"abstain" meaning in All languages combined

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abstainer"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abstainment"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abstention"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "nonabstaining"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ten-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "absteynen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "absteinen"
      },
      "expansion": "absteinen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "abstenen"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "astenir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French astenir",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "abstenir"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenir",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abstineō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to hold oneself back"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "abs-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "abs- (“from”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "teneō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "I hold"
      },
      "expansion": "teneō (“I hold”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "tenable"
      },
      "expansion": "tenable",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abstains",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstaining",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstained",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstained",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstain",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "old": "1"
      },
      "name": "en-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abstinence"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "abstinent"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "Keep or withhold oneself."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-en-verb-~BhSwj1w",
      "links": [
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "reflexive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
          "text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i",
          "text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-en-verb-hdNabmsR",
      "links": [
        [
          "Refrain",
          "refrain"
        ],
        [
          "indulgence",
          "indulgence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "imtanaʕa",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "vǎzdǎržam se",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "въздържам се"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstenir-se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "bìmiǎn",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "避免"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "jièchú",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "戒除"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "棄權"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "qìquán",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "弃权"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "zdržet se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "afholde sig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "afstå"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "nl",
          "english": "van",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "zich onthouden"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstineren"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstini"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "kieltäytyä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "pidättäytyä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "s’abstenir"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "verzichten"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "got",
          "lang": "Gothic",
          "roman": "gaþarban",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "hitnazér",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "התנזר"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "nimná",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "נמנע"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "tartózkodik"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstenar"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "astenersi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "tsutsushimu",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "慎む"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "sashihikaeru",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "差し控える"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstineo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "papare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "pare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "mi",
          "english": "refers to food and drink",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "wainamu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstinere"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "avholde seg"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "avstå"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ang",
          "lang": "Old English",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "forbūgan"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "powstrzymywać się"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "powstrzymać się"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abster-se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "privar-se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abține"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ]
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "suzdržávati"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "суздржа́вати"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "sustezati"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "сустезати"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "apstinírati"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "апстини́рати"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "si",
          "lang": "Sinhalese",
          "roman": "waḷakinawā",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "වළකිනවා"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "vzdržati se"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "abstenerse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "avhålla sig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "word": "avstå"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "tags": [
            "imperfective"
          ],
          "word": "утри́муватися"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "10 41 10 32 7",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "utrýmatysja",
          "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
          "tags": [
            "perfective"
          ],
          "word": "утри́матися"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "33 7 42 11 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Fast (not eat for a period)."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-en-verb-HHG1ysyC",
      "links": [
        [
          "Fast",
          "fast"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism",
          "text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-en-verb-2kKrCYmm",
      "links": [
        [
          "vote",
          "vote"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture",
          "text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hinder; keep back; withhold."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-en-verb-w0EL8boQ",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hinder",
          "hinder"
        ],
        [
          "withhold",
          "withhold"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "forhindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "verhinderen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "estää"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "abhalten"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "tāwhi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "tātāwhi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "forhindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "impedir"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "retener"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "keare"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "behinderje"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "25 4 0 3 68",
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "sense": "hinder, withhold",
          "word": "ferhinderje"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪn"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "deny oneself"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "forbear"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "forgo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "give up"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "refrain"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "relinquish"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "withhold"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "zdržet se"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "äänestää tyhjää"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "s’abstenir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "sich enthalten"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "nimná",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "נמנע"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "tartózkodik"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "astenersi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "投票を棄権する"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "stemme blankt"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "wstrzymywać się"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "wstrzymać się"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "abster-se"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "возде́рживаться"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "воздержа́ться"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "apstinírati"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "апстини́рати"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "uzdr̀žati"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "abstenerse"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "lägga ned sin röst"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "th",
      "lang": "Thai",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "งดออกเสียง"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́муватися"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "4 48 1 39 10",
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́матися"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abstain"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "abstain"
      },
      "expansion": "English abstain",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "absteynen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "absteinen"
      },
      "expansion": "absteinen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "abstenen"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "astenir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French astenir",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "abstenir"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenir",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abstineō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to hold oneself back"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "abs-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "abs- (“from”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "teneō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "I hold"
      },
      "expansion": "teneō (“I hold”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From English abstain, from Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "abstain",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "abstain",
      "name": "id-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ab‧stain"
  ],
  "lang": "Indonesian",
  "lang_code": "id",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "id",
          "name": "Politics",
          "orig": "id:Politics",
          "parents": [
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-id-verb-jCXr8Fnm",
      "links": [
        [
          "abstain",
          "abstain#English"
        ],
        [
          "politics",
          "politics"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "(politics) to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "politics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "id",
          "name": "Medicine",
          "orig": "id:Medicine",
          "parents": [
            "Biology",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "46 54",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "to refrain from (something or doing something), to fast."
