See chew on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for chew meaning in All languages combined (37.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "bite off more than one can chew"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing ball"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing gum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing louse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing sponge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing stick"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewing tobacco"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew on"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew on one's nails"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew on the scenery"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew over"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew stick"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew the cud"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew the fat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew the meat and spit out the bones"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew the rag"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew the scenery"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew up and spit out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chew up the scenery"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "chewy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "cut off more than one can chew"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "I don't chew my cabbage twice"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "mad enough to chew nails"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rag-chewing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "walk and chew gum at the same time"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdc",
"2": "tschaae",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵyewh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "chewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English chewen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċēowan"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċēowan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*keuwan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *keuwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵyewh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kôgje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kôgje",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "käwwen"
},
"expansion": "Low German käwwen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kauwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kauwen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kauen"
},
"expansion": "German kauen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gingīva",
"3": "",
"4": "gums"
},
"expansion": "Latin gingīva (“gums”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "śuwaṃ",
"3": "",
"4": "to eat"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "żuć",
"3": "",
"4": "to chew"
},
"expansion": "Polish żuć (“to chew”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "جویدن",
"tr": "javidan"
},
"expansion": "Persian جویدن (javidan)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "ژول",
"t": "to bite, gnaw",
"tr": "žovạl"
},
"expansion": "Pashto ژول (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English chewen, from Old English ċēowan, from Proto-West Germanic *keuwan, from Proto-Germanic *kewwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Cognate with West Frisian kôgje, Low German käwwen, Dutch kauwen, German kauen; also Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto ژول (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chews",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "chewing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "chewed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "chewed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "chewn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past_ptc2": "chewn",
"past_ptc2_qual": "rare"
},
"expansion": "chew (third-person singular simple present chews, present participle chewing, simple past chewed, past participle chewed or (rare) chewn)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Make sure to chew thoroughly, and don't talk with your mouth full!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The steak was tough to chew as it had been cooked too long.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1578, Henry Lyte, A niewe Herball",
"text": "The same chewn upon maketh one to avoid much phlegm.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "1971-79, Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg\nAnd gruesome they areː We find cattle still alive with hindquarters chewn off, still alive with their eyes chewn out, their ears chewn off, their noses and faces chewn till they look like (a) Hamburger, their tails hanging in shreds. Or, we find them after a slow and cruel death. Can you understand why cattlemen will shoot YOUR dog if he is seen wandering on ranchland?"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Denis Diderot, translated by Leonard Tancock, Rameau's Nephew / D'alembert's Dream",
"text": "But meanwhile Mademoiselle's book had at least been found under an arm-chair where it had been dragged, chewn up and torn to pieces by a young pug-dog or by a kitten.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Keith Douglass, Seal Team Seven 14: Death Blow",
"text": "He wore two sweaters, both moth chewn and filthy but warm.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Tony Reynolds, The Lost Stories of Sherlock Holmes",
"text": "His left cheek seemed to have been cut and chewn awayǃ",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To crush with the teeth by repeated closing and opening of the jaws; done to food to soften it and break it down by the action of saliva before it is swallowed."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-verb-HaAhlU4-",
"links": [
[
"crush",
"crush"
],
[
"teeth",
"tooth"
],
[
"jaw",
"jaw"
],
[
"soften",
"soften"
],
[
"saliva",
"saliva"
],
[
"swallow",
"swallow"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "62 19 19",
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "bite"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 19 19",
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chavel"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 19 19",
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chomp"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 19 19",
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "crunch"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 19 19",
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ace",
"lang": "Acehnese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamoh"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "akl",
"lang": "Aklanon",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "përtyp"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ani",
"lang": "Andi",
"roman": "čʼammu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чӏамму"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maḍaḡa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "مَضَغَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "camel",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ծամել"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "meastic"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mãcilsescu"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ciumulescu"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "aroamig"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "süba",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "চোবা"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "pokotia",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "পকটীয়া"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "av",
"lang": "Avar",
"roman": "čʼamize",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чӏамизе"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "çeynəmək"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "murtxikatu"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "žavácʹ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жава́ць"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "cibôno",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "চিবনো"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "bcl",
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "sapa"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "dǎ́vča",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "дъ́вча"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "wa:",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ဝါး"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "bua",
"lang": "Buryat",
"roman": "žažalxa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жажалха"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastegar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "agisdoa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᎠᎩᏍᏙᎠ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cmn",
"english": "more colloquially",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiáo, jué",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "嚼"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cmn",
"english": "more literarily",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǔjué",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "咀嚼"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žvýkat"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tygge"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "gumle"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "duu",
"lang": "Drung",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mya"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kauwen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cjm",
