See ruminate on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ruminate meaning in All languages combined (16.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ruminator"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūminātus"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūminātus",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruminor",
"3": "rūminārī",
"4": "to chew the cud, turn over in the mind"
},
"expansion": "rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmen",
"3": "",
"4": "the throat, gullet"
},
"expansion": "rūmen (“the throat, gullet”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1533, \"to turn over in the mind,\" also \"to chew cud\" (1547), from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”), of uncertain origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruminates",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminating",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminated",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminated",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminate",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruminate (third-person singular simple present ruminates, present participle ruminating, simple past and past participle ruminated)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"stem": "ruminat"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rumen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ruminant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rumination"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ruminatory"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A camel will ruminate just as a cow will.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To chew cud. (Said of ruminants.) Involves regurgitating partially digested food from the rumen."
],
"id": "en-ruminate-en-verb-Cnn~uLs8",
"links": [
[
"chew",
"chew"
],
[
"cud",
"cud"
],
[
"ruminant",
"ruminant"
],
[
"regurgitating",
"regurgitate"
],
[
"digest",
"digest"
],
[
"rumen",
"rumen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To chew cud. (Said of ruminants.) Involves regurgitating partially digested food from the rumen."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ijtarra",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "اجْتَرَّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jarr",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic"
],
"word": "جر"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oročal",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "որոճալ"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "aroamig"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "pagula",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "পাগুলা"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preživjam, predǎvkvam",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "преживям, предъвквам"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preživjam",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "преживям"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反芻"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "faan² co¹",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反刍"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "hak",
"lang": "Hakka Chinese",
"roman": "to-chó",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "倒草"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "huan-chháu",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "翻草"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反芻"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fǎnchú",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反刍"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "přežvykovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "drøvtygge"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "tygge drøv"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "herkauwen"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jótra"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "märehtiä"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminer"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "wiederkäuen"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German"
],
"word": "beibe"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mirykázo",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "μηρυκάζω"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "kérődzik"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jórtra"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminare"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rūmīnō"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "tygge drøv"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "drøvtygge"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jorte"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ørte"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "žâvidan",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ژاویدن"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "kutipakuy"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumega"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ževátʹ žváčku",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "жева́ть жва́чку"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ath-chagainn"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "sko",
"lang": "Seko Tengah",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "prežúvať"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "prežúvať"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "idissla"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"roman": "faẓẓ",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ⴼⴰⵥⵥ"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "nemaruvēyu",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "నెమరువేయు"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "remygaty",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ремиґати"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "remyhaty",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ремигати"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "roemyî"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 4 9",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "cilgnoi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "28 10 37 25",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Thinking",
"orig": "en:Thinking",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I didn't answer right away because I needed to ruminate first.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2020 April 8, David Clough, “How the West Coast wiring war was won”, in Rail, page 59",
"text": "Meanwhile, the MoT had itself also been ruminating on options for the northern half of the route.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To meditate or reflect."
],
"id": "en-ruminate-en-verb-bruVRb3M",
"links": [
[
"meditate",
"meditate"
],
[
"reflect",
"reflect"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To meditate or reflect."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To meditate or ponder over; to muse on."
],
"id": "en-ruminate-en-verb-BlbeLcUq",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To meditate or ponder over; to muse on."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹumɪneɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg/En-us-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg/En-au-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Or Thesaurus:think"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "xorhrdacel",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "խորհրդածել"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmišljavam",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "размишлявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "přemítat"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "hloubat"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rozebírat"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "märehtiä"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "ruminer"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "grübeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "skéftomai",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "σκέφτομαι"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "rágódik"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "mereng"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "elmélkedik"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "whakaraupeka"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "tygge på"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "ruminar"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "remoer"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "rumega (o idee)"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rozdumuvaty",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "роздумувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 50 45",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rozmirkovuvaty",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "розмірковувати"
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūminātus"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūminātus",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruminor",
"3": "rūminārī",
"4": "to chew the cud, turn over in the mind"
},
"expansion": "rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmen",
"3": "",
"4": "the throat, gullet"
},
"expansion": "rūmen (“the throat, gullet”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1533, \"to turn over in the mind,\" also \"to chew cud\" (1547), from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”), of uncertain origin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "ruminate (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "54 40 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 24 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 23 5 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Seko Tengah terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a ruminate endosperm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw."
],
"id": "en-ruminate-en-adj-EF18Znlg",
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "chew the cud"
}
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹumɪneɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg/En-us-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg/En-au-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruminate",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "83 12 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruminare:",
"second-person plural present indicative"
],
"id": "en-ruminate-it-verb-P~e7dYo1",
"links": [
[
"ruminare",
"ruminare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruminare:",
"second-person plural imperative"
],
"id": "en-ruminate-it-verb-A~BZLYm5",
"links": [
[
"ruminare",
"ruminare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "past participle form",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "ruminate f pl",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruminato"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of ruminato"
],
"id": "en-ruminate-it-verb-Gorf-S5u",
"links": [
[
"ruminato",
"ruminato#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"participle",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūmināte",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "participle form",
"head": "rūmināte"
},
"expansion": "rūmināte",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rūminātus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"vocative masculine singular of rūminātus"
],
"id": "en-ruminate-la-verb-C0paYpBg",
"links": [
[
"rūminātus",
"ruminatus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"masculine",
"participle",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Seko Tengah terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Thinking"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ruminator"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūminātus"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūminātus",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruminor",
"3": "rūminārī",
"4": "to chew the cud, turn over in the mind"
},
"expansion": "rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmen",
"3": "",
"4": "the throat, gullet"
},
"expansion": "rūmen (“the throat, gullet”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1533, \"to turn over in the mind,\" also \"to chew cud\" (1547), from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”), of uncertain origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruminates",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminating",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminated",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminated",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruminate",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruminate (third-person singular simple present ruminates, present participle ruminating, simple past and past participle ruminated)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"old": "1",
"stem": "ruminat"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "rumen"
},
{
"word": "ruminant"
},
{
"word": "rumination"
},
{
"word": "ruminatory"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A camel will ruminate just as a cow will.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To chew cud. (Said of ruminants.) Involves regurgitating partially digested food from the rumen."
