"không" meaning in Vietnamese

See không in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|adjective|||||||head=|tr=}} không, {{vi-adj}} không
  1. only, without anything else
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adj-ogMTYG-E
  2. empty Synonyms: trống
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adj-Lhz6grA1
  3. (in compounds) air; space; nothing Tags: in-compounds
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adj-GKVq-BEU
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: cảng hàng không (english: airline), chân không (english: barefoot), cho không (english: give away), đang không (english: unexpectedly), hàng không [aviation, aeronautics, aerospace, engineering, business, physical-sciences, natural-sciences], hàng không mẫu hạm (english: aircraft carrier), hàng không vũ trụ [aerospace, engineering, business, physical-sciences, natural-sciences], không ai (english: nobody), không bao giờ (english: never have), không chừng (english: probably), không có chi (english: you're welcome), không dám (english: wouldn't dare), không gian (english: space), không gian tên (namespace), không hề (english: never), không kể xiết (english: innumerable), không khí (english: air), không không (english: frivolous), không kích (english: air strike), không lực (airpower), không lưu (english: air traffic), không ngờ (english: unexpected), không ngừng (english: nonstop), không những (english: not only), không phận (airspace), không quân (english: air force), không quốc gia (english: stateless), không sao (english: no problem), không thể (english: impossible), không thủ (karate), không trung (english: the air), không tưởng (english: unrealistic), lính phòng không (english: air defense soldier), ở không (english: to idle), phải không () (english: is it?), phòng không (english: anti-aircraft), số không (english: zero), thinh không (english: heaven), trống không (english: empty)

Adverb

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|adverb|||head=|tr=}} không, {{vi-adv}} không
  1. Negates the meaning of the stated verb or adjective: not
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adv-uj54ekEq
  2. not at all Synonyms: chẳng
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adv-1ECmOiAl
  3. idly; without doing anything else
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adv-qkPRGREU
  4. (colloquial) at a level that feels like nothing at all Tags: colloquial
    Sense id: en-không-vi-adv-6Pn0NzIS

Conjunction

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|conjunction|head=|tr=}} không, {{vi-conj}} không
  1. or else
    Sense id: en-không-vi-conj-1ZOzvGVY

Interjection

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|interjection|head=|tr=}} không, {{vi-int}} không
  1. (to an affirmative question) no
    Sense id: en-không-vi-intj-k5Apjz-w
  2. (to a negative question) yes
    Sense id: en-không-vi-intj-inmIkP6T

Noun

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|noun|||head=|tr=}} không, {{vi-noun}} không
  1. Clipping of không trung (“the air”). Tags: abbreviation, alt-of, clipping Alternative form of: không trung (extra: the air)
    Sense id: en-không-vi-noun-ZVXbmajV
  2. (Buddhism) the intangible, non-material aspect Categories (topical): Buddhism
    Sense id: en-không-vi-noun-JKjaCk0H Topics: Buddhism, lifestyle, religion
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: sắc sắc không không

Numeral

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|numeral}} không
  1. (cardinal number) zero Tags: cardinal, numeral Categories (topical): Vietnamese cardinal numbers, Zero
    Sense id: en-không-vi-num--RlOc~np Disambiguation of Zero: 8 0 0 4 1 1 9 1 1 0 5 6 43 15 7 Related terms: chả, chẳng, đừng, đâu, nào, đếch [vulgar], đách [vulgar], đéo [vulgar], cóc, ứ, chớ, chứ, nỏ

