See reference in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for reference meaning in English (44.2kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "autoreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "backreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "back-reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "book of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "call-by-reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "call by reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "category reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "character reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circular reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "coreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "credit reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dereference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forward reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "frame of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "georeference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "grid reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "idea of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "inertial frame of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "in reference to"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "interreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "letter of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "metareference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "misreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "multireference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nonreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "olfactory reference syndrome"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "overreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pass-by-reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pass by reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "phantom reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "point of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pseudoreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "referenceable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference angle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference book"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference counting"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference data"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference electrode"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference frame"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference implementation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "referenceless"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference library"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference list"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference manual"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference mark"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference point"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference queue"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference star"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference type"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference variable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "reference work"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rvalue reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "self-reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "smart-reference proxy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "soft reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "space fixed reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "strong reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "terms of reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "underreference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "weak reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cross-reference"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "référence"
},
"expansion": "Middle French référence",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "referentia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin referentia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referēns"
},
"expansion": "referēns",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referō",
"3": "",
"4": "return, reply",
"lit": "carry back"
},
"expansion": "referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "refer",
"3": "ence",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "refer + -ence",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French référence, from Medieval Latin referentia, nominative neuter plural of referēns, present participle of referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”).\nMorphologically refer + -ence.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "references",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "reference (countable and uncountable, plural references)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ref‧er‧ence"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "circular reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "forward reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "phantom reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "soft reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "strong reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "weak reference"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sense"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "handle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A relationship or relation (to something)."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-wWBGuJtg",
"links": [
[
"relationship",
"relationship"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or archaic) A relationship or relation (to something)."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "42 3 2 4 8 2 14 4 5 6 8 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spomenavane",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "споменаване"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 3 2 4 8 2 14 4 5 6 8 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpratka",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отпратка"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 3 2 4 8 2 14 4 5 6 8 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"word": "suhde"
},
{
"_dis1": "42 3 2 4 8 2 14 4 5 6 8 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"word": "اشاره"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A measurement one can compare (some other measurement) to."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-E9erHL2f",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "etalon",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "еталон"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "參考"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cānkǎo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "参考"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referents"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "viitearvo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referenssi"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "rujukan"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "acuan"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referensi"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "riferimento"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"alt": "さんこう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sankō",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "参考"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"alt": "參考",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chamgo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "참고"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"alt": "參照",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chamjo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "참조"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "serçawe",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "سەرچاوە"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "rujukan"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "acuan"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "مبنا"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrazéc",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "образе́ц"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otnošénije",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "отноше́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 57 1 1 2 1 8 2 3 8 10 3",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrazók",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "зразо́к"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1800, William Cowper, “An Epistle to Joseph Hill, Esq.”, in The Task, Tirocinium, and Other Poems, page 180",
"text": "Changes will befall, and friends may part, / But distance only cannot change the heart / And were I call’d to prove th’ assertion true, / One proof should serve—a reference to you.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Information about a person, provided by someone (a referee) with whom they are well acquainted."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-Q~0jRY8M",
"links": [
[
"Information",
"information"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bnutʿagir",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "բնութագիր"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "xasiyyətnamə"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preporǎka",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "препоръка"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "referencija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "референция"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "證明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhèngmíng",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "证明"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "referent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referente"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "soovitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "suositus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "recommandation"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "ajánlás"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shōkai",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "照会"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"alt": "しょうかいさき",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shōkaisaki",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "照会先"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rekomendácija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рекоменда́ция"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "poručítelʹstvo",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "поручи́тельство"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xarakterístika",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "характери́стика"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "preporuka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "xarakterýstyka",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "характери́стика"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 54 40 2 1 0 0 0 3 0 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rekomendácija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рекоменда́ція"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 8 19 18 1 2 3 5 14 14 3 1 2 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who provides this information; a referee."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-0WSqGILD",
"links": [
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Ireland) A person who provides this information; a referee."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 17 61 6 2 1 1 1 5 4 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "person who provides this information",
"word": "suosittelija"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 2 11 14 22 1 2 2 6 10 16 4 1 1 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 8 19 18 1 2 3 5 14 14 3 1 2 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "reference grammar ― detailed linguistic description of a particular language's grammar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Reference Dictionary of Linguistics",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A reference work."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-xVSsyhbk",
"links": [
[
"reference work",
"reference work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(often attributive) A reference work."
