See refractory in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "electrorefractory"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "psychological refractory period"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractorily"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractoriness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractory anaemia with excess blasts"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractory metal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractory period"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractory rhyme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "refractārius",
"4": "",
"5": "obstinate"
},
"expansion": "Latin refractārius (“obstinate”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more refractory",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most refractory",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refractory (comparative more refractory, superlative most refractory)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refractive"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "refraction"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1787, Alexander Hamilton, “No. 16”, in The Federalist, published 1863, page 103:",
"text": "[…] in most instances attempts to coerce the refractory and disobedient have been the signals of bloody wars, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Chapter 26”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:",
"text": "Mr. Weller knocked at the door, and after a pretty long interval—occupied by the party without, in whistling a tune, and by the party within, in persuading a refractory flat candle to allow itself to be lighted […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter 8, in Pollyanna, L.C. Page, →OCLC:",
"text": "For five minutes Pollyanna worked swiftly, deftly, combing a refractory curl into fluffiness, perking up a drooping ruffle at the neck, or shaking a pillow into plumpness so that the head might have a better pose. Meanwhile the sick woman, frowning prodigiously, and openly scoffing at the whole procedure, was, in spite of herself, beginning to tingle with a feeling perilously near to excitement.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obstinate and unruly; strongly opposed to something."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-adj-UQ0e0iOO",
"links": [
[
"Obstinate",
"obstinate"
],
[
"unruly",
"unruly"
],
[
"opposed",
"opposed"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "inanimates",
"word": "contrary"
},
{
"word": "fractious"
},
{
"word": "obstinate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nepokoren",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "непокорен"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neposlušen",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "непослушен"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refractari"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "weerbarstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "itsepintainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "itsepäinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "omapäinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widerborstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widerspenstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "störrisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "renitent"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widersätzlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "aufsässig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anypótaktos",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ανυπότακτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "makacs"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ellenszegülő"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ellenálló"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "szembeszálló"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "refrattaria"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tīhoihoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tīhoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tvrdokoran"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refractario"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 8 3 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "motspänstig"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 46 7 21 6 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 48 10 16 7 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 68 4 12 3 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 57 5 19 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 60 3 18 2 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 58 6 14 4 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 59 6 14 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 51 9 17 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 65 5 11 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 61 5 13 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 66 5 11 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 63 6 12 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 48 6 12 12 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 45 9 14 11 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 67 4 12 3 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 69 4 11 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 59 6 14 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 59 9 13 3 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 69 4 11 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 60 9 13 3 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 67 5 12 3 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 60 5 14 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1855, Frederick Overman, A Treatise on Metallurgy, page 315:",
"text": "Pure lime is extremely refractory, but readily fusible if any silex is brought in contact with it; […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not affected by great heat."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-adj-en:heat_resistant",
"links": [
[
"heat",
"heat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:heat-resistant"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "heat-resistant"
},
{
"word": "fireproof"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ogneuporen",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "огнеупорен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refractari"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "žáruvzdorný"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "vuurvast"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "kuumuudenkestävä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "tulenkestävä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hitzebeständig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "feuerbeständig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "feuerfest"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hitzefest"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refraktär"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "widerstandsfähig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dýstiktos",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "δύστηκτος"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pyrímachos",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "πυρίμαχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hőálló"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "tűzálló"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žaropročnyj",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "жаропрочный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ogneupornyj",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "огнеупорный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "vatrootporan"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 88 10 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refractario"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Medicine",
"orig": "en:Medicine",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Sciences",
"Health",
"All topics",
"Body",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1949, Albert Fields, John Hoesley, “Neck and Shoulder Pain”, in Calif. Med., 70(6):478-482:",
