"中華" meaning in Chinese

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中華人民共和國"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中华人民共和国"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuáshān",
      "word": "中華山"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuáshān",
      "word": "中华山"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Dìguó",
      "word": "中華帝國"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Dìguó",
      "word": "中华帝国"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān",
      "word": "中華文化圈"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān",
      "word": "中华文化圈"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Mínguó",
      "word": "中華民國"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Mínguó",
      "word": "中华民国"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú",
      "word": "中華民族"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú",
      "word": "中华民族"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng",
      "word": "中華民族偉大復興"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng",
      "word": "中华民族伟大复兴"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè",
      "word": "中華淡竹葉"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè",
      "word": "中华淡竹叶"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā",
      "word": "中華秋沙鴨"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā",
      "word": "中华秋沙鸭"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ",
      "word": "中華穿山甲"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ",
      "word": "中华穿山甲"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "zhōnghuá gānxīchóng",
      "word": "中華肝吸蟲"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "zhōnghuá gānxīchóng",
      "word": "中华肝吸虫"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "中華肝吸蟲病"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "中华肝吸虫病"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi",
      "word": "中華臺北"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi",
      "word": "中华台北"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Hángkōng",
      "word": "中華航空"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Hángkōng",
      "word": "中华航空"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá jútóufú",
      "word": "中華菊頭蝠"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá jútóufú",
      "word": "中华菊头蝠"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中華蘇維埃共和國"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中华苏维埃共和国"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuálù",
      "word": "中華路"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuálù",
      "word": "中华路"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìkuàng",
      "word": "中華鈰礦"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìkuàng",
      "word": "中华铈矿"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuámén",
      "word": "中華門"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuámén",
      "word": "中华门"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "zhōnghuáxún",
      "word": "中華鱘"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "zhōnghuáxún",
      "word": "中华鲟"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Dàzhōnghuá",
      "word": "大中華"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Dàzhōnghuá",
      "word": "大中华"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "中華"
          },
          "expansion": "中華",
          "name": "lang"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Japanese:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "中%華",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "gloss": ""
          },
          "expansion": "中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ko",
            "2": "^중화(中華)",
            "3": "",
            "4": "",
            "5": "",
            "bor": "1",
            "t": "",
            "t2": "",
            "t3": "",
            "t4": ""
          },
          "expansion": "→ Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "中華",
            "sc": "Hani"
          },
          "expansion": "中華",
          "name": "l"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "Trung Hoa",
            "bor": "1",
            "t": "",
            "tr": "中華"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "中華",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "3": "^중화",
            "4": "Trung Hoa",
            "5": "",
            "6": "",
            "h": "中華",
            "j2": "",
            "j2t": "",
            "j3": "",
            "j3t": "",
            "j4": "",
            "j4t": "",
            "jdesc": "",
            "jje2": "",
            "jje2t": "",
            "jje3": "",
            "jje3t": "",
            "jje4": "",
            "jje4t": "",
            "jjedesc": "",
            "jjet": "",
            "jt": "",
            "k2": "",
            "k2t": "",
            "k3": "",
            "k3t": "",
            "k4": "",
            "k4t": "",
            "kdesc": "",
            "kt": "",
            "o": "中華",
            "o2": "",
            "o2t": "",
            "o3": "",
            "o3t": "",
            "o4": "",
            "o4t": "",
            "odesc": "",
            "ot": "",
            "s": "中%華",
            "v": "中華",
            "v2": "",
            "v2t": "",
            "v3": "",
            "v3t": "",
            "v4": "",
            "v4t": "",
            "vdesc": "",
            "vt": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "CJKV/code"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "3": "^중화",
            "4": "Trung Hoa",
            "j": "中%華"
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "CJKV"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "id",
            "2": "Tionghoa",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Indonesian: Tionghoa",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Indonesian: Tionghoa"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "za",
            "2": "Cunghvaz",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "347 CE"
      },
      "expansion": "[347 CE]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "晉陽秋//",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "晉陽秋",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "晉陽秋"
      },
      "expansion": "晉陽秋",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "4th century"
      },
      "expansion": "[4th century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "early 5th century"
      },
      "expansion": "[early 5th century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "late 3rd century"
      },
      "expansion": "[late 3rd century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "於 時 皇極 遘 道消 之 會，群黎 蹈 顛沛 之 艱，中華 有 顧瞻 之 哀，幽谷 無 遷喬 之 望。",