],
"links": [
[
"chew",
"chew"
],
[
"cud",
"cud"
],
[
"ruminant",
"ruminant"
],
[
"regurgitating",
"regurgitate"
],
[
"digest",
"digest"
],
[
"rumen",
"rumen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To chew cud. (Said of ruminants.) Involves regurgitating partially digested food from the rumen."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I didn't answer right away because I needed to ruminate first.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2020 April 8, David Clough, “How the West Coast wiring war was won”, in Rail, page 59",
"text": "Meanwhile, the MoT had itself also been ruminating on options for the northern half of the route.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To meditate or reflect."
],
"links": [
[
"meditate",
"meditate"
],
[
"reflect",
"reflect"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To meditate or reflect."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To meditate or ponder over; to muse on."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To meditate or ponder over; to muse on."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹumɪneɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg/En-us-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg/En-au-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "Or Thesaurus:think"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ijtarra",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "اجْتَرَّ"
},
{
"code": "ary",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "jarr",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Moroccan-Arabic"
],
"word": "جر"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oročal",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "որոճալ"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "aroamig"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "pagula",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "পাগুলা"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preživjam, predǎvkvam",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "преживям, предъвквам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "preživjam",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "преживям"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反芻"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "faan² co¹",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反刍"
},
{
"code": "hak",
"lang": "Hakka Chinese",
"roman": "to-chó",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "倒草"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "huan-chháu",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "翻草"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反芻"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fǎnchú",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "反刍"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "přežvykovat"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "drøvtygge"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "tygge drøv"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "herkauwen"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jótra"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "märehtiä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "wiederkäuen"
},
{
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"Alemannic-German"
],
"word": "beibe"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "mirykázo",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "μηρυκάζω"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "kérődzik"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jórtra"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rūmīnō"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "tygge drøv"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "drøvtygge"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "jorte"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ørte"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "žâvidan",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ژاویدن"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ruminar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "kutipakuy"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumega"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ževátʹ žváčku",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "жева́ть жва́чку"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ath-chagainn"
},
{
"code": "sko",
"lang": "Seko Tengah",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "prežúvať"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "prežúvať"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "idissla"
},
{
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Tashelhit",
"roman": "faẓẓ",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ⴼⴰⵥⵥ"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "nemaruvēyu",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "నెమరువేయు"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "remygaty",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ремиґати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "remyhaty",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "ремигати"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "roemyî"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "to chew cud",
"word": "cilgnoi"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "xorhrdacel",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "խորհրդածել"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razmišljavam",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "размишлявам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "přemítat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "hloubat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rozebírat"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "märehtiä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "ruminer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "grübeln"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "skéftomai",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "σκέφτομαι"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "rágódik"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "mereng"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "elmélkedik"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "whakaraupeka"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "tygge på"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "ruminar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "remoer"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "rumega (o idee)"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "cnuasaich"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to meditate",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "rumiar"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rozdumuvaty",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "роздумувати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "rozmirkovuvaty",
"sense": "to meditate",
"word": "розмірковувати"
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 3-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adjectives",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Seko Tengah terms in nonstandard scripts",
"en:Thinking"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūminātus"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūminātus",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ruminor",
"3": "rūminārī",
"4": "to chew the cud, turn over in the mind"
},
"expansion": "rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "rūmen",
"3": "",
"4": "the throat, gullet"
},
"expansion": "rūmen (“the throat, gullet”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "1533, \"to turn over in the mind,\" also \"to chew cud\" (1547), from Latin rūminātus, perfect active participle of rūminārī (“to chew the cud, turn over in the mind”), from rūmen (“the throat, gullet”), of uncertain origin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "ruminate (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "chew the cud"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Botany"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a ruminate endosperm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹumɪneɪt/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg/En-us-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/En-us-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-ruminate.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg/En-au-ruminate.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/En-au-ruminate.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Italian past participle forms",
"Italian verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruminate",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruminare:",
"second-person plural present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"ruminare",
"ruminare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruminare:",
"second-person plural imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"ruminare",
"ruminare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Italian past participle forms"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "past participle form",
"g": "f-p"
},
"expansion": "ruminate f pl",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruminato"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feminine plural of ruminato"
],
"links": [
[
"ruminato",
"ruminato#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"participle",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūmināte",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "participle form",
"head": "rūmināte"
},
"expansion": "rūmināte",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin participle forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rūminātus"
}
],
"glosses": [
"vocative masculine singular of rūminātus"
],
"links": [
[
"rūminātus",
"ruminatus#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"masculine",
"participle",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"word": "ruminate"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.