See harden on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for harden meaning in All languages combined (29.8kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "soften"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "case harden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forharden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hammer-harden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hardened"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hardener"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hardening"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "harden off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "harden one's neck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "harden someone's heart"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "harden up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "overharden"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hardenen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hardenen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hard",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "hard + -en",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "hærdne",
"t": "to harden; cure"
},
"expansion": "Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "hårdna",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Swedish hårdna (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "herdne",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian herdne (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "harðna",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic harðna (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hardenen, equivalent to hard + -en. Cognate with Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”), Swedish hårdna (“to harden”), Norwegian herdne (“to harden”), Icelandic harðna (“to harden”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hardens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hardening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "hardened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "harden (third-person singular simple present hardens, present participle hardening, simple past and past participle hardened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hard‧en"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "freeze"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "ossify"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "petrify"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "vitrify"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "ruggedize"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "hardness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "hard"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "strengthen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To become hard (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-5dDwNUFI",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become hard (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurir-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yìnghuà",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "硬化"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "tvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "hard worden"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "verstijven"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "malmoliĝi"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"hard"
],
"word": "kovettua"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "fi",
"english": "tough",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "lujittua"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamagreba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "გამაგრება"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamq̇areba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "გამყარება"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ganmṭḳiceba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "განმტკიცება"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "härten"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "megkeményedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "keményedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "hardeskar"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sioc"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "dūrescō"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "häerden"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "totoka"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "kaḍak hoṇe",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "कडक होणे"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "s'endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "twardnieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stwardnieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "chuchuyay"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sinchiyay"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "rumiyay"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tverdétʹ",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тверде́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zatverdétʹ",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затверде́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "стврднути"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "отврднути"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "stvrdnuti"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "otvrdnuti"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kɛ̌ng-dtuua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "แข็งตัว"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sertleşmek"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdíty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тверді́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zatverdíty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затверді́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tvérdnuty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тве́рднути"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zatvérdnuty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затве́рднути"
},
{
"_dis1": "52 5 1 3 19 2 17 1",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "aduri"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To make something hard or harder (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-HK8wBpKZ",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"harder",
"harder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, ergative) To make something hard or harder (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"tags": [
"ergative",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zakaljavam",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "закалявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurir"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yìnghuà",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "硬化"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "vytvrdit"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "tvrdit"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "harden"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "malmoligi"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"hard"
],
"word": "kovettaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "fi",
"english": "tough",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "lujittaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "härten"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gahardjan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "megkeményít"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "keményít"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "sioc"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "firmō"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "dūrō"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "obdūrefaciō"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "whakauka"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "ūtonga"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utwardzać"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utwardzić"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 32 0 18 17 0 13 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "sertleştirmek"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002, Jane's International Defense Review, volume 35",
"text": "In view of the system's relatively low cost, the preferred alternative could be for the military user to avail himself of multiple base stations rather than seeking to harden the base station hardware for defense applications.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018 May 26, Daniel Taylor, “Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London)",
