See fortress in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cyberfortress"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fortresslike"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "superfortress"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (plural fortresses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fortalice"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fortilice"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 46 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "en:Buildings",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 160:",
"text": "Like the Mesolithic age of 10,000-8000 B.C., the period 6000-4000 B.C. seems to be one of the fall of fortresses and the rise of pastoral nomadism.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; for example a fort, a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-noun-elTHX1JN",
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"security",
"security"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "chashi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "チャシ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kala"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortesë"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَة"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "قلعة"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrocʻ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ամրոց"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "berd",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "բերդ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tsitati"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grãditã"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qala"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "krépascʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крэ́пасць"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartécyja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́цыя"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "cvjerdzʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "цвердзь"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartéca",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́ца"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "durgo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "দুর্গ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কেল্লা"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kōṭ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কোট"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkammrui.",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံမြို့"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkamtap",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံတပ်"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yàosài",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chéngbǎo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城堡"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡壘 /堡垒"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yāōcalli"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fæstning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fort"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rdzong",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "རྫོང"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kemečikudo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кемечикудо"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortiko"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kindlus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteresse"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "forte"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cixesimagre",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ციხესიმაგრე"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "baurgs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "froúrio",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριο"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "phroúrion",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριον"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "mivtsár",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מִבְצָר"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gaṛhī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "गढ़ी"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "qilā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "क़िला"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "durg",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "vár"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erőd"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erődítmény"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "virki"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kreeposti"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "dún"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rocca"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "ようさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "じょうさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "jōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "şivä",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "шивә"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kaa",
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qorg'an"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "bekınıs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "бекініс"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qamal",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қамал"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑntiəy",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "បន្ទាយ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "要塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yosae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "요새"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "城塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seongsae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "성새"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "qella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەڵا"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "birc"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kelhe"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "sepil",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "сепил"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "pǭm",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ປ້ອມ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "bu la",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ບຸລະ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castellum"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cietoksnis"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvirtovė"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "tvŕdina",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр́дина"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kále",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ка́ле"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kubu"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "benteng"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mrw",
"lang": "Maranao",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ilian"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "cajz",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "цайз"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xerem",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "хэрэм"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortéresse"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hısn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصن"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kalʼe",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kerman, kirman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "كرمان"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
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{
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"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعِه"
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{
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pt",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"word": "fortaleza"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pot",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "fortified place",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pukara"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"word": "cetate"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krépostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пость"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "durga",
"sense": "fortified place",
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"word": "दुर्ग"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"word": "पुरी"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortress"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gd",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"feminine"
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"word": "твр̀ђава"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"feminine"
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"word": "у̏тврда"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"feminine"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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"feminine"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sn",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sk",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sk",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sl",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
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"tags": [
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"code": "sv",
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{
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"sense": "fortified place",
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{
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"word": "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tt",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "th",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "th",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"word": "kale"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tr",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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"word": "форте́ця"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
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"roman": "krípostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"roman": "tverdýnja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"word": "قِلْعَہ"
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ur",
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"sense": "fortified place",
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"_dis1": "99 1",
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{
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{
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{
"_dis1": "99 1",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 75 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 71 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tajik translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 82 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tashelhit translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tatar translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 71 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkmen translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 70 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 71 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Urdu translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 70 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Uyghur translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Uzbek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 65 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 64 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 63 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yiddish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 71 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Zhuang translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 46 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "en:Buildings",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-noun-xxY6rqmK",
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"position",
"position"
],
[
"penetration",
"penetration"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "10 90",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "chess technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stronghold"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bulwark"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "citadel"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortress"
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (third-person singular simple present fortresses, present participle fortressing, simple past and past participle fortressed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Honour and Beautie in the owners armes, / Are weaklie fortreſt from a world of harmes.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-verb-AmtGHT5f",
"links": [
[
"furnish",
"furnish"
],
[
"guard",
"guard#Verb"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
}
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms suffixed with -ess",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Ainu translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Aromanian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Dzongkha translations",
"Terms with Erzya translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kalmyk translations",
"Terms with Karakalpak translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Lower Sorbian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maranao translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Moroccan Arabic translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sanskrit translations",
"Terms with Scots translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Shona translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Tashelhit translations",
"Terms with Tatar translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Turkmen translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Urdu translations",
"Terms with Uyghur translations",
"Terms with Uzbek translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"Terms with Zhuang translations",
"en:Buildings"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cyberfortress"
},
{
"word": "fortresslike"
},
{
"word": "superfortress"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (plural fortresses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "fortalice"
},
{
"word": "fortilice"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 160:",
"text": "Like the Mesolithic age of 10,000-8000 B.C., the period 6000-4000 B.C. seems to be one of the fall of fortresses and the rise of pastoral nomadism.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; for example a fort, a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security."
