See abstain in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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"glosses": [
"Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-~BhSwj1w",
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"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
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[
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"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
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"text": "In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.",
"type": "example"
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{
"ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
"text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
},
{
"ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:",
"text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
"type": "quote"
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"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
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"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 3 28 19 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:",
"text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-2kKrCYmm",
"links": [
[
"vote",
"vote"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "imtanaʕa",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzdǎržam se",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "въздържам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenir-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bìmiǎn",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "避免"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jièchú",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "戒除"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "棄權"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "弃权"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afholde sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "nl",
"english": "van",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zich onthouden"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineren"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstini"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kieltäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pidättäytyä"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "s’abstenir"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "verzichten"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gaþarban",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hitnazér",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "התנזר"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsutsushimu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "慎む"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sashihikaeru",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "差し控える"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineo"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to food and drink",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "wainamu"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstinere"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avholde seg"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymywać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "privar-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abține"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "suzdržávati"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "суздржа́вати"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "sustezati"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "сустезати"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "waḷakinawā",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "වළකිනවා"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "vzdržati se"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avhålla sig"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "tyz",
"lang": "Tày",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "căm"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 28 9 38 15",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 6 18 31 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 3 16 22 21 19 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 2 17 24 20 21 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 22 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 25 24 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 20 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 26 22 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 2 26 22 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 6 24 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 6 24 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 26 23 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 3 28 20 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gothic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 25 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 6 24 28 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 24 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lao translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 8 24 25 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 7 25 22 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 6 25 22 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 22 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 24 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sinhalese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 23 25 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 4 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 5 26 23 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tày translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 4 27 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 3 28 19 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:",
"text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"id": "en-abstain-en-verb-w0EL8boQ",
"links": [
[
"Hinder",
"hinder"
],
[
"withhold",
"withhold"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "verhinderen"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "estää"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abhalten"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tāwhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tātāwhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "impedir"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "retener"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "keare"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "behinderje"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 4 0 5 67",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "ferhinderje"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "deny oneself"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forbear"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forgo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "give up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "refrain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "relinquish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "withhold"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "äänestää tyhjää"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "s’abstenir"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "sich enthalten"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "投票を棄権する"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "stemme blankt"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymywać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymać się"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "возде́рживаться"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "воздержа́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "uzdr̀žati"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "lägga ned sin röst"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "งดออกเสียง"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 47 1 40 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of West Frisian translations",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Sinhalese translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Tày translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "abstainer"
},
{
"word": "abstainment"
},
{
"word": "abstention"
},
{
"word": "nonabstaining"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ten-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "absteynen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "astenir"
},
"expansion": "Old French astenir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "abstineō",
"4": "",
"5": "to hold oneself back"
},
"expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "abstains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "abstaining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "abstained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "abstain",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "abstemious"
},
{
"word": "abstinence"
},
{
"word": "abstinent"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English reflexive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"links": [
[
"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
],
[
"Oxford University Press",
"w:Oxford University Press"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"reflexive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
"text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
},
{
"ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:",
"text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
"links": [
[
"Refrain",
"refrain"
],
[
"indulgence",
"indulgence"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Fast (not eat for a period)."