      ],
      "id": "en-abstain-id-verb-O9BGe2G6",
      "links": [
        [
          "abstain",
          "abstain#English"
        ],
        [
          "medicine",
          "medicine"
        ],
        [
          "fast",
          "fast"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "(medicine) to refrain from (something or doing something), to fast."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "puasa"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ap̚stain/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abstain"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of West Frisian translations",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪn",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "abstainer"
    },
    {
      "word": "abstainment"
    },
    {
      "word": "abstention"
    },
    {
      "word": "nonabstaining"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*ten-"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "root"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "absteynen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "absteinen"
      },
      "expansion": "absteinen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "abstenen"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "astenir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French astenir",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "abstenir"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenir",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abstineō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to hold oneself back"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "abs-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "abs- (“from”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "teneō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "I hold"
      },
      "expansion": "teneō (“I hold”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "tenable"
      },
      "expansion": "tenable",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "abstains",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstaining",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstained",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstained",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en-conj",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "abstain",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "old": "1"
      },
      "name": "en-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "abstinence"
    },
    {
      "word": "abstinent"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English reflexive verbs",
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Keep or withhold oneself."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles",
          "w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"
        ],
        [
          "Oxford University Press",
          "w:Oxford University Press"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "reflexive",
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49",
          "text": "The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i",
          "text": "Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Refrain",
          "refrain"
        ],
        [
          "indulgence",
          "indulgence"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with obsolete senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Fast (not eat for a period)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Fast",
          "fast"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English intransitive verbs",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism",
          "text": "[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "text": "I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "vote",
          "vote"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture",
          "text": "Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hinder; keep back; withhold."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hinder",
          "hinder"
        ],
        [
          "withhold",
          "withhold"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "Received-Pronunciation"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/əbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/æbˈsteɪn/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪn"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "deny oneself"
    },
    {
      "word": "forbear"
    },
    {
      "word": "forgo"
    },
    {
      "word": "give up"
    },
    {
      "word": "refrain"
    },
    {
      "word": "relinquish"
    },
    {
      "word": "withhold"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "imtanaʕa",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "اِمْتَنَعَ"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "vǎzdǎržam se",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "въздържам се"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstenir-se"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "bìmiǎn",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "避免"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "jièchú",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "戒除"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "棄權"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "qìquán",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "弃权"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "zdržet se"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "afholde sig"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "afstå"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "english": "van",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "zich onthouden"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstineren"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstini"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "kieltäytyä"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "pidättäytyä"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "s’abstenir"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "verzichten"
    },
    {
      "code": "got",
      "lang": "Gothic",
      "roman": "gaþarban",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "hitnazér",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "התנזר"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "nimná",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "נמנע"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "tartózkodik"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "(meg)tartóztatja magát"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstenar"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "astenersi"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "tsutsushimu",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "慎む"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "sashihikaeru",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "差し控える"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstineo"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "papare"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "pare"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "english": "refers to food and drink",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "wainamu"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstinere"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "avholde seg"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "avstå"
    },
    {
      "code": "ang",
      "lang": "Old English",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "forbūgan"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "powstrzymywać się"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "powstrzymać się"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abster-se"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "privar-se"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abține"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "note": "воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "note": "возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "suzdržávati"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "суздржа́вати"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "sustezati"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "сустезати"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "apstinírati"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "апстини́рати"
    },
    {
      "code": "si",
      "lang": "Sinhalese",