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"countable",
"often",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The act of referring: a submitting for information or decision."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-TYPArXmy",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 1 2 2 2 83 1 0 1 2 2 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "act of referring: a submitting for information or decision",
"word": "alistaminen"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Semantics",
"orig": "en:Semantics",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun--ugnLi0O",
"links": [
[
"semantics",
"semantics"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"designate",
"designate"
],
[
"connect",
"connect"
],
[
"link",
"link"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(semantics) A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences",
"semantics"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "24 4 1 1 1 1 45 2 3 7 7 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semantics: relation between objects",
"word": "suhde"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A short written identification of a previously published work which is used as a source for a text."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-Pd4k~ATM",
"links": [
[
"identification",
"identification"
],
[
"source",
"source"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(academic writing) A short written identification of a previously published work which is used as a source for a text."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A previously published written work thus indicated; a source."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-kd70zdNz",
"links": [
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(academic writing) A previously published written work thus indicated; a source."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"publishing",
"writing"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "marjiʕ",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَرْجِع"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpravka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отправка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "來源"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "láiyuán",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "来源"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zdroj"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pramen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "reference"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "referenco"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "allikas"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "lähde"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "c̣q̇aro",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "წყარო"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Quelle"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pigés",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "πηγές"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "forrás"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shutten",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "出典"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "مرجع"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sursă de referință"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otsýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отсы́лка"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istóčnik",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "исто́чник"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iomradh"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zdroj"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "källa"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "sanggunian"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "talasanggunian"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "kaynak"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "posylánnja",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "посила́ння"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 3 6 9 6 1 3 19 31 6 9 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "džereló",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "джерело́"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Computing",
"orig": "en:Computing",
"parents": [
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 8 19 18 1 2 3 5 14 14 3 1 2 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-5CO1a0Z-",
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(computing) An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpravka",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отправка"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐnyòng",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "引用"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "viite"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anaforá",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "αναφορά"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sanshō",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "参照"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "ارجاعال"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencja"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssylka",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссылка"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 4 5 6 2 4 2 4 55 11 2",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "tham chiếu"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Programming",
"orig": "en:Programming",
"parents": [
"Computing",
"Software engineering",
"Technology",
"Computer science",
"Engineering",
"Software",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Applied sciences",
"Media",
"Fundamental",
"Communication"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 2 8 19 18 1 2 3 5 14 14 3 1 2 3 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A special sequence used to represent complex characters in markup languages, such as ™ for the ™ symbol."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-UgHRJhVC",
"links": [
[
"programming",
"programming#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "character entity",
"raw_glosses": [
"(programming, character entity) A special sequence used to represent complex characters in markup languages, such as ™ for the ™ symbol."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"programming",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 3 3 4 4 1 2 6 4 5 64 3",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "programming: special sequence used to represent complex characters",
"word": "kromnomo"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Appeal."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-noun-3-oee7~M",
"links": [
[
"Appeal",
"appeal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Appeal."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛf.(ə)ɹəns/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛfəɹɛns/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛfəɹəns"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-reference.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg/En-us-reference.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "verwysing"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "referensie"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "marjiʕ",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَرْجِع"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "referencija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "референция"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viide"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "lähdeviittaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viite"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viittaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "c̣q̇aros mititeba",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "წყაროს მითითება"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "hivatkozás"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "tohutoro"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "ارجاعال"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "källhänvisning"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "sanggunian"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "posylánnja",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "посила́ння"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 6 9 6 1 3 25 29 5 8 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нція"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"reference"