"text": "Many of the vague and refractory cases of neck and shoulder pain and of migraine may be due to cervical disc disease.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, H. A. Ring et al., “Vigabatrin: rational treatment for chronic epilepsy”, in J. Neurol. Neurosurg.Psychiatry, 53(12):1051-1055:",
"text": "In 33 adult patients with long standing refractory epilepsy on treatment with one or two standard anti-convulsant drugs,",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Resistant to treatment; not responding adequately to therapy."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-adj-iQLvYz92",
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"Resistant",
"resistant"
],
[
"treatment",
"treatment"
],
[
"respond",
"respond"
],
[
"adequately",
"adequately"
],
[
"therapy",
"therapy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Resistant to treatment; not responding adequately to therapy."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Biology",
"orig": "en:Biology",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1959, Nobusada Ishiko, Werner R. Loewenstein, “Electrical output of a receptor membrane”, in Science, 130:1405-6:",
"text": "The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1970, S.S. Barold et al., “Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers”, in Br. Heart J., 32(6):783-789:",
"text": "The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-adj-is8HytDL",
"links": [
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"Incapable",
"incapable"
],
[
"reaction",
"reaction"
],
[
"stimulus",
"stimulus"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unbeeinflussbar"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "refraktär"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "passiv"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unempfindlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unempfänglich"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "reizunempfindlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 11 3 82",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "refrakteran"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg/En-us-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg/En-au-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æktəɹi"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "trudno lečim",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "трудно лечим"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "itsepintainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktorinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktaarinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "therapierefraktär"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "nicht auf Therapie ansprechend"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anthektikós",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "ανθεκτικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dysíatos",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "δυσίατος"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "nehezen kezelhető/gyógyítható"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrakter"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "tvrdokoran"
},
{
"_dis1": "20 34 29 17",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refractario"
}
],
"word": "refractory"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "refractārius",
"4": "",
"5": "obstinate"
},
"expansion": "Latin refractārius (“obstinate”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "refractories",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refractory (plural refractories)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A material or piece of material, such as a brick, that has a very high melting point."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-noun-QU2t7OU8",
"links": [
[
"brick",
"brick"
],
[
"melting point",
"melting point"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Feuerfestmaterial"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "feuerfestes Material"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feuerfester Stoff"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feuerfester Baustoff"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pyrímachos",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πυρίμαχος"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 12",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "refrattario"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A plant or factory that produces such material."
],
"id": "en-refractory-en-noun-14YLRvs6"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg/En-us-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg/En-au-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æktəɹi"
}
],
"word": "refractory"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English undefined derivations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æktəɹi",
"Rhymes:English/æktəɹi/4 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "electrorefractory"
},
{
"word": "psychological refractory period"
},
{
"word": "refractorily"
},
{
"word": "refractoriness"
},
{
"word": "refractory anaemia with excess blasts"
},
{
"word": "refractory metal"
},
{
"word": "refractory period"
},
{
"word": "refractory rhyme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "refractārius",
"4": "",
"5": "obstinate"
},
"expansion": "Latin refractārius (“obstinate”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more refractory",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most refractory",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refractory (comparative more refractory, superlative most refractory)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "refractive"
},
{
"word": "refraction"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1787, Alexander Hamilton, “No. 16”, in The Federalist, published 1863, page 103:",
"text": "[…] in most instances attempts to coerce the refractory and disobedient have been the signals of bloody wars, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1836 March – 1837 October, Charles Dickens, “Chapter 26”, in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, London: Chapman and Hall, […], published 1837, →OCLC:",
"text": "Mr. Weller knocked at the door, and after a pretty long interval—occupied by the party without, in whistling a tune, and by the party within, in persuading a refractory flat candle to allow itself to be lighted […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Eleanor H. Porter, chapter 8, in Pollyanna, L.C. Page, →OCLC:",
"text": "For five minutes Pollyanna worked swiftly, deftly, combing a refractory curl into fluffiness, perking up a drooping ruffle at the neck, or shaking a pillow into plumpness so that the head might have a better pose. Meanwhile the sick woman, frowning prodigiously, and openly scoffing at the whole procedure, was, in spite of herself, beginning to tingle with a feeling perilously near to excitement.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obstinate and unruly; strongly opposed to something."
],
"links": [
[
"Obstinate",
"obstinate"
],
[
"unruly",
"unruly"
],
[
"opposed",
"opposed"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "inanimates",
"word": "contrary"
},
{
"word": "fractious"
},
{
"word": "obstinate"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1855, Frederick Overman, A Treatise on Metallurgy, page 315:",
"text": "Pure lime is extremely refractory, but readily fusible if any silex is brought in contact with it; […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not affected by great heat."
],
"links": [
[
"heat",
"heat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:heat-resistant"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "heat-resistant"
},
{
"word": "fireproof"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Medicine"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1949, Albert Fields, John Hoesley, “Neck and Shoulder Pain”, in Calif. Med., 70(6):478-482:",
"text": "Many of the vague and refractory cases of neck and shoulder pain and of migraine may be due to cervical disc disease.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1990, H. A. Ring et al., “Vigabatrin: rational treatment for chronic epilepsy”, in J. Neurol. Neurosurg.Psychiatry, 53(12):1051-1055:",
"text": "In 33 adult patients with long standing refractory epilepsy on treatment with one or two standard anti-convulsant drugs,",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Resistant to treatment; not responding adequately to therapy."
