See stiffen on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for stiffen meaning in All languages combined (8.8kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiffen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-X1R6zcO8",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-jjEoWIp~",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "starken"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English ergative verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Requests for review of Spanish translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɪfən",
"Rhymes:English/ɪfən/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stiffen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "starken"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.