See fortress in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for fortress meaning in English (28.0kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fortelesse"
},
"expansion": "fortelesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fort"
},
"expansion": "fort",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "duress"
},
"expansion": "duress",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "largesse"
},
"expansion": "largesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "riches"
},
"expansion": "riches",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "orne",
"3": "",
"4": "elm"
},
"expansion": "orne (“elm”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulmus"
},
"expansion": "ulmus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chartre"
},
"expansion": "chartre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cartula"
},
"expansion": "cartula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chapitre"
},
"expansion": "chapitre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "capitulum"
},
"expansion": "capitulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century.",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (plural fortresses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fortalice"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fortilice"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "62 33 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 20 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 29 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ess",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 16 6",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Buildings",
"orig": "en:Buildings",
"parents": [
"Buildings and structures",
"Architecture",
"Applied sciences",
"Art",
"Sciences",
"Culture",
"All topics",
"Society",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 160",
"text": "Like the Mesolithic age of 10,000-8000 B.C., the period 6000-4000 B.C. seems to be one of the fall of fortresses and the rise of pastoral nomadism.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; for example a fort, a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-noun-elTHX1JN",
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"security",
"security"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "chashi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "チャシ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kala"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortesë"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَة"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "قلعة"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrocʿ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ամրոց"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "berd",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "բերդ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tsitati"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grãditã"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qala"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "krépascʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крэ́пасць"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartécyja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́цыя"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "cvjerdzʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "цвердзь"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartéca",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́ца"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "durgo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "দুর্গ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কেল্লা"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kōṭ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কোট"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkammrui.",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံမြို့"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkamtap",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံတပ်"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yàosài",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chéngbǎo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城堡"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡壘"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡垒"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yāōcalli"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fæstning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fort"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rdzong",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "རྫོང"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kemečikudo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кемечикудо"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortiko"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kindlus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteresse"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "forte"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cixesimagre",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ციხესიმაგრე"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "baurgs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "froúrio",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριο"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "phroúrion",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριον"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "mivtsár",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מִבְצָר"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gaṛhī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "गढ़ी"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "qilā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "क़िला"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "durg",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "vár"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erőd"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erődítmény"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "virki"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kreeposti"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "dún"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rocca"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "ようさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "じょうさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "jōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城塞"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "şivä",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "шивә"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kaa",
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qorg'an"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "bekınıs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "бекініс"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qamal",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қамал"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑntiəy",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "បន្ទាយ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "要塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yosae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "요새"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"alt": "城塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seongsae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "성새"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "qella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەڵا"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "birc"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kelhe"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "sepil",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "сепил"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "pǭm",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ປ້ອມ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "bu la",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ບຸລະ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castrum"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castellum"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cietoksnis"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvirtovė"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "tvŕdina",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр́дина"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kále",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ка́ле"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kubu"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "benteng"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mrw",
"lang": "Maranao",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ilian"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "cajz",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "цайз"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xerem",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "хэрэм"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortéresse"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hısn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصن"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kale",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قله"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "qal'á",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعَه"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "dež",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "ğal'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعِه"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteca"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "twierdza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "warownia"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "pot",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "wakaigin"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pukara"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cetate"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krépostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пость"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "पुरा"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "durga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "पुरी"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortress"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dùn"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр̀ђава"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "у̏тврда"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "тврђа"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvr̀đava"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȕtvrda"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvȑđa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sn",