"text": "Ramos had locked Salah’s right arm and turned him, judo-style, as they lost balance going for the same ball. Television replays hardened the suspicion it was a calculated move on Ramos’s part and, when Salah landed with a hell of a thud, the damage was considerable.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strengthen."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-GQaPuE30",
"links": [
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To strengthen."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 86 2 5 0 2 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "figurative: to strengthen",
"word": "verstevigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 86 2 5 0 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "figurative: to strengthen",
"word": "vahvistaa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Computing",
"orig": "en:Computing",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "26 4 4 2 23 5 5 12 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 5 21 7 8 23 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To modify (a website or other system) to make it resistant to malicious attacks."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-NcUNBLyt",
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
],
[
"website",
"website"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, computing) To modify (a website or other system) to make it resistant to malicious attacks."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 12 1 54 11 1 8 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "computing: to modify to make resistant to malicious attacks",
"word": "vahvistaa suojausta"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "KJV, Exodus 4:21",
"text": "When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become or make (a person or thing) resistant or less sensitive."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-vXwyEgxB",
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"resistant",
"resistant"
],
[
"sensitive",
"sensitive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To become or make (a person or thing) resistant or less sensitive."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "inure"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "zatvrdit se"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "fi",
"english": "become",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "turtua"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "fi",
"english": "make",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "turruttaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "of heart",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"topics": [
"biblical",
"religion",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "kovettaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gadaubjan",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "firmo"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "s'endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "hartować"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zahartować"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ožestočitʹsja",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "ожесточиться"
},
{
"_dis1": "14 4 1 3 49 2 26 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ožestočitʹ",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "ожесточить"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1999 August 2, Karen Mitchell, “Files from the Feminet BBS NOVAD5.TXT 38.38 KB”, in alt.sex.stories.tg (Usenet)",
"text": "He hardened as he imagined himself running his hands over her small breasts",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To get an erection."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-NEHdWGaz",
"links": [
[
"erection",
"erection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, informal) To get an erection."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Phonology",
"orig": "en:Phonology",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "26 4 4 2 23 5 5 12 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 5 21 7 8 23 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-gzIh81mR",
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"fortis",
"fortis"
],
[
"fortition",
"fortition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive, phonology) To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 4 4 2 23 5 5 12 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 5 21 7 8 23 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007, Stefan Pugh, A New Historical Grammar of the East Slavic Languages",
"text": "Of course one needs to keep in mind the fact that *tʹ and *dʹ are hardened before *e and *i in Ukrainian and Rusyn[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013 February 1, Philipp Strazny, Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, page 914",
"text": "Belarussian preserved soft labials before vowels, hardened rʹ to r, and affricated tʹ and dʹ[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To unpalatalize or velarize."
],
"id": "en-harden-en-verb-HfUQcRKr",
"links": [
[
"unpalatalize",
"unpalatalize"
],
[
"velarize",
"velarize"
]
],
"qualifier": "Slavic phonology",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Slavic phonology) To unpalatalize or velarize."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑɹdn̩/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑːdn̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)dən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-harden.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively",
"poetic"
],
"word": "anneal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "harden"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "indurate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "obdurate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "sclerotise"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "solidify"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "steel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "stiffen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "temper"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "hardens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "harden (countable and uncountable, plural hardens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hard‧en"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "coarse linen",
"word": "hurden"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 4 4 2 23 5 5 12 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hurden (“coarse linen”)"
],
"id": "en-harden-en-noun-zC1ZmaXi",
"links": [
[
"hurden",
"hurden#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑɹdn̩/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑːdn̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)dən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-harden.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-conj-wk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "hard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"Flanders",
"colloquial",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"majestic",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"Flanders",
"colloquial",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"majestic",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "harde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hardden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardend",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gehard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "harden",
"name": "nl-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hard"
},
"name": "nl-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 51 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The hardened veterans bore the pain without whining.",
"text": "De geharde veteranen verbeten de pijn zonder jammeren.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To render hard(er), more resistant etc.; to temper metal; to steel nerves"
],
"id": "en-harden-nl-verb-OofEqiUn",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"temper",
"temper"
],
[
"steel",
"steel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To render hard(er), more resistant etc.; to temper metal; to steel nerves"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to endure, bear, stand, tolerate"
],
"id": "en-harden-nl-verb-9U2~nsKU",
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to endure, bear, stand, tolerate"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"sense": "to endure",
"word": "uithouden"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"rhymes": "-ɑrdən"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-harden.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg/Nl-harden.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "verdragen"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "harden",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "harde"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of harde"