"lang": "Eastern Cham",
"roman": "mưmưh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ꨟꨟꩍ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "maĉi"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "remaĉi"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mäluma"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "närima"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "evn",
"lang": "Evenki",
"roman": "seʒami",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "седями"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "pureskella"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "jauhaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mâcher"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mordiller"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastiquer"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastiâ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastigar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "coxna",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ცოხნა"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ɣeč̣va",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ღეჭვა"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kauen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German"
],
"word": "chätsche"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "masáo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "μασάω"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "masáomai",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "μασάομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "la'ás",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "לעס"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "cabānā",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चबाना"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "rág"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kunyah"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cogain"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mga",
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "con·cnaí"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mga",
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cocnaid"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "con·cná"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticare"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ium",
"lang": "Iu Mien",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nziuc"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"alt": "そしゃくする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soshaku suru",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "咀嚼する"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"alt": "かむ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kamu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "噛む"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamah"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "jajlx",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "җаҗлх"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "şainau",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "шайнау"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "taynirğa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "тайнирға"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "tumpie",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ទំពា"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "kkaemulda",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "깨물다"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ssipda",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "씹다"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cûtin"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "caynoo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чайноо"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mandūcō"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticō"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "košļāt"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kramtyti"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "olo",
"lang": "Livvi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "puretella"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "džvaka",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "џвака"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kunyah"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamah"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "magħad"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "niyanggūmbi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡᠮᠪᡳ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "niyaniombi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠨᡳᠣᠮᠪᡳ"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kamukamu"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "cāvṇe",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चावणे"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "zažlax",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "зажлах"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "merex",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "мэрэх"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Nahuatl",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tlanchoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mazzecà"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "capāunu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चपाउनु"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tygge"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ċēowan"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "kaw",
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "gugut"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pdc",
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kaue"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pdc",
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tschaae"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "javidan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "جویدن"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pox",
"lang": "Polabian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "zavăt"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "żuć"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "przeżuwać"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastigar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mascar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mesteca"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ževátʹ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жева́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "khādati",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "खादति"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "жвакати"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "žvakati"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "xsr",
"lang": "Sherpa",
"roman": "mur",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "མུར"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticari"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "macicari"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žuť"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žvečiti"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kusaś"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kusać"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "alt",
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"roman": "čaynaar",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чайнаар"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mascar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tugga"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "förtära"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nguya"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "cavai",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "சவை"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "mel",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "மெல்"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "namulu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "నములు"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "tet",
"lang": "Tetum",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kíao",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "เคี้ยว"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mur",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "མུར"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tresk-"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "çiğnemek"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "daynaar",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "дайнаар"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "žuváty",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chaynamoq"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "vec",
"lang": "Venetian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastegar"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhai"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhằn"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhá"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cnoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cildroi"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mbb",
"lang": "Western Bukidnon Manobo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama'"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "mww",
"lang": "White Hmong",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "zom"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "ıstaa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ыстаа"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawıtene (diq)"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawitiş"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "koçen"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "zu",