      "roman": "waḷakinawā",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "වළකිනවා"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "vzdržati se"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "abstenerse"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "avhålla sig"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "word": "avstå"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́муватися"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from — see also refrain",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́матися"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "jeṙnpah linel",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "ձեռնպահ լինել"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "zdržet se"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "afholde sig (fra at stemme)"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "zich onthouden (van stemming)"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "äänestää tyhjää"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "s’abstenir"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "sich enthalten"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "nimná",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "נמנע"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "tartózkodik"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "astenersi"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "tōhyō o kiken suru",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "投票を棄権する"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "ngot ʼǭk sīang",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "ງົດອອກສຽງ"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "stemme blankt"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "wstrzymywać się"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "wstrzymać się"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "abster-se"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "vozdérživatʹsja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "возде́рживаться"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "vozderžátʹsja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "воздержа́ться"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "apstinírati"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "апстини́рати"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "uzdr̀žati"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "abstenerse"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "lägga ned sin röst"
    },
    {
      "code": "th",
      "lang": "Thai",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "word": "งดออกเสียง"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmuvatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "imperfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́муватися"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "utrýmatysja",
      "sense": "refrain from voting",
      "tags": [
        "perfective"
      ],
      "word": "утри́матися"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "forhindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "verhinderen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "estää"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "abhalten"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "tāwhi"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "tātāwhi"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "forhindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "impedir"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "retener"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West Frisian",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "keare"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West Frisian",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "behinderje"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West Frisian",
      "sense": "hinder, withhold",
      "word": "ferhinderje"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abstain"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Indonesian 3-syllable words",
    "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
    "Indonesian lemmas",
    "Indonesian terms borrowed from English",
    "Indonesian terms derived from English",
    "Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
    "Indonesian terms derived from Middle English",
    "Indonesian terms derived from Old French",
    "Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Indonesian verbs"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "en",
        "3": "abstain"
      },
      "expansion": "English abstain",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "absteynen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English absteynen",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "absteinen"
      },
      "expansion": "absteinen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "abstenen"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenen",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "astenir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French astenir",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "abstenir"
      },
      "expansion": "abstenir",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "abstineō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to hold oneself back"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "abs-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "abs- (“from”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "teneō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "I hold"
      },
      "expansion": "teneō (“I hold”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From English abstain, from Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "id",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "abstain",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "abstain",
      "name": "id-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "ab‧stain"
  ],
  "lang": "Indonesian",
  "lang_code": "id",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "id:Politics"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abstain",
          "abstain#English"
        ],
        [
          "politics",
          "politics"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "(politics) to deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present."
      ],
      "topics": [
        "government",
        "politics"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "id:Medicine"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "to refrain from (something or doing something), to fast."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "abstain",
          "abstain#English"
        ],
        [
          "medicine",
          "medicine"
        ],
        [
          "fast",
          "fast"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "to abstain:",
        "(medicine) to refrain from (something or doing something), to fast."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "puasa"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "medicine",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ap̚stain/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "abstain"
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
  "msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0435\\u0440\\u0436\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f (vozder\\u017e\\u00e1t\\u02b9sja) (\\u043e\\u0442 (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from \\u2014 see also refrain\"}: {\"categories\": [\"English 2-syllable words\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"English terms with audio links\", \"English verbs\", \"Requests for review of West Frisian translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abstainer\"}, {\"word\": \"abstainment\"}, {\"word\": \"abstention\"}, {\"word\": \"nonabstaining\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*ten-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"absteynen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English absteynen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"absteinen\"}, \"expansion\": \"absteinen\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"abstenen\"}, \"expansion\": \"abstenen\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"astenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French astenir\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"fro\", \"2\": \"abstenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"abstenir\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abstineō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to hold oneself back\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"abs-\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"from\"}, \"expansion\": \"abs- (“from”)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"teneō\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"I hold\"}, \"expansion\": \"teneō (“I hold”)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"tenable\"}, \"expansion\": \"tenable\", \"name\": \"m\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abstains\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstaining\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"en-conj\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstain\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"infinitive\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"old\": \"1\"}, \"name\": \"en-conj\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abstinence\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinent\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English reflexive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"links\": [[\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"reflexive\", \"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49\", \"text\": \"The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces\"}, {\"ref\": \"1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i\", \"text\": \"Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Refrain\", \"refrain\"], [\"indulgence\", \"indulgence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"links\": [[\"Fast\", \"fast\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism\", \"text\": \"[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"text\": \"I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"links\": [[\"vote\", \"vote\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture\", \"text\": \"Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"links\": [[\"Hinder\", \"hinder\"], [\"withhold\", \"withhold\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/æbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪn\"}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"Southern-England\"], \"text\": \"Audio (Southern England)\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"deny