],
"id": "en-harden-nl-noun-9Yp3Ofbj",
"links": [
[
"harde",
"harde#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"rhymes": "-ɑrdən"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-harden.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg/Nl-harden.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch basic verbs",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch noun forms",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Dutch verbs",
"Dutch weak verbs",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɑrdən",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɑrdən/2 syllables"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-conj-wk",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "hard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"Flanders",
"colloquial",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"majestic",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"Flanders",
"colloquial",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"majestic",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "harde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hardde",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "harden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hardden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hardt",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardend",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gehard",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "harden",
"name": "nl-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hard"
},
"name": "nl-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples",
"Dutch transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The hardened veterans bore the pain without whining.",
"text": "De geharde veteranen verbeten de pijn zonder jammeren.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To render hard(er), more resistant etc.; to temper metal; to steel nerves"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"temper",
"temper"
],
[
"steel",
"steel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To render hard(er), more resistant etc.; to temper metal; to steel nerves"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to endure, bear, stand, tolerate"
],
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to endure, bear, stand, tolerate"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"rhymes": "-ɑrdən"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-harden.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg/Nl-harden.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "to endure",
"word": "uithouden"
},
{
"word": "verdragen"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch basic verbs",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch noun forms",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Dutch verbs",
"Dutch weak verbs",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɑrdən",
"Rhymes:Dutch/ɑrdən/2 syllables"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "harden",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "harde"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of harde"
],
"links": [
[
"harde",
"harde#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"rhymes": "-ɑrdən"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-harden.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg/Nl-harden.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Nl-harden.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "soften"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)dən",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)dən/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "case harden"
},
{
"word": "forharden"
},
{
"word": "hammer-harden"
},
{
"word": "hardened"
},
{
"word": "hardener"
},
{
"word": "hardening"
},
{
"word": "harden off"
},
{
"word": "harden one's neck"
},
{
"word": "harden someone's heart"
},
{
"word": "harden up"
},
{
"word": "overharden"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hardenen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hardenen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hard",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "hard + -en",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "hærdne",
"t": "to harden; cure"
},
"expansion": "Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "hårdna",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Swedish hårdna (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "herdne",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian herdne (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "harðna",
"t": "to harden"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic harðna (“to harden”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English hardenen, equivalent to hard + -en. Cognate with Danish hærdne (“to harden; cure”), Swedish hårdna (“to harden”), Norwegian herdne (“to harden”), Icelandic harðna (“to harden”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "hardens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hardening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "hardened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "hardened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "harden (third-person singular simple present hardens, present participle hardening, simple past and past participle hardened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hard‧en"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "freeze"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "ossify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "petrify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "vitrify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "ruggedize"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "hardness"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "hard"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "strengthen"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become hard (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become hard (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English ergative verbs",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make something hard or harder (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
],
[
"harder",
"harder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, ergative) To make something hard or harder (tough, resistant to pressure)."
],
"tags": [
"ergative",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2002, Jane's International Defense Review, volume 35",
"text": "In view of the system's relatively low cost, the preferred alternative could be for the military user to avail himself of multiple base stations rather than seeking to harden the base station hardware for defense applications.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2018 May 26, Daniel Taylor, “Liverpool go through after Mohamed Salah stops Manchester City fightback”, in The Guardian (London)",
"text": "Ramos had locked Salah’s right arm and turned him, judo-style, as they lost balance going for the same ball. Television replays hardened the suspicion it was a calculated move on Ramos’s part and, when Salah landed with a hell of a thud, the damage was considerable.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strengthen."
],
"links": [
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To strengthen."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Computing"
],
"glosses": [
"To modify (a website or other system) to make it resistant to malicious attacks."
],
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
],
[
"website",
"website"
],
[
"malicious",
"malicious"
],
[
"attack",
"attack"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, computing) To modify (a website or other system) to make it resistant to malicious attacks."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "KJV, Exodus 4:21",
"text": "When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become or make (a person or thing) resistant or less sensitive."
],
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"resistant",
"resistant"
],
[
"sensitive",
"sensitive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To become or make (a person or thing) resistant or less sensitive."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "inure"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1999 August 2, Karen Mitchell, “Files from the Feminet BBS NOVAD5.TXT 38.38 KB”, in alt.sex.stories.tg (Usenet)",
"text": "He hardened as he imagined himself running his hands over her small breasts",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To get an erection."
