See gruff in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "gruffly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "gruffness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "gruff (comparative gruffer, superlative gruffest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 10 4 3 20 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"having a rough, surly, and harsh demeanor and nature."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-r5SHj-5a",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rjazǎk",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "рязък"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "lomp"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "bourru"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "dorrga"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "burbero"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ngākaukawa"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grosolan"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "neprivétlivyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "неприве́тливый"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serdítyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серди́тый"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "fosco"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 8 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "hosco"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff woman",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse-voiced."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-bJTqfhSA",
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pregraknal",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "прегракнал"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "drezgav",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "дрезгав"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rauque"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "hás"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rámur"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "kommia"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "garg"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rauco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "răgușit"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xríplyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хри́плый"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 83 15",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "ronco"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-Ks0n7ZJo",
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "vls",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Flemish",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "nl",
"3": "grof",
"t": "rude, coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dum",
"3": "grof",
"t": "coarse"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "odt",
"3": "*grof"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *grof",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "groaf",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "grof",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "grov",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
},
"expansion": "Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gahrob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gahrubaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*hreubaz",
"t": "scabby, rough, scrubby"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*grob"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *grob",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*grubaz",
"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gruff (third-person singular simple present gruffs, present participle gruffing, simple past and past participle gruffed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 9 4 8 35 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 14 16 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 7 8 7 35 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 5 38 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 13 16 59",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 15 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 13 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 12 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 6 83",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 13 13 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 14 15 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"_dis": "10 10 12 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 10 12 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography:",
"text": "“Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To speak gruffly."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-verb-c40BnMcW"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gruff (plural gruffs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "gully in a moor",
"word": "grough"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 9 4 8 35 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 7 8 7 35 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 5 38 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1888, Recreation: A Monthly Exponent of the Higher Literature, page 228:",
"text": "[…] Yorkshire and Derbyshire, where [...] the ordinary sportsman has to go \"gruffing,\" as it is called, to game game, i. e., stealing up the \"gruffs\" or gullies and undulations in the ground, and trying all the clumps of long old twisted heather and broken bogs. […] the open places on the moor, and thus driving the birds forward to deep lying bogs and \"gruffs\" […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1903 August 29, Yorkshire Evening Post, page 6, quoted in the English Dialect Dictionary",
"text": "They found Uttley's body on the bottom of the gruff."
},
{
"ref": "1926, Emmuska Orczy, Unravelled Knots, page 386:",
"text": "[…] the body […] was found in a 'gruff' or gully about three-quarters of a mile from the Poacher's Leap.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1935, British Birds: An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Birds, page 231:",
"text": "They roost [...] in peaty gruffs and drainage channels, and on moorland tracks and sheep- walks, […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of grough (“gully in a moor”)"
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-noun-NtYYJYUk",
"links": [
[
"grough",
"grough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to Dutch grof (“rough, coarse”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "gruff",
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],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British India English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765, John Zephaniah Holwell, Interesting Historical Events..., page 194:",
"text": "[…] articles that usually compose the gruff cargoes of our outward bound shipping.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "quoted in 1869, James Long, Selections from Unpublished Records of Government... (page 171)",
"text": "[…] which by causing a great export of rice enhances the price of labour, and consequently of all other gruff, piece-goods and raw silk […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of goods: bulky."
],
"id": "en-gruff-en-adj-ZhnMJL~l",
"links": [
[
"goods",
"goods"
],
[
"bulky",
"bulky"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British India) Of goods: bulky."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"India"
]
}
],
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"word": "gruff"
}
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"English terms borrowed from Dutch",
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"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
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"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Personality"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gruffly"
},
{
"word": "gruffness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
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{
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"name": "cog"
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{
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"2": "groff",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
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"expansion": "Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "grob",
"t": "rough, coarse, crude"
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"expansion": "German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”)",
"name": "cog"
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"name": "cog"
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{
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gahrob",
"name": "der"
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{
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"2": "gem-pro",
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"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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{
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"name": "der"
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{
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"t": "coarse, rough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
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{
"glosses": [
"having a rough, surly, and harsh demeanor and nature."