        "2": "At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward 􂀿toward the former capital at Luoyang􂁀, and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.",
        "collapsed": "y",
        "ref": "Peizhu"
      },
      "expansion": "於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nYú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]\nAt this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.",
      "name": "zh-x"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "中華"
      },
      "expansion": "中華",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "若 使 游步 ^中華，騁 其 龍光，豈 夫 多 士 所 能 沈{chén}翳 哉！",
        "2": "",
        "collapsed": "yes",
        "ref": "Peizhu"
      },
      "expansion": "若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nRuò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fū duō shì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]\n(please add an English translation of this usage example)",
      "name": "zh-x"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.\nFirst attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century].\n:\n於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nYú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]\nAt this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.\nPei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's \"Biography of Zhuge Liang\"\n:\n若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nRuò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fū duō shì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]\n(please add an English translation of this usage example)",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "proper noun"
      },
      "expansion": "中華",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "59 13 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "58 13 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "95 3 2",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "China",
          "orig": "zh:China",
          "parents": [
            "Asia",
            "Earth",
            "Eurasia",
            "Nature",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to revitalize China",
          "roman": "zhènxīng Zhōnghuá",
          "text": "振興中華／振兴中华",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "famous Chinese snack",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá míngxiǎochī",
          "text": "中華名小吃／中华名小吃",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese culture",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuà",
          "text": "中華文化／中华文化",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中華文明／中华文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "China Millennium Monument",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìjì tán",
          "text": "中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: 4th century, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏, in 648, Book of Jin\nZì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.",
          "ref": "中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]",
          "text": "From: 《中華歌》(\"Song of zhonghua\") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910\n중화의관) 아착복) 중화시서) 아송독.) 아삼사존중화의체) 문역다) 백수상아중화가) 천하인) 경이청아중화가.)\nJunghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara]. [Sino-Korean]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)"
      ],
      "id": "en-中華-zh-name-OCAOmuC4",
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "China",
          "China"
        ],
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization#English"
        ],
        [
          "China",
          "China#English"
        ],
        [
          "nation",
          "nation#English"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese#English"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people#English"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "exalted",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Places in Taipei",
          "orig": "zh:Places in Taipei",
          "parents": [
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Places in Taiwan",
          "orig": "zh:Places in Taiwan",
          "parents": [
            "Places",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Villages in Taiwan",
          "orig": "zh:Villages in Taiwan",
          "parents": [
            "Villages",
            "Places",
            "Polities",
            "Names",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan"
      ],
      "id": "en-中華-zh-name-ABnTi0~r",
      "links": [
        [
          "里",
          "里#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Songshan",
          "Songshan#English"
        ],
        [
          "Taipei",
          "Taipei#English"
        ],
        [
          "Taiwan",
          "Taiwan#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”",
          "word": "中華臺北"
        },
        {
          "extra": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”",
          "word": "中华台北"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Mandarin terms with collocations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with collocations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "35 21 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "23 34 43",
          "kind": "place",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Countries in Asia",
          "orig": "zh:Countries in Asia",
          "parents": [
            "Countries",
            "Places",
            "Asia",
            "Polities",
            "Names",
            "Earth",
            "Eurasia",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Nature",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Team Chinese Tapei",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá duì",
          "text": "中華隊／中华队"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-中華-zh-name-r1~NqzpW",
      "links": [
        [
          "中華臺北",
          "中華臺北#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "中华台北",
          "中华台北#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese Taipei",
          "Chinese Taipei"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Zhōnghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ waa⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "PFS",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chûng-fà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Guangdong",