Particle

IPA: [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Hà-Nội], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] [Huế], [kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon), [xəwŋ͡m˧˧] (note: Saigon) Audio: LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav , Vi-không.oga Forms: khum [alternative]
Etymology: Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry. The grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier "zero" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between "zero" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from "empty, vacant" into the numeral "zero" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong). In the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam. Etymology templates: {{bor|vi|zh|空||empty, nothing, none}} Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”), {{cog|zhx-nan|-}} Southern Min, {{cog|nan-hbl|空|tr=khòng}} Hokkien 空 (khòng), {{sup|3}} ³, {{cog|nan-tws|空|tr=kang³}} Teochew 空 (kang³), {{cog|hnm|空|tr=}} Hainanese 空, {{cog|ko|공}} Korean 공 (gong) Head templates: {{head|vi|particle}} không
  1. Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question
    Sense id: en-không-vi-particle-ESdB9oXB Categories (other): Pages with 2 entries, Pages with entries, Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header, Vietnamese interrogative particles, Vietnamese particles Disambiguation of Pages with 2 entries: 0 4 2 0 0 8 1 1 19 1 1 0 6 10 0 34 14 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 0 3 1 0 0 9 1 1 20 1 1 0 7 10 0 32 16 Disambiguation of Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header: 1 0 0 8 1 1 19 0 0 0 10 14 0 30 15 Disambiguation of Vietnamese interrogative particles: 4 2 2 8 7 3 14 1 1 0 7 14 0 24 13 Disambiguation of Vietnamese particles: 2 0 0 9 2 2 19 1 1 0 6 10 0 31 16
  2. Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no
    Sense id: en-không-vi-particle-uz1iz7Yp
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: có, à, hả, ư