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff woman",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse-voiced."
],
"links": [
[
"hoarse",
"hoarse"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a gruff voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hoarse."
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"hoarse",
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"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rjazǎk",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "рязък"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "lomp"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "grof"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "bourru"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "dorrga"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "burbero"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ngākaukawa"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grosolan"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "neprivétlivyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "неприве́тливый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "serdítyj",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "серди́тый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "fosco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough-, surly-natured",
"word": "hosco"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pregraknal",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "прегракнал"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "drezgav",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "дрезгав"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rauque"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "hás"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rámur"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "kommia"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "garg"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rauco"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "rouco"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "răgușit"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xríplyj",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хри́плый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "hoarse-voiced",
"word": "ronco"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English terms borrowed from Dutch",
"English terms borrowed from West Flemish",
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"Terms with Icelandic translations",
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"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"en:Personality"
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From West Flemish and Dutch grof (“rude, coarse, rough”), from Middle Dutch grof (“coarse”), from Old Dutch *grof, of uncertain formation and relation, yet undoubtedly cognate with Saterland Frisian groaf (“rough, coarse, crude”), West Frisian grof (“rough, coarse, crude”), Low German groff (“rough, coarse, crude”), German grob (“rough, coarse, crude”), Swedish grov (“rough, coarse, crude”).\nPerhaps originating from Proto-West Germanic *gahrob, from Proto-Germanic *gahrubaz, *hrubaz, related to Proto-Germanic *hreubaz (“scabby, rough, scrubby”) or alternatively from Proto-West Germanic *grob, from Proto-Germanic *grubaz (“coarse, rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffing",
"tags": [
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"present"
]
},
{
"form": "gruffed",
"tags": [
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"past"
]
},
{
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"tags": [
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]
}
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}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Benny Hinn, He Touched Me: An Autobiography:",
"text": "“Who gave you that?” replied my father angrily. “Did you bribe someone?” “No,” I told him. “It was a gift, from some people who really want me to be on this trip.” “Fine,” he gruffed.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To speak gruffly."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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},
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{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
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"word": "gruff"
}
{
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Personality"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "gruffs",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {},
"expansion": "gruff (plural gruffs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "gully in a moor",
"word": "grough"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1888, Recreation: A Monthly Exponent of the Higher Literature, page 228:",
"text": "[…] Yorkshire and Derbyshire, where [...] the ordinary sportsman has to go \"gruffing,\" as it is called, to game game, i. e., stealing up the \"gruffs\" or gullies and undulations in the ground, and trying all the clumps of long old twisted heather and broken bogs. […] the open places on the moor, and thus driving the birds forward to deep lying bogs and \"gruffs\" […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1903 August 29, Yorkshire Evening Post, page 6, quoted in the English Dialect Dictionary",
"text": "They found Uttley's body on the bottom of the gruff."
},
{
"ref": "1926, Emmuska Orczy, Unravelled Knots, page 386:",
"text": "[…] the body […] was found in a 'gruff' or gully about three-quarters of a mile from the Poacher's Leap.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1935, British Birds: An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Birds, page 231:",
"text": "They roost [...] in peaty gruffs and drainage channels, and on moorland tracks and sheep- walks, […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of grough (“gully in a moor”)"
],
"links": [
[
"grough",
"grough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Personality"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "Perhaps related to Dutch grof (“rough, coarse”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "gruff",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British India English",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1765, John Zephaniah Holwell, Interesting Historical Events..., page 194:",
"text": "[…] articles that usually compose the gruff cargoes of our outward bound shipping.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "quoted in 1869, James Long, Selections from Unpublished Records of Government... (page 171)",
"text": "[…] which by causing a great export of rice enhances the price of labour, and consequently of all other gruff, piece-goods and raw silk […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of goods: bulky."
],
"links": [
[
"goods",
"goods"
],
[
"bulky",
"bulky"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(British India) Of goods: bulky."
],
"tags": [
"British",
"India"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɹʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gruff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gruff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
}
],
"word": "gruff"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gruff meaning in English (16.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.