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ fa²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "Dṳ̆ng-huà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hôa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hoa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dong¹ hua⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Zhōnghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jhonghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chung¹-hua²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jūng-hwá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jonghwa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Чжунхуа"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Čžunxua"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūng wàh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzung¹ waa⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ wa⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chûng-fà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung´ faˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ fa²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Dṳ̆ng-huà"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-huâ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dionghoaa"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hua"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dionghoaf"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tong huâ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tson^平 gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-hho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "trjuwng hwae"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*tuŋ ɡʷraː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*tuŋ ɡʷraː/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "中"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōngyuán",
      "word": "中原"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōngguó",
      "word": "中國"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōngguó",
      "word": "中国"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá",
      "word": "中華"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá",
      "word": "中华"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Jiǔzhōu",
      "word": "九州"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Tángshān",
      "word": "唐山"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "yùzhōng",
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "域中"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "lofty",
      "roman": "tiānxià",
      "word": "天下"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Tiāncháo",
      "tags": [
        "Internet",
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "天朝"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhīnà",
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "obsolete",
        "offensive",
        "usually"
      ],
      "word": "支那"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Táohuāshí",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "桃花石"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "raw_tags": [
        "of English China"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transliteration"
      ],
      "word": "猜拿"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "神州"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhònghuājiā",
      "tags": [
        "humorous",
        "slang"
      ],
      "word": "種花家"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhònghuājiā",
      "tags": [
        "humorous",
        "slang"
      ],
      "word": "种花家"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhīnà",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "脂那"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhìnà",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "至那"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "華"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "华"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Huáxià",
      "word": "華夏"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Huáxià",
      "word": "华夏"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhūxià",
      "word": "諸夏"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhūxià",
      "word": "诸夏"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhūhuá",
      "word": "諸華"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhūhuá",
      "word": "诸华"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Chìxiàn",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤縣"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Chìxiàn",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤县"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Chìxiàn Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤縣神州"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Chìxiàn Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤县神州"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "Zhèndàn",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "震旦"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms",
    "Chen Shou",
    "Huan Wen",
    "Pei Songzhi",
    "Records of the Three Kingdoms",
    "Sun Sheng"
  ],
  "word": "中華"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Chinese lemmas",
    "Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
    "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
    "Chinese proper nouns",
    "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Eastern Min lemmas",
    "Eastern Min proper nouns",
    "Middle Chinese lemmas",
    "Old Chinese lemmas",
    "zh:China",
    "zh:Countries in Asia"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中華人民共和國"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中华人民共和国"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuáshān",
      "word": "中華山"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuáshān",
      "word": "中华山"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Dìguó",
      "word": "中華帝國"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Dìguó",
      "word": "中华帝国"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān",
      "word": "中華文化圈"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuàquān",
      "word": "中华文化圈"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Mínguó",
      "word": "中華民國"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Mínguó",
      "word": "中华民国"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú",
      "word": "中華民族"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú",
      "word": "中华民族"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng",
      "word": "中華民族偉大復興"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá mínzú wěidà fùxīng",
      "word": "中华民族伟大复兴"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè",
      "word": "中華淡竹葉"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá dànzhúyè",
      "word": "中华淡竹叶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā",
      "word": "中華秋沙鴨"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá qiūshāyā",
      "word": "中华秋沙鸭"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ",
      "word": "中華穿山甲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá chuānshānjiǎ",
      "word": "中华穿山甲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhōnghuá gānxīchóng",
