-én",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-éni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"locative"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥sú",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-néh₁",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥mís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Ø-n̥bʰís",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m",
"head": "*(é)-ō"
},
"expansion": "*(é)-ō m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(é)-on",
"2": "(Ø)-n̥",
"ac": "amphikinetic",
"loc_sg": "(Ø)-én"
},
"name": "ine-decl-noun-mf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ō",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "Hoffmann's suffix",
"word": "-Hō"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "gʷréh₂us (“heavy”) + *-ō → *gʷréh₂wō (“millstone”, literally “the heavy one”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "tḗtḱti (“to create”) + *-ō → *tétḱō (“carpenter”, literally “one who creates”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "(s)kérti (“to cut”) + *-ō → *(s)kérō (“meat”, literally “something cut”) (> Latin carō)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"agent",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"patient",
"patient#English"
],
[
"Joseph, Brian D.",
"w:de:Brian D. Joseph"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(productive) Forms so-called \"individualizing\" or \"participant\" nouns from nouns and adjectives, agent or patient from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "h₂eḱs- + *-ō → *h₂éksō (“axis”) (> Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn))",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "meh₂k- + *-ō → *méh₂kō (“poppy”) (> Proto-Germanic *mōhô)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Derives nouns from nouns or roots, often with unclear semantic distinction."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"rare",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ō"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ō meaning in Proto-Indo-European (8.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Indo-European dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (7c21d10 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.