],
"links": [
[
"Fast",
"fast"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:",
"text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"links": [
[
"vote",
"vote"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:",
"text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"links": [
[
"Hinder",
"hinder"
],
[
"withhold",
"withhold"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "deny oneself"
},
{
"word": "forbear"
},
{
"word": "forgo"
},
{
"word": "give up"
},
{
"word": "refrain"
},
{
"word": "relinquish"
},
{
"word": "withhold"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "imtanaʕa",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzdǎržam se",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "въздържам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenir-se"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bìmiǎn",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "避免"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jièchú",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "戒除"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "棄權"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "qìquán",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "弃权"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afholde sig"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "afstå"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"english": "van",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "zich onthouden"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineren"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstini"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "kieltäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pidättäytyä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "s’abstenir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "verzichten"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "gaþarban",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hitnazér",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "התנזר"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsutsushimu",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "慎む"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sashihikaeru",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "差し控える"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstineo"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "papare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "pare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to food and drink",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "wainamu"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstinere"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avholde seg"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "forbūgan"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymywać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "powstrzymać się"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "privar-se"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abține"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
]
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "suzdržávati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "суздржа́вати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "sustezati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "сустезати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "waḷakinawā",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "වළකිනවා"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "vzdržati se"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avhålla sig"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "avstå"
},
{
"code": "tyz",
"lang": "Tày",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"word": "căm"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zdržet se"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "äänestää tyhjää"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "s’abstenir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "sich enthalten"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "nimná",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "נמנע"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "tartózkodik"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "astenersi"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "投票を棄権する"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "stemme blankt"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymywać się"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wstrzymać się"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abster-se"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "возде́рживаться"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "воздержа́ться"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "apstinírati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "апстини́рати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "uzdr̀žati"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "abstenerse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "lägga ned sin röst"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"word": "งดออกเสียง"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "утри́муватися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "utrýmatysja",
"sense": "refrain from voting",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "утри́матися"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "verhinderen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "estää"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "abhalten"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tāwhi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "tātāwhi"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "forhindre"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "impedir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "retener"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "keare"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "behinderje"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "hinder, withhold",
"word": "ferhinderje"
}
],
"word": "abstain"
}
Download raw JSONL data for abstain meaning in English (17.3kB)
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425uppercase_tags",
"msg": "abstain/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 2 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of West Frisian translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Gothic translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Lao translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Old English translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Sinhalese translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Thai translations\", \"Terms with Tày translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with West Frisian translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abstainer\"}, {\"word\": \"abstainment\"}, {\"word\": \"abstention\"}, {\"word\": \"nonabstaining\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*ten-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"absteynen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English absteynen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"astenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French astenir\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abstineō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to hold oneself back\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abstains\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstaining\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"en-conj\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstain\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"infinitive\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"old\": \"1\"}, \"name\": \"en-conj\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abstemious\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinence\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinent\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English reflexive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"links\": [[\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"reflexive\", \"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49\", \"text\": \"The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces\"}, {\"ref\": \"1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:\", \"text\": \"Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Refrain\", \"refrain\"], [\"indulgence\", \"indulgence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"links\": [[\"Fast\", \"fast\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:\", \"text\": \"[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"text\": \"I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"links\": [[\"vote\", \"vote\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:\", \"text\": \"Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"links\": [[\"Hinder\", \"hinder\"], [\"withhold\", \"withhold\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/æbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪn\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"deny oneself\"}, {\"word\": \"forbear\"}, {\"word\": \"forgo\"}, {\"word\": \"give up\"}, {\"word\": \"refrain\"}, {\"word\": \"relinquish\"}, {\"word\": \"withhold\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"imtanaʕa\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"اِمْتَنَعَ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"vǎzdǎržam se\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"въздържам се\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenir-se\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bìmiǎn\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"避免\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"jièchú\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"戒除\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"棄權\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"qìquán\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"弃权\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afholde sig\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afstå\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"english\": \"van\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineren\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstini\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"kieltäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pidättäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"verzichten\"}, {\"code\": \"got\", \"lang\": \"Gothic\", \"roman\": \"gaþarban\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"hitnazér\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"התנזר\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"(meg)tartóztatja