      "word": "中華肝吸蟲"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhōnghuá gānxīchóng",
      "word": "中华肝吸虫"
    },
    {
      "word": "中華肝吸蟲病"
    },
    {
      "word": "中华肝吸虫病"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi",
      "word": "中華臺北"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi",
      "word": "中华台北"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Hángkōng",
      "word": "中華航空"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Hángkōng",
      "word": "中华航空"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá jútóufú",
      "word": "中華菊頭蝠"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá jútóufú",
      "word": "中华菊头蝠"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中華蘇維埃共和國"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá Sūwéi'āi Gònghéguó",
      "word": "中华苏维埃共和国"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuálù",
      "word": "中華路"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuálù",
      "word": "中华路"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìkuàng",
      "word": "中華鈰礦"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìkuàng",
      "word": "中华铈矿"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuámén",
      "word": "中華門"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuámén",
      "word": "中华门"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhōnghuáxún",
      "word": "中華鱘"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhōnghuáxún",
      "word": "中华鲟"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Dàzhōnghuá",
      "word": "大中華"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Dàzhōnghuá",
      "word": "大中华"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 0,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "zh",
            "2": "中華"
          },
          "expansion": "中華",
          "name": "lang"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ja",
            "2": "-",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Japanese:",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "中%華",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "gloss": ""
          },
          "expansion": "中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)",
          "name": "ja-r"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "ko",
            "2": "^중화(中華)",
            "3": "",
            "4": "",
            "5": "",
            "bor": "1",
            "t": "",
            "t2": "",
            "t3": "",
            "t4": ""
          },
          "expansion": "→ Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "中華",
            "sc": "Hani"
          },
          "expansion": "中華",
          "name": "l"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "vi",
            "2": "Trung Hoa",
            "bor": "1",
            "t": "",
            "tr": "中華"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "中華",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "3": "^중화",
            "4": "Trung Hoa",
            "5": "",
            "6": "",
            "h": "中華",
            "j2": "",
            "j2t": "",
            "j3": "",
            "j3t": "",
            "j4": "",
            "j4t": "",
            "jdesc": "",
            "jje2": "",
            "jje2t": "",
            "jje3": "",
            "jje3t": "",
            "jje4": "",
            "jje4t": "",
            "jjedesc": "",
            "jjet": "",
            "jt": "",
            "k2": "",
            "k2t": "",
            "k3": "",
            "k3t": "",
            "k4": "",
            "k4t": "",
            "kdesc": "",
            "kt": "",
            "o": "中華",
            "o2": "",
            "o2t": "",
            "o3": "",
            "o3t": "",
            "o4": "",
            "o4t": "",
            "odesc": "",
            "ot": "",
            "s": "中%華",
            "v": "中華",
            "v2": "",
            "v2t": "",
            "v3": "",
            "v3t": "",
            "v4": "",
            "v4t": "",
            "vdesc": "",
            "vt": ""
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "CJKV/code"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "",
            "2": "^ちゅう%か",
            "3": "^중화",
            "4": "Trung Hoa",
            "j": "中%華"
          },
          "expansion": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)",
          "name": "CJKV"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Sino-Xenic (中華):\n* → Japanese: 中(ちゅう)華(か) (Chūka)\n* → Korean: 중화(中華) (Junghwa)\n* → Vietnamese: Trung Hoa (中華)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "id",
            "2": "Tionghoa",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Indonesian: Tionghoa",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Indonesian: Tionghoa"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "za",
            "2": "Cunghvaz",
            "bor": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "→ Zhuang: Cunghvaz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "347 CE"
      },
      "expansion": "[347 CE]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "晉陽秋//",
        "lit": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "t": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "晉陽秋",
      "name": "l"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "晉陽秋"
      },
      "expansion": "晉陽秋",
      "name": "lw"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "4th century"
      },
      "expansion": "[4th century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "early 5th century"
      },
      "expansion": "[early 5th century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "late 3rd century"
      },
      "expansion": "[late 3rd century]",
      "name": "defdate"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "於 時 皇極 遘 道消 之 會，群黎 蹈 顛沛 之 艱，中華 有 顧瞻 之 哀，幽谷 無 遷喬 之 望。",
        "2": "At this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward 􂀿toward the former capital at Luoyang􂁀, and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.",
        "collapsed": "y",
        "ref": "Peizhu"
      },
      "expansion": "於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nYú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]\nAt this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.",
      "name": "zh-x"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "中華"
      },
      "expansion": "中華",
      "name": "lang"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "若 使 游步 ^中華，騁 其 龍光，豈 夫 多 士 所 能 沈{chén}翳 哉！",
        "2": "",
        "collapsed": "yes",
        "ref": "Peizhu"
      },
      "expansion": "若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nRuò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fū duō shì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]\n(please add an English translation of this usage example)",
