See stiffen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiffen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 March 7, “President signs Violence Against Women Act”, in CNN:",
"text": "Criminal prosecutions of abusers are generally the responsibility of local authorities, but the act stiffened sentences for stalking under federal law.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016 October 11, Parija Kavilanz, “This robot makes a T-shirt from start to finish”, in CNN Business:",
"text": "It followed a sequence of functions: a machine cuts cloth panels to be sewn, the panels are drenched with the polymer and stiffened, a robotic arm uses suction cups to lift each panel and position it in a sewing machine. Finally, the robotic arm lifts the stitched T-shirt off the sewing machine. […] The system could work for most fabrics, with the exception of leather and waterproof materials that can't be drenched with the stiffening polymer. […] Zornow has patents pending in 10 countries for the process to stiffen fabric.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-X1R6zcO8",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
}
]
},
{
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor:",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 November 8, Dr. Melina Jampolis, “The real science behind fascia ailments”, in CNN:",
"text": "He does note that fascia, like most connective tissue in the body, stiffens with age, overuse and injury.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-jjEoWIp~",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "merevedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "irrigidirsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "solidificarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "mns-nor",
"lang": "Northern Mansi",
"roman": "āgmaltaňkve",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "а̄гмалтаӈкве"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "starken"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English ergative verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Requests for review of Spanish translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɪfən",
"Rhymes:English/ɪfən/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Northern Mansi translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Volapük translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stiffen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 March 7, “President signs Violence Against Women Act”, in CNN:",
"text": "Criminal prosecutions of abusers are generally the responsibility of local authorities, but the act stiffened sentences for stalking under federal law.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2016 October 11, Parija Kavilanz, “This robot makes a T-shirt from start to finish”, in CNN Business:",
"text": "It followed a sequence of functions: a machine cuts cloth panels to be sewn, the panels are drenched with the polymer and stiffened, a robotic arm uses suction cups to lift each panel and position it in a sewing machine. Finally, the robotic arm lifts the stitched T-shirt off the sewing machine. […] The system could work for most fabrics, with the exception of leather and waterproof materials that can't be drenched with the stiffening polymer. […] Zornow has patents pending in 10 countries for the process to stiffen fabric.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor:",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2018 November 8, Dr. Melina Jampolis, “The real science behind fascia ailments”, in CNN:",
"text": "He does note that fascia, like most connective tissue in the body, stiffens with age, overuse and injury.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "starken"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "merevedik"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "irrigidirsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "indurirsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "solidificarsi"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"code": "mns-nor",
"lang": "Northern Mansi",
"roman": "āgmaltaňkve",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "а̄гмалтаӈкве"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stiffen meaning in English (9.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (db8a5a5 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.