"lang": "Shona",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "svingo"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnosť"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tvrdza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "utrdba"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grod"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fästning"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "qalʾa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қалъа"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "диж"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"roman": "tagadirt",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qal’ga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кальга"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpɔ̂m",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ป้อม"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpraa-gaan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ปราการ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kale"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "hisar"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "gala"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "fortécja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "форте́ця"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "krípostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крі́пость"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdýnja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "тверди́ня"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qil'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِلْعَہ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَہ"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "qel'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەلئە"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qalʻa"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pháo đài"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caer"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "festung",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "פֿעסטונג"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1",
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yausai"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chess",
"orig": "en:Chess",
"parents": [
"Board games",
"Tabletop games",
"Games",
"Recreation",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-noun-xxY6rqmK",
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"position",
"position"
],
[
"penetration",
"penetration"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "10 90",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "chess technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stronghold"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bulwark"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortress"
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
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"4": "",
"5": "strong"
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},
{
"args": {
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},
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{
"args": {
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "duress"
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{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "largesse"
},
"expansion": "largesse",
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{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "riches"
},
"expansion": "riches",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "orne",
"3": "",
"4": "elm"
},
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"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulmus"
},
"expansion": "ulmus",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chartre"
},
"expansion": "chartre",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cartula"
},
"expansion": "cartula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chapitre"
},
"expansion": "chapitre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "capitulum"
},
"expansion": "capitulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century.",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
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"expansion": "fortress (third-person singular simple present fortresses, present participle fortressing, simple past and past participle fortressed)",
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}
],
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"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"id": "en-fortress-en-verb-AmtGHT5f",
"links": [
[
"furnish",
"furnish"
],
[
"guard",
"guard#Verb"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms suffixed with -ess",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:Buildings"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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},
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{
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},
{
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"2": "la",
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"5": "strong"
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "cog"
},
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{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "largesse"
},
"expansion": "largesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "riches"
},
"expansion": "riches",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "orne",
"3": "",
"4": "elm"
},
"expansion": "orne (“elm”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulmus"
},
"expansion": "ulmus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chartre"
},
"expansion": "chartre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cartula"
},
"expansion": "cartula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chapitre"
},
"expansion": "chapitre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "capitulum"
},
"expansion": "capitulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century.",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (plural fortresses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "fortalice"
},
{
"word": "fortilice"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1981, William Irwin Thompson, The Time Falling Bodies Take to Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture, London: Rider/Hutchinson & Co., page 160",
"text": "Like the Mesolithic age of 10,000-8000 B.C., the period 6000-4000 B.C. seems to be one of the fall of fortresses and the rise of pastoral nomadism.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fortified place; a large and permanent fortification, sometimes including a town; for example a fort, a castle; a stronghold; a place of defense or security."
],
"links": [
[
"fortified",
"fortified"
],
[
"fortification",
"fortification"
],
[
"town",
"town"
],
[
"castle",
"castle"
],
[
"stronghold",
"stronghold"
],
[
"defense",
"defense"
],
[
"security",
"security"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chess"
],
"glosses": [
"A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"links": [
[
"chess",
"chess"
],
[
"position",
"position"
],
[
"penetration",
"penetration"
],
[
"draw",
"draw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chess) A position that, if obtained by the weaker side, will prevent penetration by the opposing side, generally achieving a draw."
],
"topics": [
"board-games",
"chess",
"games"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "bastion"
},
{
"word": "stronghold"
},
{
"word": "bulwark"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ain",
"lang": "Ainu",
"roman": "chashi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "チャシ"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kala"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortesë"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَة"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḥiṣn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "حِصْن"
},
{
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qalʕa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "قلعة"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amrocʿ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ամրոց"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "berd",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "բերդ"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tsitati"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grãditã"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qala"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "krépascʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крэ́пасць"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartécyja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́цыя"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "cvjerdzʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "цвердзь"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "fartéca",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "фартэ́ца"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "durgo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "দুর্গ"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কেল্লা"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "kōṭ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "কোট"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkammrui.",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံမြို့"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "hkamtap",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ခံတပ်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yàosài",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chéngbǎo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城堡"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡壘"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bǎolěi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "堡垒"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yāōcalli"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnost"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fæstning"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vesting"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fort"
},
{
"code": "dz",
"lang": "Dzongkha",
"roman": "rdzong",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "རྫོང"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kemečikudo",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кемечикудо"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortiko"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kindlus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "linnoitus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteresse"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "forte"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cixesimagre",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ციხესიმაგრე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "baurgs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "froúrio",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριο"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "phroúrion",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φρούριον"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "okhúrōma",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ὀχύρωμα"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "mivtsár",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "מִבְצָר"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "gaṛhī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "गढ़ी"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "qilā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "क़िला"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "durg",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "vár"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erőd"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "erődítmény"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "virki"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortreso"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kreeposti"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "dún"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortezza"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rocca"
},
{
"alt": "ようさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "要塞"
},
{
"alt": "じょうさい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "jōsai",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "城塞"
},
{