],
"word": "reference"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cross-reference"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "référence"
},
"expansion": "Middle French référence",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "referentia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin referentia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referēns"
},
"expansion": "referēns",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referō",
"3": "",
"4": "return, reply",
"lit": "carry back"
},
"expansion": "referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "refer",
"3": "ence",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "refer + -ence",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French référence, from Medieval Latin referentia, nominative neuter plural of referēns, present participle of referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”).\nMorphologically refer + -ence.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "references",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "referencing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "referenced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "referenced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "reference (third-person singular simple present references, present participle referencing, simple past and past participle referenced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ref‧er‧ence"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "referee"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "referent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "referential"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "relate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "relation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "You must thoroughly reference your paper before submitting it.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To provide a list of references for (a text)."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-verb-B2mC-UCr"
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Reference the dictionary for word meanings.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Thomas L. Bell, “Political Economy's Response to Positivism”, in Geographical Review, volume 80, number 3, American Geographical Society, →JSTOR, page 314",
"text": "The penchant for synthesizing the work of others that pervades British scholarship has been described by one of my cynical American colleagues as “a giant bibliography that is always eating its own tail.” By this he means that cliques of like-minded writers tend to reference each other’s work incessantly.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1994, Barry Chamish, quoting Louis Rossetto, “The End of the Book”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "Written information is a relatively new phenomenon. Depositing it and being able to reference it centuries later is not common human experience.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1998 January 26, Donnie Radcliffe, “New Library Will Chronicle First Ladies”, in The Washington Post, page C1+",
"text": "On the Florence Harding page, for instance, a researcher will be able to reference a book by Waarren Harding’s alleged mistress, Nan Britton, who claimed that she bore his daughter.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refer to, to use as a reference."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-verb-4o-cyfTO",
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otnasjam se",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "отнасям се"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pozovavam se",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "позовавам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "viitama"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "viitata"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "faire référence à"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "référencer"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "se référer à"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenzieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sanshō suru",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "参照する"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "tohutoro"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "odnosić się do"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "ссыла́ться (ssylátʹsja) + на impf (na)",
"sense": "to refer to"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 76 10 13",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In his speech, the candidate obliquely referenced the past failures of his opponent.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Integrating the Humanities into Associate Degree Occupational Programs, American Association of Community Colleges, page 25",
"text": "Humanities institutions specifically reference the work setting for illustrative applications of the unique and significant contributions of the Humanities.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Jean Borgatti, “Portraiture in Africa”, in African Arts, volume 23, number 3, page 37",
"text": "With the economy characteristic of all African sculpture, these portraits reference individual and social identities simultaneously, so that the image of a king may represent a particular king and all kings; a commemorative mask for a woman, a particular woman and all titled women.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1991 January 19, Bobby Ray Inman, “A Nominee’s Withdrawal: Transcript of the Statement by Inman on His Decision to Withdraw”, in The New York Times, page A14",
"text": "And I would simply reference those of you who are out there working.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To mention, to cite."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-verb-s-j~ZSv8",
"links": [
[
"mention",
"mention"
],
[
"cite",
"cite"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spomenavam",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "споменавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "viitata"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "mainita"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "faire référence à"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "se référer à"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "sich beziehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "genkyū suru",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "言及する"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "mencionar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "upominátʹ",
"sense": "to mention",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "упомина́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 87 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "referenciar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Programming",
"orig": "en:Programming",
"parents": [
"Computing",
"Software engineering",
"Technology",
"Computer science",
"Engineering",
"Software",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Applied sciences",
"Media",
"Fundamental",
"Communication"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The given pointer will reference the actual generated data.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To contain the value that is a memory address of some value stored in memory."
],
"id": "en-reference-en-verb-kz~UVzsm",
"links": [
[
"programming",
"programming#Noun"
],
[
"value",
"value"
],
[
"memory",
"memory"
],
[
"address",
"address"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(programming) To contain the value that is a memory address of some value stored in memory."