oneself\"}, {\"word\": \"forbear\"}, {\"word\": \"forgo\"}, {\"word\": \"give up\"}, {\"word\": \"refrain\"}, {\"word\": \"relinquish\"}, {\"word\": \"withhold\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"imtanaʕa\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"اِمْتَنَعَ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"vǎzdǎržam se\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"въздържам се\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenir-se\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bìmiǎn\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"避免\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"jièchú\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"戒除\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"棄權\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"qìquán\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"弃权\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afholde sig\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afstå\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"english\": \"van\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineren\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstini\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"kieltäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pidättäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"verzichten\"}, {\"code\": \"got\", \"lang\": \"Gothic\", \"roman\": \"gaþarban\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"hitnazér\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"התנזר\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"(meg)tartóztatja magát\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenar\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsutsushimu\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"慎む\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"sashihikaeru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"差し控える\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"papare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"english\": \"refers to food and drink\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"wainamu\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstinere\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avholde seg\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"ang\", \"lang\": \"Old English\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"forbūgan\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"privar-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abține\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"suzdržávati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"суздржа́вати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"sustezati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"сустезати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"si\", \"lang\": \"Sinhalese\", \"roman\": \"waḷakinawā\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"වළකිනවා\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"vzdržati se\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avhålla sig\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"jeṙnpah linel\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ձեռնպահ լինել\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"afholde sig (fra at stemme)\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden (van stemming)\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"äänestää tyhjää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"sich enthalten\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōhyō o kiken suru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"投票を棄権する\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"ngot ʼǭk sīang\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ງົດອອກສຽງ\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"stemme blankt\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozdérživatʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"возде́рживаться\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozderžátʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"воздержа́ться\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"uzdr̀žati\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"lägga ned sin röst\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"งดออกเสียง\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"verhinderen\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"estää\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"abhalten\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tātāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"impedir\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"retener\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"keare\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"behinderje\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"ferhinderje\"}], \"word\": \"abstain\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abstain",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
  "msg": "abstain/English/verb: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"\\u0432\\u043e\\u0437\\u0434\\u0435\\u0301\\u0440\\u0436\\u0438\\u0432\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f (vozd\\u00e9r\\u017eivat\\u02b9sja) (\\u043e\\u0442 (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from \\u2014 see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}: {\"categories\": [\"English 2-syllable words\", \"English entries with incorrect language header\", \"English lemmas\", \"English terms derived from Latin\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms derived from Old French\", \"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European\", \"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ten-\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"English terms with audio links\", \"English verbs\", \"Requests for review of West Frisian translations\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn\", \"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables\"], \"derived\": [{\"word\": \"abstainer\"}, {\"word\": \"abstainment\"}, {\"word\": \"abstention\"}, {\"word\": \"nonabstaining\"}], \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"ine-pro\", \"3\": \"*ten-\"}, \"expansion\": \"\", \"name\": \"root\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"absteynen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English absteynen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"absteinen\"}, \"expansion\": \"absteinen\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"abstenen\"}, \"expansion\": \"abstenen\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"fro\", \"3\": \"astenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"Old French astenir\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"fro\", \"2\": \"abstenir\"}, \"expansion\": \"abstenir\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"la\", \"3\": \"abstineō\", \"4\": \"\", \"5\": \"to hold oneself back\"}, \"expansion\": \"Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”)\", \"name\": \"der\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"abs-\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"from\"}, \"expansion\": \"abs- (“from”)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"la\", \"2\": \"teneō\", \"3\": \"\", \"4\": \"I hold\"}, \"expansion\": \"teneō (“I hold”)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"tenable\"}, \"expansion\": \"tenable\", \"name\": \"m\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"First attested around 1380. From Middle English absteynen, absteinen, abstenen, from Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”). See also tenable.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"abstains\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstaining\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstained\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"no-table-tags\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"table-tags\"]}, {\"form\": \"en-conj\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"inflection-template\"]}, {\"form\": \"abstain\", \"source\": \"conjugation\", \"tags\": [\"infinitive\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"abstain (third-person singular simple present abstains, present participle abstaining, simple past and past participle abstained)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"inflection_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"old\": \"1\"}, \"name\": \"en-conj\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"abstinence\"}, {\"word\": \"abstinent\"}], \"senses\": [{\"categories\": [\"English reflexive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"glosses\": [\"Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"links\": [[\"The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles\", \"w:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\"], [\"Oxford University Press\", \"w:Oxford University Press\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, reflexive, obsolete) Keep or withhold oneself.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"reflexive\", \"transitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"In order to improve his health, Rob decided to abstain from smoking.\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"22 May 1948, United Nations, Security Council Resolution 49\", \"text\": \"The Security Council […] calls upon all Governments and authorities, without prejudice to the rights, claims or positions of the parties concerned, to abstain from any hostile military action in Palestine and to that end to issue a cease-fire order to their military and paramilitary forces\"}, {\"ref\": \"1597, Shakespeare, Richard II, II-i\", \"text\": \"Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt?\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"links\": [[\"Refrain\", \"refrain\"], [\"indulgence\", \"indulgence\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Refrain from (something or doing something); keep from doing, especially an indulgence.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with obsolete senses\"], \"glosses\": [\"Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"links\": [[\"Fast\", \"fast\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive, obsolete) Fast (not eat for a period).\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\", \"obsolete\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1913, Thomas Babington Macaulay, A Short History of English Liberalism\", \"text\": \"[…]forcing a small portion of the population to abstain from voting\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"text\": \"I abstain from this vote, as I have no particular preference.\", \"type\": \"example\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"links\": [[\"vote\", \"vote\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) Deliberately refrain from casting one's vote at a meeting where one is present.\"], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}, {\"categories\": [\"English terms with obsolete senses\", \"English terms with quotations\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"1645, John Milton, Tetrachordon: Expositions on the four chief places in Scripture\", \"text\": \"Whether he abstain men from marying [sic].\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"links\": [[\"Hinder\", \"hinder\"], [\"withhold\", \"withhold\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive, obsolete) Hinder; keep back; withhold.\"], \"tags\": [\"obsolete\", \"transitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/əbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"ipa\": \"/æbˈsteɪn/\", \"tags\": [\"US\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-eɪn\"}, {\"audio\": \"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-abstain.wav\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-abstain.wav.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"Southern-England\"], \"text\": \"Audio (Southern England)\"}], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"deny oneself\"}, {\"word\": \"forbear\"}, {\"word\": \"forgo\"}, {\"word\": \"give up\"}, {\"word\": \"refrain\"}, {\"word\": \"relinquish\"}, {\"word\": \"withhold\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ar\", \"lang\": \"Arabic\", \"roman\": \"imtanaʕa\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"اِمْتَنَعَ\"}, {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"roman\": \"vǎzdǎržam se\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"въздържам се\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenir-se\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"bìmiǎn\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"避免\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"jièchú\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"戒除\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"棄權\"}, {\"code\": \"cmn\", \"lang\": \"Chinese Mandarin\", \"roman\": \"qìquán\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"弃权\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afholde sig\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"afstå\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"english\": \"van\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineren\"}, {\"code\": \"eo\", \"lang\": \"Esperanto\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstini\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"kieltäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pidättäytyä\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"verzichten\"}, {\"code\": \"got\", \"lang\": \"Gothic\", \"roman\": \"gaþarban\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"hitnazér\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"התנזר\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"(meg)tartóztatja magát\"}, {\"code\": \"io\", \"lang\": \"Ido\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenar\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tsutsushimu\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"慎む\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"sashihikaeru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"差し控える\"}, {\"code\": \"la\", \"lang\": \"Latin\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstineo\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"papare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"pare\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"english\": \"refers to food and drink\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"wainamu\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstinere\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avholde seg\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"ang\", \"lang\": \"Old English\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"forbūgan\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"powstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"privar-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abține\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"воздержа́ться (vozderžátʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"note\": \"возде́рживаться (vozdérživatʹsja) (от (ot) + genitive case)\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"]}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"suzdržávati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"суздржа́вати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"sustezati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"сустезати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"si\", \"lang\": \"Sinhalese\", \"roman\": \"waḷakinawā\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"වළකිනවා\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"vzdržati se\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avhålla sig\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"word\": \"avstå\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from — see also refrain\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"hy\", \"lang\": \"Armenian\", \"roman\": \"jeṙnpah linel\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ձեռնպահ լինել\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zdržet se\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"afholde sig (fra at stemme)\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"zich onthouden (van stemming)\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"äänestää tyhjää\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"s’abstenir\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"sich enthalten\"}, {\"code\": \"he\", \"lang\": \"Hebrew\", \"roman\": \"nimná\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"נמנע\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"tartózkodik\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"astenersi\"}, {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"tōhyō o kiken suru\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"投票を棄権する\"}, {\"code\": \"lo\", \"lang\": \"Lao\", \"roman\": \"ngot ʼǭk sīang\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"ງົດອອກສຽງ\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"stemme blankt\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymywać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"wstrzymać się\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abster-se\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozdérživatʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"возде́рживаться\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"vozderžátʹsja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"воздержа́ться\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"apstinírati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"апстини́рати\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"uzdr̀žati\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"abstenerse\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"lägga ned sin röst\"}, {\"code\": \"th\", \"lang\": \"Thai\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"word\": \"งดออกเสียง\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmuvatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́муватися\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"utrýmatysja\", \"sense\": \"refrain from voting\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"утри́матися\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"verhinderen\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"estää\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"abhalten\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"mi\", \"lang\": \"Maori\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"tātāwhi\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokmål\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"forhindre\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"impedir\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"retener\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"keare\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"behinderje\"}, {\"code\": \"fy\", \"lang\": \"West Frisian\", \"sense\": \"hinder, withhold\", \"word\": \"ferhinderje\"}], \"word\": \"abstain\"}",
  "path": [],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "abstain",
  "trace": ""
}