See gruff on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gruff meaning in All languages combined (15.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "gruffly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "gruffness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrubaz"
},
"expansion": "*hrubaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "gruff (comparative gruffer, superlative gruffest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "78 12 5 3 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"having a rough, surly, and harsh demeanor and nature."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-r5SHj-5a",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rjazǎk",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "рязък"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "lomp"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "bourru"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "dorrga"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "burbero"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ngākaukawa"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grosolan"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "neprivétlivyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "неприве́тливый"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serdítyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серди́тый"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 9 10",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "áspero"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff woman",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse-voiced."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-bJTqfhSA",
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pregraknal",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "прегракнал"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "drezgav",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "дрезгав"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rauque"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "hás"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rámur"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "kommia"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "garg"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rauco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "răgușit"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xríplyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хри́плый"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "ronco"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-Ks0n7ZJo",
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrubaz"
},
"expansion": "*hrubaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gruff (third-person singular simple present gruffs, present participle gruffing, simple past and past participle gruffed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 13 6 12 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography",
"text": "“Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To speak gruffly."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-verb-c40BnMcW"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grof",
"3": "",
"4": "rough, coarse"
},
"expansion": "grof (“rough, coarse”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to Dutch grof (“rough, coarse”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "gruff",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British India English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765, John Zephaniah Holwell, Interesting Historical Events..., page 194",
"text": "[…] articles that usually compose the gruff cargoes of our outward bound shipping.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "quoted in 1869, James Long, Selections from Unpublished Records of Government... (page 171)",
"text": "[…] which by causing a great export of rice enhances the price of labour, and consequently of all other gruff, piece-goods and raw silk […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of goods: bulky."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-ZhnMJL~l",
"links": [
[
"goods",
"goods"
],
[
"bulky",
"bulky"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British India) Of goods: bulky."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"India"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gruffa"
},
"expansion": "Deverbal from gruffa",
"name": "deverbal"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Deverbal from gruffa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-n-zero",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gruff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "gruff n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "gruff n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-n-zero"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish deverbals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"argument, quarrel"
],
"id": "en-gruff-sv-noun-stj~moBl",
"links": [
[
"quarrel",
"quarrel#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Dutch",
"English terms borrowed from West Flemish",
"English terms derived from Dutch",
"English terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"English terms derived from Old Dutch",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from West Flemish",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Personality"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gruffly"
},
{
"word": "gruffness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrubaz"
},
"expansion": "*hrubaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "gruff (comparative gruffer, superlative gruffest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"having a rough, surly, and harsh demeanor and nature."
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff woman",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse-voiced."
],
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse."
],
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rjazǎk",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "рязък"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "lomp"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "bourru"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "dorrga"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "burbero"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ngākaukawa"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grosolan"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "neprivétlivyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "неприве́тливый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serdítyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серди́тый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pregraknal",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "прегракнал"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "drezgav",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "дрезгав"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rauque"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "hás"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rámur"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "kommia"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "garg"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rauco"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "răgușit"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xríplyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хри́плый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "ronco"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms borrowed from Dutch",
"English terms borrowed from West Flemish",
"English terms derived from Dutch",
"English terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"English terms derived from Old Dutch",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from West Flemish",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with unknown etymologies",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Personality"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hrubaz"
},
"expansion": "*hrubaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gruff (third-person singular simple present gruffs, present participle gruffing, simple past and past participle gruffed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography",
"text": "“Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To speak gruffly."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Personality"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "grof",
"3": "",
"4": "rough, coarse"
},
"expansion": "grof (“rough, coarse”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to Dutch grof (“rough, coarse”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "gruff",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British India English",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765, John Zephaniah Holwell, Interesting Historical Events..., page 194",
"text": "[…] articles that usually compose the gruff cargoes of our outward bound shipping.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "quoted in 1869, James Long, Selections from Unpublished Records of Government... (page 171)",
"text": "[…] which by causing a great export of rice enhances the price of labour, and consequently of all other gruff, piece-goods and raw silk […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of goods: bulky."
],
"links": [
[
"goods",
"goods"
],
[
"bulky",
"bulky"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British India) Of goods: bulky."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"India"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "gruffa"
},
"expansion": "Deverbal from gruffa",
"name": "deverbal"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Deverbal from gruffa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-n-zero",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "gruff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "gruff n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "gruff n",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-n-zero"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish deverbals",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish neuter nouns",
"Swedish nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"argument, quarrel"
],
"links": [
[
"quarrel",
"quarrel#Noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.