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"programming",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 4 3 92",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to contain the memory address of another value",
"word": "viitata"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛf.(ə)ɹəns/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛfəɹɛns/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛfəɹəns"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-reference.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg/En-us-reference.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"reference"
],
"word": "reference"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English transitive verbs",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Esperanto translations",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Persian translations",
"Requests for review of Swedish translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɛfəɹəns",
"Rhymes:English/ɛfəɹəns/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "autoreference"
},
{
"word": "backreference"
},
{
"word": "back-reference"
},
{
"word": "book of reference"
},
{
"word": "call-by-reference"
},
{
"word": "call by reference"
},
{
"word": "category reference"
},
{
"word": "character reference"
},
{
"word": "circular reference"
},
{
"word": "coreference"
},
{
"word": "credit reference"
},
{
"word": "cross-reference"
},
{
"word": "dereference"
},
{
"word": "forward reference"
},
{
"word": "frame of reference"
},
{
"word": "georeference"
},
{
"word": "grid reference"
},
{
"word": "idea of reference"
},
{
"word": "inertial frame of reference"
},
{
"word": "in reference to"
},
{
"word": "interreference"
},
{
"word": "letter of reference"
},
{
"word": "metareference"
},
{
"word": "misreference"
},
{
"word": "multireference"
},
{
"word": "nonreference"
},
{
"word": "olfactory reference syndrome"
},
{
"word": "overreference"
},
{
"word": "pass-by-reference"
},
{
"word": "pass by reference"
},
{
"word": "phantom reference"
},
{
"word": "point of reference"
},
{
"word": "pseudoreference"
},
{
"word": "referenceable"
},
{
"word": "reference angle"
},
{
"word": "reference book"
},
{
"word": "reference counting"
},
{
"word": "reference data"
},
{
"word": "reference electrode"
},
{
"word": "reference frame"
},
{
"word": "reference implementation"
},
{
"word": "referenceless"
},
{
"word": "reference library"
},
{
"word": "reference list"
},
{
"word": "reference manual"
},
{
"word": "reference mark"
},
{
"word": "reference point"
},
{
"word": "reference queue"
},
{
"word": "reference star"
},
{
"word": "reference type"
},
{
"word": "reference variable"
},
{
"word": "reference work"
},
{
"word": "rvalue reference"
},
{
"word": "self-reference"
},
{
"word": "smart-reference proxy"
},
{
"word": "soft reference"
},
{
"word": "space fixed reference"
},
{
"word": "strong reference"
},
{
"word": "terms of reference"
},
{
"word": "underreference"
},
{
"word": "weak reference"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "référence"
},
"expansion": "Middle French référence",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "referentia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin referentia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referēns"
},
"expansion": "referēns",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referō",
"3": "",
"4": "return, reply",
"lit": "carry back"
},
"expansion": "referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "refer",
"3": "ence",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "refer + -ence",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French référence, from Medieval Latin referentia, nominative neuter plural of referēns, present participle of referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”).\nMorphologically refer + -ence.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "references",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "reference (countable and uncountable, plural references)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ref‧er‧ence"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"word": "circular reference"
},
{
"word": "forward reference"
},
{
"word": "phantom reference"
},
{
"word": "soft reference"
},
{
"word": "strong reference"
},
{
"word": "weak reference"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "sense"
},
{
"word": "handle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English literary terms",
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A relationship or relation (to something)."
],
"links": [
[
"relationship",
"relationship"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"to",
"to#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary or archaic) A relationship or relation (to something)."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A measurement one can compare (some other measurement) to."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1800, William Cowper, “An Epistle to Joseph Hill, Esq.”, in The Task, Tirocinium, and Other Poems, page 180",
"text": "Changes will befall, and friends may part, / But distance only cannot change the heart / And were I call’d to prove th’ assertion true, / One proof should serve—a reference to you.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Information about a person, provided by someone (a referee) with whom they are well acquainted."
],
"links": [
[
"Information",
"information"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"Irish English"
],
"glosses": [
"A person who provides this information; a referee."
],
"links": [
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, Ireland) A person who provides this information; a referee."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "reference grammar ― detailed linguistic description of a particular language's grammar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Reference Dictionary of Linguistics",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A reference work."
],
"links": [
[
"reference work",
"reference work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(often attributive) A reference work."
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"countable",
"often",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The act of referring: a submitting for information or decision."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Semantics"
],
"glosses": [
"A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object."
],
"links": [
[
"semantics",
"semantics"
],
[
"relation",
"relation"
],
[
"designate",
"designate"
],
[
"connect",
"connect"
],
[
"link",
"link"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(semantics) A relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences",
"semantics"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A short written identification of a previously published work which is used as a source for a text."
],
"links": [
[
"identification",
"identification"
],
[
"source",
"source"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(academic writing) A short written identification of a previously published work which is used as a source for a text."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A previously published written work thus indicated; a source."