magát\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenar\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsutsushimu\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"慎む\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"sashihikaeru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"差し控える\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"papare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"english\": \"refers to food and drink\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"wainamu\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstinere\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avholde seg\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"ang\", \"lang\": \"Old English\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"forbūgan\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"privar-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abține\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"suzdržávati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"суздржа́вати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"sustezati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"сустезати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"si\", \"lang\": \"Sinhalese\", \"roman\": \"waḷakinawā\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"වළකිනවා\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"vzdržati se\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avhålla sig\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"tyz\", \"lang\": \"Tày\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"căm\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"jeṙnpah linel\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ձեռնպահ լինել\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"afholde sig (fra at stemme)\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden (van stemming)\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"äänestää tyhjää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"sich enthalten\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōhyō o kiken suru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"投票を棄権する\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"ngot ʼǭk sīang\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ງົດອອກສຽງ\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"stemme blankt\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozdérživatʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"возде́рживаться\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozderžátʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"воздержа́ться\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"uzdr̀žati\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"lägga ned sin röst\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"งดออกเสียง\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"verhinderen\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"estää\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"abhalten\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tātāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"impedir\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"retener\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"keare\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"behinderje\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"ferhinderje\"}], \"word\": \"abstain\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f (vozder\\u017e\\u00e1t\\u02b9sja) (\\u043e\\u0442 (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from \\u2014 see also refrain\"}: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 2 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of West Frisian translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Gothic translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Lao translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Old English translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Sinhalese translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Thai translations\", \"Terms with Tày translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with West Frisian translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abstainer\"}, {\"word\": \"abstainment\"}, {\"word\": \"abstention\"}, {\"word\": \"nonabstaining\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*ten-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"absteynen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English absteynen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"astenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French astenir\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abstineō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to hold oneself back\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abstains\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstaining\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"en-conj\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstain\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"infinitive\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"old\": \"1\"}, \"name\": \"en-conj\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abstemious\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinence\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinent\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English reflexive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"links\": [[\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"reflexive\", \"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49\", \"text\": \"The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces\"}, {\"ref\": \"1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:\", \"text\": \"Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Refrain\", \"refrain\"], [\"indulgence\", \"indulgence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"links\": [[\"Fast\", \"fast\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:\", \"text\": \"[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"text\": \"I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"links\": [[\"vote\", \"vote\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:\", \"text\": \"Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"links\": [[\"Hinder\", \"hinder\"], [\"withhold\", \"withhold\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/æbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪn\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"deny oneself\"}, {\"word\": \"forbear\"}, {\"word\": \"forgo\"}, {\"word\": \"give up\"}, {\"word\": \"refrain\"}, {\"word\": \"relinquish\"}, {\"word\": \"withhold\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"imtanaʕa\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"اِمْتَنَعَ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"vǎzdǎržam se\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"въздържам се\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenir-se\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bìmiǎn\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"避免\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"jièchú\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"戒除\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"棄權\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"qìquán\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"弃权\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afholde sig\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afstå\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"english\": \"van\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineren\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstini\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"kieltäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pidättäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"verzichten\"}, {\"code\": \"got\", \"lang\": \"Gothic\", \"roman\": \"gaþarban\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"hitnazér\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"התנזר\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"(meg)tartóztatja magát\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenar\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsutsushimu\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"慎む\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"sashihikaeru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"差し控える\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"papare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"english\": \"refers to food and drink\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"wainamu\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstinere\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avholde seg\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"ang\", \"lang\": \"Old English\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"forbūgan\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"privar-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abține\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"suzdržávati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"суздржа́вати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"sustezati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"сустезати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"si\", \"lang\": \"Sinhalese\", \"roman\": \"waḷakinawā\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"වළකිනවා\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"vzdržati se\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avhålla sig\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"tyz\", \"lang\": \"Tày\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"căm\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"jeṙnpah linel\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ձեռնպահ լինել\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"afholde sig (fra at stemme)\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden (van stemming)\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"äänestää tyhjää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"sich enthalten\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōhyō o kiken suru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"投票を棄権する\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"ngot ʼǭk sīang\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ງົດອອກສຽງ\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"stemme