      "name": "zh-x"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "So named because the first ancient Chinese settlements were around the Yellow River, which was considered to be the center, and because the culture was considered to be magnificent and flourishing.\nFirst attested in Huan Wen's memorial recommending Qiao Xiu (dated [347 CE]), quoted in Sun Sheng's lost Annals of Jin (晉陽秋) [4th century] and later quoted in Pei Songzhi's Annotations [early 5th century] to Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms [late 3rd century].\n:\n於時皇極遘道消之會，群黎蹈顛沛之艱，中華有顧瞻之哀，幽谷無遷喬之望。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]于时皇极遘道消之会，群黎蹈颠沛之艰，中华有顾瞻之哀，幽谷无迁乔之望。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nYú shí huángjí gòu dàoxiāo zhī huì, qúnlí dǎo diānpèi zhī jiān, zhōnghuá yǒu gùzhān zhī āi, yōugǔ wú qiānqiáo zhī wàng. [Pinyin]\nAt this time, the imperial court has encountered a time of decline in the Way, the peasants have been trampled down by oppressive hardships, Zhonghua has the anguish of looking backward [toward the former capital at Luoyang], and the dark valley has no hope of moving upward.\nPei himself uses 中華 when annotating Chen's \"Biography of Zhuge Liang\"\n:\n若使游步中華，騁其龍光，豈夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]若使游步中华，骋其龙光，岂夫多士所能沈翳哉！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: Pei Songzhi, Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms, circa 5ᵗʰ century CE\nRuò shǐ yóubù Zhōnghuá, chěng qí lóngguāng, qǐ fū duō shì suǒ néng chényì zāi! [Pinyin]\n(please add an English translation of this usage example)",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "proper noun"
      },
      "expansion": "中華",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "name",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Chinese formal terms",
        "Chinese links with redundant alt parameters",
        "Chinese links with redundant wikilinks",
        "Chinese poetic terms",
        "Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
        "Mandarin terms with usage examples",
        "Requests for translations of Literary Chinese usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to revitalize China",
          "roman": "zhènxīng Zhōnghuá",
          "text": "振興中華／振兴中华",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "famous Chinese snack",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá míngxiǎochī",
          "text": "中華名小吃／中华名小吃",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese culture",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénhuà",
          "text": "中華文化／中华文化",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Chinese civilization",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá wénmíng",
          "text": "中華文明／中华文明",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "China Millennium Monument",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá shìjì tán",
          "text": "中華世紀壇／中华世纪坛",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "自強胡陵暴，中華蕩覆，狼狽失據，權幸揚越。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "自强胡陵暴，中华荡覆，狼狈失据，权幸扬越。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: 4th century, 桓溫 (Huan Wen), 請還都洛陽疏, in 648, Book of Jin\nZì qiáng hú língbào, Zhōnghuá dàngfù, lángbèi shījù, quán xìng Yángyuè. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "I wear the robes of zhonghua and recite the literature of zhonghua. I have indeed heard much from my three teachers about the reasons one should venerate zhonghua, so that even with hoary hair, I always sing of zhonghua. People of the world, lend me your ears; listen to my song for zhonghua.",
          "ref": "中華衣冠我着服，中華詩書我誦讀。我三師尊中華義諦聞亦多，白首常我中華歌。天下人，傾耳聽我中華歌。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]",
          "text": "From: 《中華歌》(\"Song of zhonghua\") by Yu Inseok, circa 1910\n중화의관) 아착복) 중화시서) 아송독.) 아삼사존중화의체) 문역다) 백수상아중화가) 천하인) 경이청아중화가.)\nJunghwa uigwan[-eul] a chakbok[-hago] Junghwa siseo[-reul] a songdok[-hanira]. A sam sa jon Junghwa uiche[-reul] mun yeok da[-haya] baeksu sang a Junghwa ga[-hani] cheonha in[-a] gyeong'i cheong a Junghwa ga[-hara]. [Sino-Korean]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "poetic",
          "poetic"
        ],
        [
          "China",
          "China"
        ],
        [
          "civilization",
          "civilization#English"
        ],
        [
          "China",
          "China#English"
        ],
        [
          "nation",
          "nation#English"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese",
          "Chinese#English"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people#English"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "exalted",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(formal, poetic, exalted) China (the civilization of China; nowadays, the nation of the Chinese people)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "poetic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "zh:Places in Taipei",
        "zh:Places in Taiwan",
        "zh:Villages in Taiwan"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "里",
          "里#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Songshan",
          "Songshan#English"
        ],
        [
          "Taipei",
          "Taipei#English"
        ],
        [
          "Taiwan",
          "Taiwan#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(～里) An urban village in Songshan district, Taipei, Taiwan"
      ]
    },
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”",
          "word": "中華臺北"
        },
        {
          "extra": "Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”",
          "word": "中华台北"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Chinese short forms",
        "Mandarin terms with collocations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Team Chinese Tapei",
          "roman": "Zhōnghuá duì",
          "text": "中華隊／中华队"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Short for 中華臺北／中华台北 (Zhōnghuá Táiběi, “Chinese Taipei”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "中華臺北",
          "中華臺北#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "中华台北",
          "中华台北#Chinese"
        ],
        [
          "Chinese Taipei",
          "Chinese Taipei"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Zhōnghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ waa⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "PFS",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chûng-fà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Guangdong",