],
"links": [
[
"medicine",
"medicine"
],
[
"Resistant",
"resistant"
],
[
"treatment",
"treatment"
],
[
"respond",
"respond"
],
[
"adequately",
"adequately"
],
[
"therapy",
"therapy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(medicine) Resistant to treatment; not responding adequately to therapy."
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Biology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1959, Nobusada Ishiko, Werner R. Loewenstein, “Electrical output of a receptor membrane”, in Science, 130:1405-6:",
"text": "The production of a generator potential leaves a refractory state in the receptor membrane […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1970, S.S. Barold et al., “Chest wall stimulation in evaluation of patients with implanted ventricular-inhibited demand pacemakers”, in Br. Heart J., 32(6):783-789:",
"text": "The […] delivery of external stimuli […] delineates the pacemaker refractory period after the emission of a pacing stimulus and after the sensing of a spontaneous beat.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus."
],
"links": [
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"Incapable",
"incapable"
],
[
"reaction",
"reaction"
],
[
"stimulus",
"stimulus"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(biology) Incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg/En-us-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg/En-au-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æktəɹi"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nepokoren",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "непокорен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neposlušen",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "непослушен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refractari"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "weerbarstig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "itsepintainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "itsepäinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "omapäinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widerborstig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widerspenstig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "störrisch"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "halsstarrig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "renitent"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "widersätzlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "aufsässig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anypótaktos",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ανυπότακτος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "makacs"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ellenszegülő"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "ellenálló"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "szembeszálló"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "refrattaria"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tīhoihoi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tīhoi"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "tvrdokoran"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "refractario"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "obstinate; strongly opposed",
"word": "motspänstig"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ogneuporen",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "огнеупорен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refractari"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "žáruvzdorný"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "vuurvast"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "kuumuudenkestävä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "tulenkestävä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hitzebeständig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "feuerbeständig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "feuerfest"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hitzefest"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refraktär"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "widerstandsfähig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dýstiktos",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "δύστηκτος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pyrímachos",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "πυρίμαχος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "hőálló"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "tűzálló"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žaropročnyj",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "жаропрочный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ogneupornyj",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "огнеупорный"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "vatrootporan"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "not affected by great heat",
"word": "refractario"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "trudno lečim",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "трудно лечим"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "itsepintainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktorinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktaarinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "réfractaire"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "therapierefraktär"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "nicht auf Therapie ansprechend"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anthektikós",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "ανθεκτικός"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "dysíatos",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "δυσίατος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "nehezen kezelhető/gyógyítható"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrakter"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refraktara"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrattario"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refratário"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refrakteran"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "tvrdokoran"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "medicine: difficult to heal",
"word": "refractario"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unbeeinflussbar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "refraktär"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "passiv"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unempfindlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unempfindlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "unempfänglich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "reizunempfindlich"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "biology: incapable of registering a reaction or stimulus",
"word": "refrakteran"
}
],
"word": "refractory"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English undefined derivations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æktəɹi",
"Rhymes:English/æktəɹi/4 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "refractārius",
"4": "",
"5": "obstinate"
},
"expansion": "Latin refractārius (“obstinate”)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin refractārius (“obstinate”), from refractus, past participle of refringere (“to break up”). Originally refractary, refractarie, but reanalysed after other adjectives in -ory.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "refractories",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "refractory (plural refractories)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A material or piece of material, such as a brick, that has a very high melting point."
],
"links": [
[
"brick",
"brick"
],
[
"melting point",
"melting point"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A plant or factory that produces such material."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈfɹæk.təɹ.i/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg/En-us-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/En-us-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-refractory.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg/En-au-refractory.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-au-refractory.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æktəɹi"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Feuerfestmaterial"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "feuerfestes Material"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feuerfester Stoff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feuerfester Baustoff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "feuerfester Baustoff"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pyrímachos",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πυρίμαχος"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "material with a high melting point",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "refrattario"
}
],
"word": "refractory"
}
Download raw JSONL data for refractory meaning in English (18.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-13 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (4ba5975 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.