"lang": "Zulu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "hlafuna"
},
{
"_dis1": "64 18 18",
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ǁkxʻám"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He keeps his feed in steel drums to prevent the mice from chewing holes in the feed-sacks.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The harsh desert wind and sand had chewed the stump into ragged strips of wood.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To grind, tear, or otherwise degrade or demolish something with teeth or as with teeth."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-verb-bXLwdiIZ",
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"teeth",
"teeth"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "25 70 4",
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "grind"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 70 4",
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "pulverize"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 70 4",
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "rip"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 70 4",
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "shred"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 70 4",
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "tear"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 22 48",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Iu Mien terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The professor stood at the blackboard, chalk in hand, and chewed the question the student had asked.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1734, Alexander Pope, Epistle to Cobham",
"text": "Old politicians chew on wisdom past.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1711, Matthew Prior, to Mr. Harley, wounded by Guiscard",
"text": "He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To think about something; to ponder; to chew over."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-verb-n3TLbRXF",
"links": [
[
"think",
"think"
],
[
"ponder",
"ponder"
],
[
"chew over",
"chew over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) To think about something; to ponder; to chew over."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "5 3 92",
"sense": "think about",
"word": "contemplate"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 3 92",
"sense": "think about",
"word": "ruminate"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 3 92",
"sense": "think about",
"word": "mull"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 3 92",
"sense": "think about",
"word": "muse"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 3 92",
"sense": "think about",
"word": "ponder"
}
],
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃuː/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tʃɪʊ̯/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃ(j)u/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-chew.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg/En-us-chew.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "cho͞o"
}
],
"word": "chew"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "chew toy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dog chew"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penny chew"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "chew"
},
"expansion": "Middle English chew",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cheu"
},
"expansion": "cheu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "icheu"
},
"expansion": "icheu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*ċēaw"
},
"expansion": "Old English *ċēaw",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*ġeċēaw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "*ġeċēaw (“chewing”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kauw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kauw",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gakauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "*gakauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną",
"t": "to chew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gekauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gekauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "gekau",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian gekau (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English chew, cheu, icheu, from Old English *ċēaw, *ġeċēaw (“chewing”), from Proto-West Germanic *kauw, *gakauw (“chewing”), from Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”). Cognate with obsolete Dutch kauw (“chewing”), Dutch gekauw (“chewing”), West Frisian gekau (“chewing”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chews",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "chew (countable and uncountable, plural chews)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pa chew cheng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I popped the gum into my mouth and gave it a chew.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act of chewing; mastication with the mouth."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-MQ8Jhusm",
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Adele Puhn, The 5-Day Miracle Diet Companion",
"text": "Once it's cooked, it's not enough of a hard chew to count.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Christian F. Puglisi, Relae: A Book of Ideas, page 140",
"text": "A bread with a strong and solidified gluten network has a nice chew to it, and many types of charcuterie call for just enough work by the teeth to be dangerously addictive. But in all cases, chewy must be combined with an appropriate amount of ...",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Jim \"Sunny\" Edwards, A Footprint in the Sand: The Fishing Edge, Fulton Books, Inc.",
"text": "No matter what I did to the squid, it was a tough chew. I got out my magnifying glass. Still, there was nothing that I could see to make the squid curl when cooked. I decided to tenderize the squid with my rubber hammer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Aki Kamozawa, H. Alexander Talbot, Gluten-Free Flour Power: Bringing Your Favorite Foods Back to the Table, W. W. Norton & Company",
"text": "To serve, cook the malloredus in a large pot of boiling salted water until just tender, but with a nice chew to them. Fold into a warm sauce or ragout and serve immediately.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Heather Christo, Pure Delicious, Penguin, page 178",
"text": "While these are a little complicated to make, the result is a thick, toothsome bun that has a nice chew to it but is still soft.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Level of chewiness."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-rmmwfExP",
"links": [
[
"chewiness",
"chewiness"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Phillip purchased a bag of licorice chews at the drugstore.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small sweet, such as a taffy, that is eaten by chewing."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-XOCeNw9Y",
"links": [
[
"sweet",
"sweet"
],
[
"taffy",
"taffy"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 9 1 31 19 6 11 8 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The school had banned chew and smokes from the school grounds, even for adults.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chewing tobacco."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-Ro1ZZNEP",
"links": [
[
"Chewing tobacco",
"chewing tobacco"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, uncountable) Chewing tobacco."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 10 10 34 26 11",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "dǎvčašt bonbon",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дъвчащ бонбон"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 10 34 26 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "karkki"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 10 34 26 11",
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "cuĩgam",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "चुइँगम"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 10 34 26 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caramea"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 10 34 26 11",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "lôok om kíeow",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "ลูกอมเคี้ยว"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 2 56 34 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chewing tobacco",
"word": "purutupakka"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The ballplayers sat on the bench watching the rain, glumly working their chews.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The first time he chewed tobacco, he swallowed his chew and got extremely sick.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plug or wad of chewing tobacco; chaw or a chaw."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-iRFK2dLK",
"links": [
[
"plug",
"plug"
],
[
"wad",
"wad"
],
[
"chaw",
"chaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A plug or wad of chewing tobacco; chaw or a chaw."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 3 5 16 65 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chaw",
"word": "mälli"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1995, Keyboard, volume 21, numbers 7-12, page 138",
"text": "Avoiding Tape Chew. In the early days of the ADAT, the \"V\" blocks (two arms that thread the tape around the front of the head) could sometimes get out of alignment and \"chew\" the outside track […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The condition of something being torn or ground up mechanically."