],
"links": [
[
"erection",
"erection"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, informal) To get an erection."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Phonology"
],
"glosses": [
"To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition."
],
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"phonology",
"phonology"
],
[
"fortis",
"fortis"
],
[
"fortition",
"fortition"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive, phonology) To become or make (a consonant) more fortis; to (cause to) undergo fortition."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2007, Stefan Pugh, A New Historical Grammar of the East Slavic Languages",
"text": "Of course one needs to keep in mind the fact that *tʹ and *dʹ are hardened before *e and *i in Ukrainian and Rusyn[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013 February 1, Philipp Strazny, Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Routledge, page 914",
"text": "Belarussian preserved soft labials before vowels, hardened rʹ to r, and affricated tʹ and dʹ[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To unpalatalize or velarize."
],
"links": [
[
"unpalatalize",
"unpalatalize"
],
[
"velarize",
"velarize"
]
],
"qualifier": "Slavic phonology",
"raw_glosses": [
"(Slavic phonology) To unpalatalize or velarize."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑɹdn̩/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑːdn̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)dən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-harden.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively",
"poetic"
],
"word": "anneal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "harden"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "indurate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "obdurate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "sclerotise"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "solidify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "steel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "stiffen"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:harden",
"word": "temper"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurir-se"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yìnghuà",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "硬化"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "tvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "hard worden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "verstijven"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "malmoliĝi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"hard"
],
"word": "kovettua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "tough",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "lujittua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamagreba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "გამაგრება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamq̇areba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "გამყარება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ganmṭḳiceba",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "განმტკიცება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "härten"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "megkeményedik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "keményedik"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "hardeskar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sioc"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "dūrescō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "häerden"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "totoka"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "kaḍak hoṇe",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "कडक होणे"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "s'endurcir"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "twardnieć"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stwardnieć"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "chuchuyay"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sinchiyay"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "rumiyay"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tverdétʹ",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тверде́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zatverdétʹ",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затверде́ть"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "стврднути"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "отврднути"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "stvrdnuti"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "otvrdnuti"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kɛ̌ng-dtuua",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "แข็งตัว"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "sertleşmek"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdíty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тверді́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zatverdíty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затверді́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tvérdnuty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "тве́рднути"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zatvérdnuty",
"sense": "to become hard",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "затве́рднути"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "to become hard",
"word": "aduri"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zakaljavam",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "закалявам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurir"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yìnghuà",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "硬化"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "vytvrdit"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "tvrdit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "harden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "malmoligi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"hard"
],
"word": "kovettaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "tough",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "lujittaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "härten"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gahardjan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "megkeményít"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "keményít"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "sioc"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "firmō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "dūrō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "obdūrefaciō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "whakauka"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "ūtonga"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "durcir"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utwardzać"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utwardzić"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make hard(er)",
"word": "sertleştirmek"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "figurative: to strengthen",
"word": "verstevigen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "figurative: to strengthen",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "computing: to modify to make resistant to malicious attacks",
"word": "vahvistaa suojausta"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "zatvrdit se"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "verharden"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "become",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "turtua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "make",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "turruttaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "of heart",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"topics": [
"biblical",
"religion",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "kovettaa"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gadaubjan",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirýno",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "σκληρύνω"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "firmo"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "s'endurcir"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "hartować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zahartować"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ožestočitʹsja",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "ожесточиться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ožestočitʹ",
"sense": "to become or make less sensitive",
"word": "ожесточить"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)dən",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)dən/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "hardens",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "harden (countable and uncountable, plural hardens)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"hard‧en"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "coarse linen",
"word": "hurden"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of hurden (“coarse linen”)"
],
"links": [
[
"hurden",
"hurden#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑɹdn̩/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈhɑːdn̩/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)dən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-harden.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-harden.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "harden"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.