blankt\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozdérživatʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"возде́рживаться\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozderžátʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"воздержа́ться\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"uzdr̀žati\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"lägga ned sin röst\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"งดออกเสียง\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"verhinderen\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"estää\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"abhalten\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tātāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"impedir\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"retener\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"keare\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"behinderje\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"ferhinderje\"}], \"word\": \"abstain\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0435\\u0301\\u0440\\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f (vozd\\u00e9r\\u017eivat\\u02b9sja) (\\u043e\\u0442 (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from \\u2014 see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}: {\"categories\": [\"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English verbs\", \"Entries with translation boxes\", \"Pages with 2 entries\", \"Pages with entries\", \"Requests for review of West Frisian translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables\", \"Terms with Arabic translations\", \"Terms with Armenian translations\", \"Terms with Bulgarian translations\", \"Terms with Catalan translations\", \"Terms with Czech translations\", \"Terms with Danish translations\", \"Terms with Dutch translations\", \"Terms with Esperanto translations\", \"Terms with Finnish translations\", \"Terms with French translations\", \"Terms with German translations\", \"Terms with Gothic translations\", \"Terms with Hebrew translations\", \"Terms with Hungarian translations\", \"Terms with Ido translations\", \"Terms with Italian translations\", \"Terms with Japanese translations\", \"Terms with Lao translations\", \"Terms with Latin translations\", \"Terms with Mandarin translations\", \"Terms with Maori translations\", \"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations\", \"Terms with Old English translations\", \"Terms with Polish translations\", \"Terms with Portuguese translations\", \"Terms with Romanian translations\", \"Terms with Russian translations\", \"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations\", \"Terms with Sinhalese translations\", \"Terms with Slovene translations\", \"Terms with Spanish translations\", \"Terms with Swedish translations\", \"Terms with Thai translations\", \"Terms with Tày translations\", \"Terms with Ukrainian translations\", \"Terms with West Frisian translations\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abstainer\"}, {\"word\": \"abstainment\"}, {\"word\": \"abstention\"}, {\"word\": \"nonabstaining\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*ten-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"absteynen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English absteynen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"astenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French astenir\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abstineō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to hold oneself back\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abstains\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstaining\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"en-conj\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstain\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"infinitive\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"old\": \"1\"}, \"name\": \"en-conj\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abstemious\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinence\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinent\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English reflexive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"links\": [[\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"reflexive\", \"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49\", \"text\": \"The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces\"}, {\"ref\": \"1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i:\", \"text\": \"Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Refrain\", \"refrain\"], [\"indulgence\", \"indulgence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"links\": [[\"Fast\", \"fast\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism:\", \"text\": \"[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting\", \"type\": \"quote\"}, {\"text\": \"I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"links\": [[\"vote\", \"vote\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture:\", \"text\": \"Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].\", \"type\": \"quote\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"links\": [[\"Hinder\", \"hinder\"], [\"withhold\", \"withhold\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/æbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg\"}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪn\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"deny oneself\"}, {\"word\": \"forbear\"}, {\"word\": \"forgo\"}, {\"word\": \"give up\"}, {\"word\": \"refrain\"}, {\"word\": \"relinquish\"}, {\"word\": \"withhold\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"imtanaʕa\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"اِمْتَنَعَ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"vǎzdǎržam se\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"въздържам се\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenir-se\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bìmiǎn\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"避免\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"jièchú\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"戒除\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"棄權\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"qìquán\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"弃权\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afholde sig\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afstå\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"english\": \"van\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineren\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstini\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"kieltäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pidättäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"verzichten\"}, {\"code\": \"got\", \"lang\": \"Gothic\", \"roman\": \"gaþarban\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"hitnazér\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"התנזר\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"(meg)tartóztatja magát\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenar\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsutsushimu\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"慎む\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"sashihikaeru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"差し控える\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"papare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"english\": \"refers to food and drink\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"wainamu\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstinere\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avholde seg\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"ang\", \"lang\": \"Old English\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"forbūgan\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"privar-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abține\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"suzdržávati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"суздржа́вати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"sustezati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"сустезати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"si\", \"lang\": \"Sinhalese\", \"roman\": \"waḷakinawā\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"වළකිනවා\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"vzdržati se\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avhålla sig\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"tyz\", \"lang\": \"Tày\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"căm\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"jeṙnpah linel\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ձեռնպահ լինել\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"afholde sig (fra at stemme)\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden (van stemming)\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"äänestää tyhjää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"sich enthalten\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōhyō o kiken suru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"投票を棄権する\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"ngot ʼǭk sīang\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ງົດອອກສຽງ\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"stemme blankt\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozdérživatʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"возде́рживаться\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozderžátʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"воздержа́ться\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"uzdr̀žati\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"lägga ned sin röst\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"งดออกเสียง\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"verhinderen\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"estää\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"abhalten\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tātāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"impedir\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"retener\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"keare\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"behinderje\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"ferhinderje\"}], \"word\": \"abstain\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "abstain",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (bb46d54 and 0c3c9f6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.