],
"id": "en-chew-en-noun-RgZZQ-8E",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, informal) The condition of something being torn or ground up mechanically."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃuː/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tʃɪʊ̯/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃ(j)u/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-chew.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg/En-us-chew.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "cho͞o"
}
],
"word": "chew"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵyewh₁-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Iu Mien terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Rhymes:English/uː",
"Rhymes:English/uː/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bite off more than one can chew"
},
{
"word": "chewing ball"
},
{
"word": "chewing gum"
},
{
"word": "chewing louse"
},
{
"word": "chewing sponge"
},
{
"word": "chewing stick"
},
{
"word": "chewing tobacco"
},
{
"word": "chew off"
},
{
"word": "chew on"
},
{
"word": "chew on one's nails"
},
{
"word": "chew on the scenery"
},
{
"word": "chew out"
},
{
"word": "chew over"
},
{
"word": "chew stick"
},
{
"word": "chew the cud"
},
{
"word": "chew the fat"
},
{
"word": "chew the meat and spit out the bones"
},
{
"word": "chew the rag"
},
{
"word": "chew the scenery"
},
{
"word": "chew up"
},
{
"word": "chew up and spit out"
},
{
"word": "chew up the scenery"
},
{
"word": "chewy"
},
{
"word": "cut off more than one can chew"
},
{
"word": "I don't chew my cabbage twice"
},
{
"word": "mad enough to chew nails"
},
{
"word": "rag-chewing"
},
{
"word": "walk and chew gum at the same time"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pdc",
"2": "tschaae",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Pennsylvania German: tschaae"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵyewh₁-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "chewen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English chewen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċēowan"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċēowan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*keuwan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *keuwan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵyewh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kôgje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kôgje",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "käwwen"
},
"expansion": "Low German käwwen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kauwen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kauwen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kauen"
},
"expansion": "German kauen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gingīva",
"3": "",
"4": "gums"
},
"expansion": "Latin gingīva (“gums”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "śuwaṃ",
"3": "",
"4": "to eat"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "żuć",
"3": "",
"4": "to chew"
},
"expansion": "Polish żuć (“to chew”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "جویدن",
"tr": "javidan"
},
"expansion": "Persian جویدن (javidan)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "ژول",
"t": "to bite, gnaw",
"tr": "žovạl"
},
"expansion": "Pashto ژول (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English chewen, from Old English ċēowan, from Proto-West Germanic *keuwan, from Proto-Germanic *kewwaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁-. Cognate with West Frisian kôgje, Low German käwwen, Dutch kauwen, German kauen; also Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (javidan), Pashto ژول (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chews",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "chewing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "chewed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "chewed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "chewn",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past",
"rare"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"past_ptc2": "chewn",
"past_ptc2_qual": "rare"
},
"expansion": "chew (third-person singular simple present chews, present participle chewing, simple past chewed, past participle chewed or (rare) chewn)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Make sure to chew thoroughly, and don't talk with your mouth full!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The steak was tough to chew as it had been cooked too long.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1578, Henry Lyte, A niewe Herball",
"text": "The same chewn upon maketh one to avoid much phlegm.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "1971-79, Journal of Glenn T. Seaborg\nAnd gruesome they areː We find cattle still alive with hindquarters chewn off, still alive with their eyes chewn out, their ears chewn off, their noses and faces chewn till they look like (a) Hamburger, their tails hanging in shreds. Or, we find them after a slow and cruel death. Can you understand why cattlemen will shoot YOUR dog if he is seen wandering on ranchland?"