],
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"security",
"security"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chess"
],
"glosses": [
"A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"position",
"position"
],
[
"penetration",
"penetration"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"word": "stronghold"
},
{
"word": "bulwark"
},
{
"word": "citadel"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "chashi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "チャシ"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kala"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortesë"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَة"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "قلعة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrocʻ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ամրոց"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "berd",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "բերդ"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tsitati"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grãditã"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qala"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "krépascʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крэ́пасць"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartécyja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́цыя"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "cvjerdzʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "цвердзь"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartéca",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́ца"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "durgo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "দুর্গ"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কেল্লা"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kōṭ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কোট"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkammrui.",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံမြို့"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkamtap",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံတပ်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yàosài",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chéngbǎo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城堡"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡壘 /堡垒"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yāōcalli"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fæstning"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fort"
},
{
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rdzong",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "རྫོང"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kemečikudo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кемечикудо"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortiko"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kindlus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteresse"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "forte"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cixesimagre",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ციხესიმაგრე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "baurgs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "froúrio",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριο"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "phroúrion",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριον"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "mivtsár",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מִבְצָר"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gaṛhī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "गढ़ी"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "qilā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "क़िला"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "durg",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "vár"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erőd"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erődítmény"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "virki"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kreeposti"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "dún"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortezza"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rocca"
},
{
"alt": "ようさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"alt": "じょうさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "jōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城塞"
},
{
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "şivä",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "шивә"
},
{
"code": "kaa",
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qorg'an"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "bekınıs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "бекініс"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qamal",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қамал"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑntiəy",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "បន្ទាយ"
},
{
"alt": "要塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yosae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "요새"
},
{
"alt": "城塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seongsae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "성새"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "qella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەڵا"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "birc"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kelhe"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "sepil",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "сепил"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "pǭm",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ປ້ອມ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "bu la",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ບຸລະ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castrum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castellum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cietoksnis"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvirtovė"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "tvŕdina",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр́дина"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kále",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ка́ле"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kubu"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "benteng"
},
{
"code": "mrw",
"lang": "Maranao",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ilian"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "cajz",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "цайз"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xerem",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "хэрэм"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortéresse"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hısn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصن"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kalʼe",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kerman, kirman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "كرمان"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kastel",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قسطل"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "qal'á",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعَه"
},
{
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "dež",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "ğal'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعِه"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteca"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "twierdza"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "warownia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "wakaigin"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pukara"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cetate"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krépostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пость"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "पुरा"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "durga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "पुरी"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortress"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dùn"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр̀ђава"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "у̏тврда"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "тврђа"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvr̀đava"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȕtvrda"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvȑđa"
},
{
"code": "sn",
"lang": "Shona",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "svingo"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnosť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tvrdza"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "utrdba"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grod"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fästning"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "qalʾa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қалъа"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "диж"
},
{
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"roman": "tagadirt",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qal’ga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кальга"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpɔ̂m",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ป้อม"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpraa-gaan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ปราการ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kale"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "hisar"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "gala"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "fortécja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "форте́ця"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "krípostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крі́пость"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdýnja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "тверди́ня"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qil'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِلْعَہ"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَہ"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "qel'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەلئە"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qalʻa"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pháo đài"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caer"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "festung",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "פֿעסטונג"
},
{
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yausai"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "chess technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortress"
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms suffixed with -ess",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Ainu translations",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Aromanian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Central Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Classical Nahuatl translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Dzongkha translations",
"Terms with Erzya translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kalmyk translations",
"Terms with Karakalpak translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Lower Sorbian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maranao translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Moroccan Arabic translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Potawatomi translations",
"Terms with Quechua translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sanskrit translations",
"Terms with Scots translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Shona translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Tashelhit translations",
"Terms with Tatar translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
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"en:Buildings"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (third-person singular simple present fortresses, present participle fortressing, simple past and past participle fortressed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "Honour and Beautie in the owners armes, / Are weaklie fortreſt from a world of harmes.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"links": [
[
"furnish",
"furnish"
],
[
"guard",
"guard#Verb"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
}
],
"word": "fortress"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fortress meaning in English (30.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (f2d86ce and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.