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "şivä",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "шивә"
},
{
"code": "kaa",
"lang": "Karakalpak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qorg'an"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "bekınıs",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "бекініс"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "qamal",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қамал"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑɑbɑntiəy",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "បន្ទាយ"
},
{
"alt": "要塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "yosae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "요새"
},
{
"alt": "城塞",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "seongsae",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "성새"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "qella",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەڵا"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "birc"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kelhe"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "sepil",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "сепил"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "pǭm",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ປ້ອມ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "bu la",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ບຸລະ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castrum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "castellum"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "arx"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cietoksnis"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvirtovė"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "tvŕdina",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр́дина"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kále",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ка́ле"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "krépost",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пост"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kubu"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "benteng"
},
{
"code": "mrw",
"lang": "Maranao",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ilian"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "cajz",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "цайз"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xerem",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "хэрэм"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Jersey",
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortéresse"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "festning"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortalesa"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fæsten"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hisar",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصار"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "hısn",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "حصن"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "kale",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قله"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "qal'á",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قلعه"
},
{
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"code": "prs",
"lang": "Dari",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعَه"
},
{
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "dež",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "دِژ"
},
{
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "ğal'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قَلْعِه"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "forteca"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "twierdza"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "warownia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "pot",
"lang": "Potawatomi",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "wakaigin"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pukara"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cetate"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortăreață"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krépostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́пость"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purā",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "पुरा"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "durga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "दुर्ग"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "purī",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "पुरी"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "fortress"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dùn"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "твр̀ђава"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "у̏тврда"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "тврђа"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvr̀đava"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ȕtvrda"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "tvȑđa"
},
{
"code": "sn",
"lang": "Shona",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "svingo"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pevnosť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tvrdza"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "utrdba"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grod"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "fortaleza"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fästning"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "qalʾa",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "қалъа"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "diž",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "диж"
},
{
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"roman": "tagadirt",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qal’ga",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "кальга"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpɔ̂m",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ป้อม"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "bpraa-gaan",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "ปราการ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "kale"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "hisar"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "gala"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "fortécja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "форте́ця"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "krípostʹ",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крі́пость"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "tverdýnja",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "тверди́ня"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qil'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِلْعَہ"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "qal'a",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قَلْعَہ"
},
{
"code": "ug",
"lang": "Uyghur",
"roman": "qel'e",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "قەلئە"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "qalʻa"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "pháo đài"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caer"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "festung",
"sense": "fortified place",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "פֿעסטונג"
},
{
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "fortified place",
"word": "yausai"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "chess technique",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Festung"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"fortress"
],
"word": "fortress"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms suffixed with -ess",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"en:Buildings"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "forteresce",
"4": "forteresce, forteresse, forterece",
"5": "strong place, fortification"
},
"expansion": "Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "fortelesse"
},
"expansion": "fortelesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fortalitia"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fortalitia",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fortis",
"4": "",
"5": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Latin fortis (“strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fort"
},
"expansion": "fort",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "itia",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "+ -itia",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-ess"
},
"expansion": "French -ess",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-itia"
},
"expansion": "Latin -itia",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "duress"
},
"expansion": "duress",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "largesse"
},
"expansion": "largesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "riches"
},
"expansion": "riches",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "orne",
"3": "",
"4": "elm"
},
"expansion": "orne (“elm”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ulmus"
},
"expansion": "ulmus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chartre"
},
"expansion": "chartre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cartula"
},
"expansion": "cartula",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "chapitre"
},
"expansion": "chapitre",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "capitulum"
},
"expansion": "capitulum",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "the 12th century",
"name": "etydate/the"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "12th century"
},
"expansion": "First attested in the 12th century.",
"name": "etydate"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Early 14 c., from Old French forteresce, forteresse, forterece (“strong place, fortification”), variant of fortelesse, from Medieval Latin fortalitia, from Latin fortis (“strong”) (see fort) + -itia, added to adjectives to form nouns of quality or condition. French -ess, from Latin -itia is also in words such as duress, largesse and riches. For change of medial -l- to -r- in Old French, compare orne (“elm”) from ulmus; chartre from cartula and chapitre from capitulum. First attested in the 12th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fortresses",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fortressed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fortress (third-person singular simple present fortresses, present participle fortressing, simple past and past participle fortressed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"fort‧ress"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"links": [
[
"furnish",
"furnish"
],
[
"guard",
"guard#Verb"
],
[
"fortify",
"fortify"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To furnish with a fortress or with fortresses; to guard, to fortify."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹɪs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfoɹ.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔː.tɹəs/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfɔ(ː)ɹ.tɹəs/",
"note": "without the horse–hoarse merger, rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-fortress.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg/En-us-fortress.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/En-us-fortress.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fortress"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.