],
"links": [
[
"written",
"written"
],
[
"work",
"work"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(academic writing) A previously published written work thus indicated; a source."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"literary",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"communications",
"journalism",
"literature",
"media",
"publishing",
"writing"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Computing"
],
"glosses": [
"An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself."
],
"links": [
[
"computing",
"computing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(computing) An object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere, as opposed to containing the data itself."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Programming"
],
"glosses": [
"A special sequence used to represent complex characters in markup languages, such as ™ for the ™ symbol."
],
"links": [
[
"programming",
"programming#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "character entity",
"raw_glosses": [
"(programming, character entity) A special sequence used to represent complex characters in markup languages, such as ™ for the ™ symbol."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"programming",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Appeal."
],
"links": [
[
"Appeal",
"appeal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Appeal."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛf.(ə)ɹəns/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛfəɹɛns/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛfəɹəns"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-reference.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg/En-us-reference.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spomenavane",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "споменаване"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpratka",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отпратка"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"word": "suhde"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "literary: relationship",
"word": "اشاره"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "etalon",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "еталон"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "參考"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cānkǎo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "参考"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referents"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "viitearvo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referenssi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "rujukan"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "acuan"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referensi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "riferimento"
},
{
"alt": "さんこう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sankō",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "参考"
},
{
"alt": "參考",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chamgo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "참고"
},
{
"alt": "參照",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "chamjo",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "참조"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "serçawe",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "سەرچاوە"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "rujukan"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "acuan"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "مبنا"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obrazéc",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "образе́ц"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otnošénije",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "отноше́ние"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrazók",
"sense": "measurement one can compare to",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "зразо́к"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "bnutʿagir",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "բնութագիր"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "xasiyyətnamə"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preporǎka",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "препоръка"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "referencija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "референция"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "證明"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhèngmíng",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "证明"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "referent"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referente"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "soovitus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "suositus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "recommandation"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "ajánlás"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shōkai",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "照会"
},
{
"alt": "しょうかいさき",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shōkaisaki",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "照会先"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rekomendácija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рекоменда́ция"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "poručítelʹstvo",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "поручи́тельство"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xarakterístika",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "характери́стика"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "preporuka"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "information about a person",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "xarakterýstyka",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "характери́стика"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rekomendácija",
"sense": "information about a person",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рекоменда́ція"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "person who provides this information",
"word": "suosittelija"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "act of referring: a submitting for information or decision",
"word": "alistaminen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semantics: relation between objects",
"word": "suhde"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "verwysing"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "referensie"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "marjiʕ",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَرْجِع"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "referencija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "референция"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viide"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "lähdeviittaus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viite"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "viittaus"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "c̣q̇aros mititeba",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "წყაროს მითითება"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "hivatkozás"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "tohutoro"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "ارجاعال"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нция"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "källhänvisning"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"word": "sanggunian"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "posylánnja",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "посила́ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "referéncija",
"sense": "academic writing: identification of a source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "рефере́нція"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "marjiʕ",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "مَرْجِع"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpravka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отправка"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referència"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "來源"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "láiyuán",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "来源"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zdroj"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pramen"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "reference"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referentie"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "referenco"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "allikas"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "lähde"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "c̣q̇aro",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "წყარო"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Quelle"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "pigés",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "πηγές"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "referans"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "forrás"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shutten",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "出典"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "naaltsoos bitsʼą́ą́dóó ééhózinii"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "مرجع"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referência"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sursă de referință"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссы́лка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "otsýlka",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отсы́лка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istóčnik",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "исто́чник"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iomradh"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zdroj"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "källa"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "sanggunian"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "talasanggunian"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"word": "kaynak"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "posylánnja",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "посила́ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "džereló",