},
{
"ref": "1976, Denis Diderot, translated by Leonard Tancock, Rameau's Nephew / D'alembert's Dream",
"text": "But meanwhile Mademoiselle's book had at least been found under an arm-chair where it had been dragged, chewn up and torn to pieces by a young pug-dog or by a kitten.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Keith Douglass, Seal Team Seven 14: Death Blow",
"text": "He wore two sweaters, both moth chewn and filthy but warm.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Tony Reynolds, The Lost Stories of Sherlock Holmes",
"text": "His left cheek seemed to have been cut and chewn awayǃ",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To crush with the teeth by repeated closing and opening of the jaws; done to food to soften it and break it down by the action of saliva before it is swallowed."
],
"links": [
[
"crush",
"crush"
],
[
"teeth",
"tooth"
],
[
"jaw",
"jaw"
],
[
"soften",
"soften"
],
[
"saliva",
"saliva"
],
[
"swallow",
"swallow"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He keeps his feed in steel drums to prevent the mice from chewing holes in the feed-sacks.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The harsh desert wind and sand had chewed the stump into ragged strips of wood.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To grind, tear, or otherwise degrade or demolish something with teeth or as with teeth."
],
"links": [
[
"grind",
"grind"
],
[
"tear",
"tear"
],
[
"teeth",
"teeth"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The professor stood at the blackboard, chalk in hand, and chewed the question the student had asked.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1734, Alexander Pope, Epistle to Cobham",
"text": "Old politicians chew on wisdom past.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1711, Matthew Prior, to Mr. Harley, wounded by Guiscard",
"text": "He chews revenge, abjuring his offense.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To think about something; to ponder; to chew over."
],
"links": [
[
"think",
"think"
],
[
"ponder",
"ponder"
],
[
"chew over",
"chew over"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal) To think about something; to ponder; to chew over."
],
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃuː/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tʃɪʊ̯/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃ(j)u/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-chew.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg/En-us-chew.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "cho͞o"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "bite"
},
{
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chavel"
},
{
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chomp"
},
{
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "crunch"
},
{
"sense": "crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticate"
},
{
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "grind"
},
{
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "pulverize"
},
{
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "rip"
},
{
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "shred"
},
{
"sense": "degrade or demolish as if with teeth",
"word": "tear"
},
{
"sense": "think about",
"word": "contemplate"
},
{
"sense": "think about",
"word": "ruminate"
},
{
"sense": "think about",
"word": "mull"
},
{
"sense": "think about",
"word": "muse"
},
{
"sense": "think about",
"word": "ponder"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ace",
"lang": "Acehnese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamoh"
},
{
"code": "akl",
"lang": "Aklanon",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "përtyp"
},
{
"code": "ani",
"lang": "Andi",
"roman": "čʼammu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чӏамму"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "maḍaḡa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "مَضَغَ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "camel",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ծամել"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "meastic"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mãcilsescu"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ciumulescu"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "aroamig"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "süba",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "চোবা"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "pokotia",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "পকটীয়া"
},
{
"code": "av",
"lang": "Avar",
"roman": "čʼamize",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чӏамизе"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "çeynəmək"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "murtxikatu"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "žavácʹ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жава́ць"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "cibôno",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "চিবনো"
},
{
"code": "bcl",
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "sapa"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "dǎ́vča",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "дъ́вча"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "wa:",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ဝါး"
},
{
"code": "bua",
"lang": "Buryat",
"roman": "žažalxa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жажалха"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastegar"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "agisdoa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᎠᎩᏍᏙᎠ"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"english": "more colloquially",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiáo, jué",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "嚼"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"english": "more literarily",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǔjué",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "咀嚼"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žvýkat"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tygge"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "gumle"
},
{
"code": "duu",
"lang": "Drung",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mya"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kauwen"
},
{
"code": "cjm",
"lang": "Eastern Cham",
"roman": "mưmưh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ꨟꨟꩍ"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "maĉi"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "remaĉi"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mäluma"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "närima"
},
{
"code": "evn",
"lang": "Evenki",
"roman": "seʒami",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "седями"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "pureskella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "jauhaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mâcher"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mordiller"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastiquer"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastiâ"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastigar"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "coxna",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ცოხნა"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ɣeč̣va",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ღეჭვა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kauen"
},
{
