See glum on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gml",
"3": "glum",
"4": "",
"5": "glum"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German glum (“glum”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "German",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Middle Low German glum (“glum”), related to German dialectal glumm (“gloomy, troubled, turbid”). More at gloomy.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "glummer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "glummest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
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"pos": "adj",
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{
"ref": "1857–1859, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, The Virginians. A Tale of the Last Century, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1858–1859, →OCLC:",
"text": "I[…]frighten people by my glum face.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1959, Mordecai Richler, The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz:",
"text": "[…] and the prospect of three more days of teaching before the weekend break, Mr. MacPherson felt unusually glum.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 23:",
"text": "A glummer look replaced the already glum look on Arthur Dent's face.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2024 June 28, Mark Walsh, “Consider the wild gray squirrel, Kagan rebukes her colleagues as court overrules Chevron”, in SCOTUSblog:",
"text": "U.S. Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar, who had sought to save Chevron during hours of argument in January, looks slightly glum in her seat at the counsel tables.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Despondent; moody; sullen."
],
"id": "en-glum-en-adj-OF3ue3Wi",
"links": [
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"Despondent",
"despondent#English"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
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[
"sullen",
"sullen"
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cheerless"
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{
"word": "sullen"
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"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "navǎsen",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "навъсен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "namrǎšten",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "намръщен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "zasmušilý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "zachmuřený"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "rozmrzelý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "sip"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "synkkä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "vakava"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "juro"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morose"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "bedrückt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "niedergeschlagen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "verdrießlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trist"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "deprimiert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trostlos"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "dunkel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "missmutig"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "rosszkedvű"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "mogorva"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "komor"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morcos"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morózus"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "savanyú"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "borús"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "púiceach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "púiciúil"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chimulhada",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "침울(沈鬱)하다"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "poururu"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "ponseux"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "tungsindig"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pečalʹnyj",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "печальный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "gruamach"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "decaído"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taciturno"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "morugo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "abatido"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "dyster"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trumpen"
}
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ɡlʌm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-glum.wav",
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"rhymes": "-ʌm"
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"1": "en",
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{
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{
"ref": "1509, Stephen Hawes, The Passetyme of Pleasure:",
"text": "upon me he gan to loure and glum,\nEnforcing him so for to ryse withall,\nBut that I shortly unto hem did cum,\nWith his thre hedes he spytte all his venum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum."
],
"id": "en-glum-en-verb-whwNyRsj",
"links": [
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"sullen"
],
[
"sour",
"sour"
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[
"countenance",
"countenance"
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"(obsolete) To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum."
],
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"obsolete"
]
}
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"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
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{
"ref": "c. 1550, John Skelton, Colyn Cloute:",
"text": "That they be deaf and dumb,\nAnd play silence and glum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"sullenness"
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"(obsolete) sullenness"
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"tags": [
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"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(“forgot”); forgor",
"word": "glömde"
}
],
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{
"text": "Jag glum 💀\nI forgor 💀",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberate misspelling of glömde (“forgot”); forgor"
],
"id": "en-glum-sv-verb-OwL9DN1P",
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle Low German",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"en:Emotions"
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"3": "glum",
"4": "",
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "German",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from Middle Low German glum (“glum”), related to German dialectal glumm (“gloomy, troubled, turbid”). More at gloomy.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "glummer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "glummest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
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"expansion": "glum (comparative glummer, superlative glummest)",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1857–1859, W[illiam] M[akepeace] Thackeray, The Virginians. A Tale of the Last Century, volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Bradbury & Evans, […], published 1858–1859, →OCLC:",
"text": "I[…]frighten people by my glum face.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1959, Mordecai Richler, The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz:",
"text": "[…] and the prospect of three more days of teaching before the weekend break, Mr. MacPherson felt unusually glum.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1982, Douglas Adams, Life, the Universe and Everything, page 23:",
"text": "A glummer look replaced the already glum look on Arthur Dent's face.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2024 June 28, Mark Walsh, “Consider the wild gray squirrel, Kagan rebukes her colleagues as court overrules Chevron”, in SCOTUSblog:",
"text": "U.S. Solicitor General Elizabeth Prelogar, who had sought to save Chevron during hours of argument in January, looks slightly glum in her seat at the counsel tables.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Despondent; moody; sullen."
],
"links": [
[
"Despondent",
"despondent#English"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
],
[
"sullen",
"sullen"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cheerless"
},
{
"word": "sullen"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡlʌm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-glum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "navǎsen",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "навъсен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "namrǎšten",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "намръщен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "zasmušilý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "zachmuřený"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "rozmrzelý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "sip"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "synkkä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "vakava"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "juro"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morose"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "bedrückt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "niedergeschlagen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "verdrießlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trist"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "mürrisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "deprimiert"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trostlos"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "dunkel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "missmutig"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "rosszkedvű"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "mogorva"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "komor"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morcos"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "morózus"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "savanyú"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "borús"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "púiceach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "púiciúil"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chimulhada",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "침울(沈鬱)하다"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "poururu"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "ponseux"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "tungsindig"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pečalʹnyj",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "печальный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "gruamach"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "decaído"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taciturno"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "morugo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "abatido"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "dyster"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "despondent",
"word": "trumpen"
}
],
"word": "glum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"en:Emotions"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "glomen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English glomen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "glome"
},
"expansion": "Middle English glome",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English glomen, glommen, glomben, gloumben (“to frown, look sullen”), from *glom (“gloom”). More at gloom. The noun is from Middle English glome, from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "glums",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "glumming",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "glummed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "glummed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "glum (third-person singular simple present glums, present participle glumming, simple past and past participle glummed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1509, Stephen Hawes, The Passetyme of Pleasure:",
"text": "upon me he gan to loure and glum,\nEnforcing him so for to ryse withall,\nBut that I shortly unto hem did cum,\nWith his thre hedes he spytte all his venum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum."
],
"links": [
[
"sullen",
"sullen"
],
[
"sour",
"sour"
],
[
"countenance",
"countenance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To look sullen; to be of a sour countenance; to be glum."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡlʌm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-glum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"word": "glum"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm",
"Rhymes:English/ʌm/1 syllable",
"en:Emotions"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "glomen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English glomen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "glome"
},
"expansion": "Middle English glome",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English glomen, glommen, glomben, gloumben (“to frown, look sullen”), from *glom (“gloom”). More at gloom. The noun is from Middle English glome, from the verb.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "glum (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1550, John Skelton, Colyn Cloute:",
"text": "That they be deaf and dumb,\nAnd play silence and glum",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sullenness"
],
"links": [
[
"sullenness",
"sullenness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) sullenness"
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡlʌm/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-glum.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-glum.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌm"
}
],
"word": "glum"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "glum",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "(“forgot”); forgor",
"word": "glömde"
}
],
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish humorous terms",
"Swedish intentional misspellings",
"Swedish internet slang",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish terms with usage examples",
"Swedish verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Jag glum 💀\nI forgor 💀",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Deliberate misspelling of glömde (“forgot”); forgor"
],
"links": [
[
"Internet",
"Internet"
],
[
"slang",
"slang"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"glömde",
"glömde#Swedish"
],
[
"forgor",
"forgor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Internet slang, humorous) Deliberate misspelling of glömde (“forgot”); forgor"
],
"tags": [
"Internet",
"alt-of",
"deliberate",
"humorous",
"misspelling"
]
}
],
"word": "glum"
}
Download raw JSONL data for glum meaning in All languages combined (11.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (f889f65 and 8fbd9e8). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.