"sense": "academic writing: source",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "джерело́"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otpravka",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "отправка"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐnyòng",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "引用"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "viite"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "référence"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Referenz"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "anaforá",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "αναφορά"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sanshō",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "参照"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "ارجاعال"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referencja"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "referință"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ssylka",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ссылка"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "computing: object containing information which refers to data stored elsewhere",
"word": "tham chiếu"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "programming: special sequence used to represent complex characters",
"word": "kromnomo"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"reference"
],
"word": "reference"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English 3-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English transitive verbs",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Esperanto translations",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Persian translations",
"Requests for review of Swedish translations",
"Rhymes:English/ɛfəɹəns",
"Rhymes:English/ɛfəɹəns/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cross-reference"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "référence"
},
"expansion": "Middle French référence",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "referentia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin referentia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referēns"
},
"expansion": "referēns",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "referō",
"3": "",
"4": "return, reply",
"lit": "carry back"
},
"expansion": "referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "refer",
"3": "ence",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "refer + -ence",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle French référence, from Medieval Latin referentia, nominative neuter plural of referēns, present participle of referō (“return, reply”, literally “carry back”).\nMorphologically refer + -ence.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "references",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "referencing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "referenced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "referenced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "reference (third-person singular simple present references, present participle referencing, simple past and past participle referenced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ref‧er‧ence"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "referee"
},
{
"word": "referent"
},
{
"word": "referential"
},
{
"word": "relate"
},
{
"word": "relation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "You must thoroughly reference your paper before submitting it.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To provide a list of references for (a text)."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Reference the dictionary for word meanings.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Thomas L. Bell, “Political Economy's Response to Positivism”, in Geographical Review, volume 80, number 3, American Geographical Society, →JSTOR, page 314",
"text": "The penchant for synthesizing the work of others that pervades British scholarship has been described by one of my cynical American colleagues as “a giant bibliography that is always eating its own tail.” By this he means that cliques of like-minded writers tend to reference each other’s work incessantly.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1994, Barry Chamish, quoting Louis Rossetto, “The End of the Book”, in The Atlantic",
"text": "Written information is a relatively new phenomenon. Depositing it and being able to reference it centuries later is not common human experience.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1998 January 26, Donnie Radcliffe, “New Library Will Chronicle First Ladies”, in The Washington Post, page C1+",
"text": "On the Florence Harding page, for instance, a researcher will be able to reference a book by Waarren Harding’s alleged mistress, Nan Britton, who claimed that she bore his daughter.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refer to, to use as a reference."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In his speech, the candidate obliquely referenced the past failures of his opponent.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1988, Integrating the Humanities into Associate Degree Occupational Programs, American Association of Community Colleges, page 25",
"text": "Humanities institutions specifically reference the work setting for illustrative applications of the unique and significant contributions of the Humanities.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1990, Jean Borgatti, “Portraiture in Africa”, in African Arts, volume 23, number 3, page 37",
"text": "With the economy characteristic of all African sculpture, these portraits reference individual and social identities simultaneously, so that the image of a king may represent a particular king and all kings; a commemorative mask for a woman, a particular woman and all titled women.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1991 January 19, Bobby Ray Inman, “A Nominee’s Withdrawal: Transcript of the Statement by Inman on His Decision to Withdraw”, in The New York Times, page A14",
"text": "And I would simply reference those of you who are out there working.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To mention, to cite."
],
"links": [
[
"mention",
"mention"
],
[
"cite",
"cite"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Programming"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The given pointer will reference the actual generated data.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To contain the value that is a memory address of some value stored in memory."
],
"links": [
[
"programming",
"programming#Noun"
],
[
"value",
"value"
],
[
"memory",
"memory"
],
[
"address",
"address"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(programming) To contain the value that is a memory address of some value stored in memory."
],
"topics": [
"computing",
"engineering",
"mathematics",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"programming",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛf.(ə)ɹəns/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹɛfəɹɛns/",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛfəɹəns"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-reference.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg/En-us-reference.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-reference.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "otnasjam se",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "отнасям се"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pozovavam se",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "позовавам се"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "viitama"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "viitata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "faire référence à"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "référencer"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "se référer à"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenzieren"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sanshō suru",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "参照する"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "tohutoro"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "odnosić się do"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "ссыла́ться (ssylátʹsja) + на impf (na)",
"sense": "to refer to"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refer to",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spomenavam",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "споменавам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "viitata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "mainita"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "faire référence à"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "se référer à"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "sich beziehen"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "genkyū suru",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "言及する"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "mencionar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "upominátʹ",
"sense": "to mention",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "упомина́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to mention",
"word": "referenciar"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to contain the memory address of another value",
"word": "viitata"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"reference"
],
"word": "reference"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.