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German"
],
"word": "chätsche"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "masáo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "μασάω"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "masáomai",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "μασάομαι"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "la'ás",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "לעס"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "cabānā",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चबाना"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "rág"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kunyah"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cogain"
},
{
"code": "mga",
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "con·cnaí"
},
{
"code": "mga",
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cocnaid"
},
{
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "con·cná"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticare"
},
{
"code": "ium",
"lang": "Iu Mien",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nziuc"
},
{
"alt": "そしゃくする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soshaku suru",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "咀嚼する"
},
{
"alt": "かむ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kamu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "噛む"
},
{
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamah"
},
{
"code": "xal",
"lang": "Kalmyk",
"roman": "jajlx",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "җаҗлх"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "şainau",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "шайнау"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "taynirğa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "тайнирға"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "tumpie",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ទំពា"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "kkaemulda",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "깨물다"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ssipda",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "씹다"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cûtin"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "caynoo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чайноо"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mandūcō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticō"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "košļāt"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kramtyti"
},
{
"code": "olo",
"lang": "Livvi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "puretella"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "džvaka",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "џвака"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kunyah"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mamah"
},
{
"code": "mt",
"lang": "Maltese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "magħad"
},
{
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "niyanggūmbi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡡᠮᠪᡳ"
},
{
"code": "mnc",
"lang": "Manchu",
"roman": "niyaniombi",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠨᡳᠣᠮᠪᡳ"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kamukamu"
},
{
"code": "mr",
"lang": "Marathi",
"roman": "cāvṇe",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चावणे"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "zažlax",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "зажлах"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "merex",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "мэрэх"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Nahuatl",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tlanchoa"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mazzecà"
},
{
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "capāunu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "चपाउनु"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tygge"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ċēowan"
},
{
"code": "kaw",
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "gugut"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tyggja"
},
{
"code": "pdc",
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kaue"
},
{
"code": "pdc",
"lang": "Pennsylvania German",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tschaae"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "javidan",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "جویدن"
},
{
"code": "pox",
"lang": "Polabian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "zavăt"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "żuć"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "przeżuwać"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastigar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mascar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mesteca"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ževátʹ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жева́ть"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "khādati",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "खादति"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "жвакати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "žvakati"
},
{
"code": "xsr",
"lang": "Sherpa",
"roman": "mur",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "མུར"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticari"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "macicari"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žuť"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "žvečiti"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kusaś"
},
{
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "kusać"
},
{
"code": "alt",
"lang": "Southern Altai",
"roman": "čaynaar",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "чайнаар"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "masticar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mascar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tugga"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "förtära"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nguya"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "cavai",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "சவை"
},
{
"code": "ta",
"lang": "Tamil",
"roman": "mel",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "மெல்"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "namulu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "నములు"
},
{
"code": "tet",
"lang": "Tetum",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kíao",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "เคี้ยว"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mur",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "མུར"
},
{
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "tresk-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "çiğnemek"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "daynaar",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "дайнаар"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "žuváty",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "жува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "chaynamoq"
},
{
"code": "vec",
"lang": "Venetian",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mastegar"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhai"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhằn"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "nhá"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cnoi"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cildroi"