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ fa²"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "Dṳ̆ng-huà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hôa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hoa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Peng'im",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dong¹ hua⁵"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Zhōnghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jhonghuá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chung¹-hua²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jūng-hwá"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Jonghwa"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Чжунхуа"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Čžunxua"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jūng wàh"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzung¹ waa⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ wa⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Chûng-fà"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung´ faˇ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zung¹ fa²"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Miaoli",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meixian",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Foochow-Romanized",
        "Fuzhou"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Dṳ̆ng-huà"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/",
      "tags": [
        "Fuzhou",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-huâ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dionghoaa"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "Tiong-hua"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dionghoaf"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "POJ",
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tong huâ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Teochew"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tson^平 gho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "¹tson-hho"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Wu"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "trjuwng hwae"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*tuŋ ɡʷraː/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡suŋ²⁴ fa¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sʊŋ⁴⁴⁻³⁵ fa¹¹/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tyŋ⁵⁵ ⁽ʰ⁻⁾ŋua⁵³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ³³ hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/toŋ³³⁻²³ hua⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡soŋ⁵⁵ ɦo²¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*truŋ N-qʷʰˤra/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*tuŋ ɡʷraː/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "中"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōngyuán",
      "word": "中原"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōngguó",
      "word": "中國"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōngguó",
      "word": "中国"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá",
      "word": "中華"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhōnghuá",
      "word": "中华"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Jiǔzhōu",
      "word": "九州"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Tángshān",
      "word": "唐山"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yùzhōng",
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "域中"
    },
    {
      "english": "lofty",
      "roman": "tiānxià",
      "word": "天下"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Tiāncháo",
      "tags": [
        "Internet",
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "天朝"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhīnà",
      "tags": [
        "derogatory",
        "obsolete",
        "offensive",
        "usually"
      ],
      "word": "支那"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Táohuāshí",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "桃花石"
    },
    {
      "raw_tags": [
        "of English China"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transliteration"
      ],
      "word": "猜拿"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "神州"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhònghuājiā",
      "tags": [
        "humorous",
        "slang"
      ],
      "word": "種花家"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhònghuājiā",
      "tags": [
        "humorous",
        "slang"
      ],
      "word": "种花家"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhīnà",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "脂那"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhìnà",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "至那"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "華"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation"
      ],
      "word": "华"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Huáxià",
      "word": "華夏"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Huáxià",
      "word": "华夏"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhūxià",
      "word": "諸夏"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhūxià",
      "word": "诸夏"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhūhuá",
      "word": "諸華"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhūhuá",
      "word": "诸华"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Chìxiàn",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤縣"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Chìxiàn",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤县"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Chìxiàn Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤縣神州"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Chìxiàn Shénzhōu",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "赤县神州"
    },
    {
      "roman": "Zhèndàn",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "震旦"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms",
    "Chen Shou",
    "Huan Wen",
    "Pei Songzhi",
    "Records of the Three Kingdoms",
    "Sun Sheng"
  ],
  "word": "中華"
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Sinological IPA (Shanghai)'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Shanghai):'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Northern)'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wugniu'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min (BUC)'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Wugniu)'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai)'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'MiniDict'",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～里",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "proper noun",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: ～里",
  "path": [
    "中華"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "proper noun",
  "title": "中華",
  "trace": ""
}