See stiffen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiffen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
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}
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"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
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],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-X1R6zcO8",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
}
]
},
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor:",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"id": "en-stiffen-en-verb-jjEoWIp~",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "merevedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "mns-nor",
"lang": "Northern Mansi",
"roman": "āgmaltaňkve",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "а̄гмалтаӈкве"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 93",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "starken"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
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"derived": [
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"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stifnen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stifnen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "stiff",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "stiff + -en",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stifnen, equivalent to stiff + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "stiffens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "stiffened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stiffen (third-person singular simple present stiffens, present participle stiffening, simple past and past participle stiffened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "stiff"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make stiff."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2003, Yoko Ogawa, The Housekeeper and the Professor:",
"text": "Bewildered by the unexpected greeting, my son stiffened, but managed a polite answer.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become stiff."
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become stiff."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈstɪfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-stiffen.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪfən"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "starken"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "使僵硬"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jäykistää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "jähmettää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "kangistaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aussteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "verstärken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "ertüchtigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "aufdoppeln"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "rigidigar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "irrigidire"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakamakiki"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "whakawhena"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "atiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "entiesar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to make stiff",
"word": "stifükön"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jamada",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "جَمَدَ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanjasvam se",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "вкочанясвам се"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "变硬"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jäykistyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "jähmettyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangistua"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "se raidir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "s’endurcir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gastaurknan",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "merevedik"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stífna"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "kangeta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stalc"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "rigēscō"
},
{
"code": "mns-nor",
"lang": "Northern Mansi",
"roman": "āgmaltaňkve",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "а̄гмалтаӈкве"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stivne"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "întări"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "atiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "entiesarse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "endurecerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "styvna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stelna"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli styv"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "bli stel"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "to become stiff",
"word": "stifikön"
}
],
"word": "stiffen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stiffen meaning in English (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (eaedd02 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.