},
{
"code": "mbb",
"lang": "Western Bukidnon Manobo",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "mama'"
},
{
"code": "mww",
"lang": "White Hmong",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "zom"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "ıstaa",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ыстаа"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawıtene (diq)"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawitiş"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "cawen"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "koçen"
},
{
"code": "zu",
"lang": "Zulu",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "hlafuna"
},
{
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing",
"word": "ǁkxʻám"
}
],
"word": "chew"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/uː",
"Rhymes:English/uː/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "chew toy"
},
{
"word": "dog chew"
},
{
"word": "penny chew"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "chew"
},
"expansion": "Middle English chew",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cheu"
},
"expansion": "cheu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "icheu"
},
"expansion": "icheu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*ċēaw"
},
"expansion": "Old English *ċēaw",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*ġeċēaw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "*ġeċēaw (“chewing”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kauw"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kauw",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*gakauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "*gakauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kewwaną",
"t": "to chew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gekauw",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gekauw (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "gekau",
"t": "chewing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian gekau (“chewing”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English chew, cheu, icheu, from Old English *ċēaw, *ġeċēaw (“chewing”), from Proto-West Germanic *kauw, *gakauw (“chewing”), from Proto-Germanic *kewwaną (“to chew”). Cognate with obsolete Dutch kauw (“chewing”), Dutch gekauw (“chewing”), West Frisian gekau (“chewing”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "chews",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "chew (countable and uncountable, plural chews)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "pa chew cheng"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I popped the gum into my mouth and gave it a chew.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The act of chewing; mastication with the mouth."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1996, Adele Puhn, The 5-Day Miracle Diet Companion",
"text": "Once it's cooked, it's not enough of a hard chew to count.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Christian F. Puglisi, Relae: A Book of Ideas, page 140",
"text": "A bread with a strong and solidified gluten network has a nice chew to it, and many types of charcuterie call for just enough work by the teeth to be dangerously addictive. But in all cases, chewy must be combined with an appropriate amount of ...",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Jim \"Sunny\" Edwards, A Footprint in the Sand: The Fishing Edge, Fulton Books, Inc.",
"text": "No matter what I did to the squid, it was a tough chew. I got out my magnifying glass. Still, there was nothing that I could see to make the squid curl when cooked. I decided to tenderize the squid with my rubber hammer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Aki Kamozawa, H. Alexander Talbot, Gluten-Free Flour Power: Bringing Your Favorite Foods Back to the Table, W. W. Norton & Company",
"text": "To serve, cook the malloredus in a large pot of boiling salted water until just tender, but with a nice chew to them. Fold into a warm sauce or ragout and serve immediately.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Heather Christo, Pure Delicious, Penguin, page 178",
"text": "While these are a little complicated to make, the result is a thick, toothsome bun that has a nice chew to it but is still soft.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Level of chewiness."
],
"links": [
[
"chewiness",
"chewiness"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Phillip purchased a bag of licorice chews at the drugstore.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A small sweet, such as a taffy, that is eaten by chewing."
],
"links": [
[
"sweet",
"sweet"
],
[
"taffy",
"taffy"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The school had banned chew and smokes from the school grounds, even for adults.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chewing tobacco."
],
"links": [
[
"Chewing tobacco",
"chewing tobacco"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, uncountable) Chewing tobacco."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The ballplayers sat on the bench watching the rain, glumly working their chews.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The first time he chewed tobacco, he swallowed his chew and got extremely sick.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A plug or wad of chewing tobacco; chaw or a chaw."
],
"links": [
[
"plug",
"plug"
],
[
"wad",
"wad"
],
[
"chaw",
"chaw"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A plug or wad of chewing tobacco; chaw or a chaw."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English informal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1995, Keyboard, volume 21, numbers 7-12, page 138",
"text": "Avoiding Tape Chew. In the early days of the ADAT, the \"V\" blocks (two arms that thread the tape around the front of the head) could sometimes get out of alignment and \"chew\" the outside track […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The condition of something being torn or ground up mechanically."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, informal) The condition of something being torn or ground up mechanically."
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃuː/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/tʃɪʊ̯/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"Wales"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃ(j)u/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-uː"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-chew.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg/En-us-chew.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/En-us-chew.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "cho͞o"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "dǎvčašt bonbon",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "дъвчащ бонбон"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "karkki"
},
{
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "cuĩgam",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "चुइँगम"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "caramea"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "lôok om kíeow",
"sense": "chewable candy",
"word": "ลูกอมเคี้ยว"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chewing tobacco",
"word": "purutupakka"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "chaw",
"word": "mälli"
}
],
"word": "chew"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.