"-ō" meaning in Proto-Germanic

See in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /ɔː/
Etymology: Predominantly from Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂, later merging with *-eh₂ (of several origins; see Etymology 2). Etymology templates: {{etymid|gem-pro|noun}}, {{inh|gem-pro|ine-pro|*-éh₂|*-(o)-éh₂|id=o-grade}} Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂ Inflection templates: {{gem-decl-noun|g=f}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], [nominative, singular], -ôz [nominative, plural], [singular, vocative], -ôz [plural, vocative], [accusative, singular], -ōz [accusative, plural], -ōz [genitive, singular], -ǫ̂ [genitive, plural], -ōi [dative, singular], -ōmaz [dative, plural], [instrumental, singular], -ōmiz [instrumental, plural]
  1. Creates feminine nouns from roots and stems. Tags: feminine, morpheme, reconstruction
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-ZN4joOVq Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

IPA: /ɔː/
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂, *-éh₂, feminine to thematic *-o-, *-ó- and collective to thematic neuter *-om, *-óm. Etymology templates: {{etymid|gem-pro|adjective}}, {{inh|gem-pro|ine-pro|*-eh₂}} Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Head templates: {{head|gem-pro|suffix|g=f}} *-ō f
  1. nominative feminine singular of *-az (adjectival) Tags: feminine, form-of, morpheme, nominative, reconstruction, singular Form of: *-az (extra: adjectival)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-bgdKKira
  2. nominative/accusative neuter plural of *-az (adjectival) Tags: accusative, feminine, form-of, morpheme, neuter, nominative, plural, reconstruction Form of: *-az (extra: adjectival)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-2-~sKMwO Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
  3. nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns) Tags: accusative, feminine, form-of, morpheme, nominative, plural, reconstruction, vocative Form of: *-ą (extra: suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-g~m7VdK4 Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

IPA: /ɔː/
Etymology: From Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁. Etymology templates: {{etymid|gem-pro|instrumental}}, {{inh|gem-pro|ine-pro|*-oh₁}} Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁ Head templates: {{head|gem-pro|suffix}} *-ō
  1. instrumental singular of *-az (“-er”) Tags: form-of, instrumental, morpheme, reconstruction, singular Form of: *-az (extra: -er)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-6VrX7yYi Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
  2. instrumental singular of *-az (suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general) Tags: form-of, instrumental, morpheme, reconstruction, singular Form of: *-az (extra: suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-DJtm8OF8 Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
  3. instrumental singular of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns) Tags: form-of, instrumental, morpheme, reconstruction, singular Form of: *-ą (extra: suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)
    Sense id: en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-qOYIXr7F Categories (other): Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header: 20 8 10 15 10 18 18
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3
{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-éh₂",
        "4": "*-(o)-éh₂",
        "id": "o-grade"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Predominantly from Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂, later merging with *-eh₂ (of several origins; see Etymology 2).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Creates feminine nouns from roots and stems."
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-ZN4joOVq",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-eh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂, *-éh₂, feminine to thematic *-o-, *-ó- and collective to thematic neuter *-om, *-óm.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ō f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "adjectival",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative feminine singular of *-az (adjectival)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-bgdKKira",
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "adjectival",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative/accusative neuter plural of *-az (adjectival)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-2-~sKMwO",
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
          "word": "*-ą"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-g~m7VdK4",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "reconstruction",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "instrumental"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-oh₁"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ō",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "-er",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-az (“-er”)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-6VrX7yYi",
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-az (suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-DJtm8OF8",
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_a-stem_noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 8 10 15 10 18 18",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
          "word": "*-ą"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
      ],
      "id": "en--ō-gem-pro-suffix-qOYIXr7F",
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic feminine suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic ō-stem nouns"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-éh₂",
        "4": "*-(o)-éh₂",
        "id": "o-grade"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Predominantly from Proto-Indo-European *-(o)-éh₂, later merging with *-eh₂ (of several origins; see Etymology 2).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gem-decl-noun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ō-stem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "class"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "singular",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ôz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "vocative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ǭ",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ǫ̂",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "genitive",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōi",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōmaz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "dative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ō",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-ōmiz",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "instrumental",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "g": "f"
      },
      "name": "gem-decl-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Creates feminine nouns from roots and stems."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic feminine suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-eh₂"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂, *-éh₂, feminine to thematic *-o-, *-ó- and collective to thematic neuter *-om, *-óm.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "suffix",
        "g": "f"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ō f",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "adjectival",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative feminine singular of *-az (adjectival)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "adjectival",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative/accusative neuter plural of *-az (adjectival)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_e-grade"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "neuter",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "reconstruction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
          "word": "*-ą"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "nominative/vocative/accusative plural of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "accusative",
        "feminine",
        "form-of",
        "morpheme",
        "nominative",
        "plural",
        "reconstruction",
        "vocative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 1 entry",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Proto-Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
    "Proto-Germanic lemmas",
    "Proto-Germanic suffixes",
    "Proto-Germanic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Proto-Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "instrumental"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-oh₁"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *-oh₁.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "*-ō",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Proto-Germanic",
  "lang_code": "gem-pro",
  "original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ō",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "-er",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-az (“-er”)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_agent_noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general",
          "word": "*-az"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-az (suffix of masculine a-stem nouns in general)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "*-az",
          "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-az#Proto-Germanic:_a-stem_noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "suffix of neuter a-stem nouns",
          "word": "*-ą"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "instrumental singular of *-ą (suffix of neuter a-stem nouns)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "form-of",
        "instrumental",
        "morpheme",
        "reconstruction",
        "singular"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɔː/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ō"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -ō meaning in Proto-Germanic (5.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-03 using wiktextract (74c5344 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.