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adverb",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I am not a Vietnamese.",
          "text": "Tôi không phải là người Việt.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Negates the meaning of the stated verb or adjective: not"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adv-uj54ekEq",
      "links": [
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It is not red but actually green.",
          "text": "Màu nó không phải đỏ, mà là xanh.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "not at all"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adv-1ECmOiAl",
      "links": [
        [
          "not at all",
          "not at all"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "chẳng"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Here you have a dime! A cheap fortune-teller is still better than sitting without anything to do.\"",
          "ref": "1936, Vũ Trọng Phụng, chapter 1, in Số đỏ, Hà Nội báo:",
          "text": "– Một hào đấy! Bói rẻ còn hơn ngồi không.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "idly; without doing anything else"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adv-qkPRGREU",
      "links": [
        [
          "idly",
          "idly"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It was a piece of cake, but you just can't even get it done.",
          "text": "Việc dễ không mà cũng không làm được.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "at a level that feels like nothing at all"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adv-6Pn0NzIS",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(colloquial) at a level that feels like nothing at all"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "colloquial"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adjective",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "6": "",
        "7": "",
        "8": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adj",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "airline",
      "word": "cảng hàng không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "barefoot",
      "word": "chân không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "give away",
      "word": "cho không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "unexpectedly",
      "word": "đang không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "aviation",
        "aeronautics",
        "aerospace",
        "engineering",
        "business",
        "physical-sciences",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "word": "hàng không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "aircraft carrier",
      "word": "hàng không mẫu hạm"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "topics": [
        "aerospace",
        "engineering",
        "business",
        "physical-sciences",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "word": "hàng không vũ trụ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "nobody",
      "word": "không ai"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "never have",
      "word": "không bao giờ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "probably",
      "word": "không chừng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "you're welcome",
      "word": "không có chi"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "wouldn't dare",
      "word": "không dám"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "space",
      "word": "không gian"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "namespace",
      "word": "không gian tên"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "never",
      "word": "không hề"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "innumerable",
      "word": "không kể xiết"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "air",
      "word": "không khí"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "frivolous",
      "word": "không không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "air strike",
      "word": "không kích"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "airpower",
      "word": "không lực"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "air traffic",
      "word": "không lưu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "unexpected",
      "word": "không ngờ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "nonstop",
      "word": "không ngừng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "not only",
      "word": "không những"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "airspace",
      "word": "không phận"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "air force",
      "word": "không quân"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "stateless",
      "word": "không quốc gia"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "no problem",
      "word": "không sao"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "impossible",
      "word": "không thể"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "roman": "karate",
      "word": "không thủ"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "the air",
      "word": "không trung"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "unrealistic",
      "word": "không tưởng"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "air defense soldier",
      "word": "lính phòng không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "to idle",
      "word": "ở không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "is it?",
      "word": "phải không ()"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "anti-aircraft",
      "word": "phòng không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "zero",
      "word": "số không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "heaven",
      "word": "thinh không"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "english": "empty",
      "word": "trống không"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "only rice",
          "text": "cơm không",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "only, without anything else"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adj-ogMTYG-E",
      "links": [
        [
          "only",
          "only"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "vườn không nhà trống",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "empty"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adj-Lhz6grA1",
      "links": [
        [
          "empty",
          "empty"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "trống"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "air; space; nothing"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-adj-GKVq-BEU",
      "links": [
        [
          "air",
          "air"
        ],
        [
          "space",
          "space"
        ],
        [
          "nothing",
          "nothing"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(in compounds) air; space; nothing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "in-compounds"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "sắc sắc không không"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "noun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "the air",
          "word": "không trung"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "freely flying midair.",
          "text": "nhào lộn trên không",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Clipping of không trung (“the air”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-noun-ZVXbmajV",
      "links": [
        [
          "không trung",
          "không trung#Vietnamese"
        ],
        [
          "air",
          "air"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of",
        "clipping"
      ]
    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "sắc"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Buddhism",
          "orig": "vi:Buddhism",
          "parents": [
            "Religion",
            "Culture",
            "Society",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the intangible, non-material aspect"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-noun-JKjaCk0H",
      "links": [
        [
          "Buddhism",
          "Buddhism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Buddhism) the intangible, non-material aspect"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "Buddhism",
        "lifestyle",
        "religion"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "interjection",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-int"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "intj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "no"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-intj-k5Apjz-w",
      "links": [
        [
          "no",
          "no"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "to an affirmative question",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(to an affirmative question) no"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "yes"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-intj-inmIkP6T",
      "links": [
        [
          "yes",
          "yes"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "to a negative question",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(to a negative question) yes"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "conjunction",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You'll catch a cold unless you put these clothes on.",
          "text": "Mặc áo vào đi, không là ốm đấy.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "or else"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-conj-1ZOzvGVY",
      "links": [
        [
          "or else",
          "or else"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "có"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "à"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "hả"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "ư"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 4 2 0 0 8 1 1 19 1 1 0 6 10 0 34 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 2 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 3 1 0 0 9 1 1 20 1 1 0 7 10 0 32 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "1 0 0 8 1 1 19 0 0 0 10 14 0 30 15",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "4 2 2 8 7 3 14 1 1 0 7 14 0 24 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
          "parents": [
            "Interrogative particles",
            "Interrogative pro-forms",
            "Particles",
            "Pro-forms",
            "Lemmas",
            "Terms by semantic function"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 0 0 9 2 2 19 1 1 0 6 10 0 31 16",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Vietnamese particles",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He is running, isn't he?",
          "text": "Anh ấy đang chạy đúng/phải không?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "You haven't done anything, have you?",
          "text": "Bạn chưa làm phải không?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Anybody home?",
          "text": "Có ai ở nhà không (ạ)?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is that true?",
          "text": "Đúng không?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-particle-ESdB9oXB"
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Are you British? No, I'm not.",
          "text": "Bạn có phải là người Anh không? Không, tôi không/chả phải (là người Anh).",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-particle-uz1iz7Yp",
      "links": [
        [
          "no",
          "no"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "numeral"
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "num",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "name": "Vietnamese cardinal numbers",
          "parents": [
            "Cardinal numbers",
            "Numbers",
            "All topics",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 0 0 4 1 1 9 1 1 0 5 6 43 15 7",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "vi",
          "name": "Zero",
          "orig": "vi:Zero",
          "parents": [
            "Numbers",
            "All topics",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "two thousand and one (literally, “two thousand zero hundred zero one”)",
          "text": "hai nghìn không trăm lẻ một",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "zero"
      ],
      "id": "en-không-vi-num--RlOc~np",
      "links": [
        [
          "cardinal number",
          "cardinal number"
        ],
        [
          "zero",
          "zero"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cardinal number) zero"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "chả"
        },
        {
          "word": "chẳng"
        },
        {
          "word": "đừng"
        },
        {
          "word": "đâu"
        },
        {
          "word": "nào"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "vulgar"
          ],
          "word": "đếch"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "vulgar"
          ],
          "word": "đách"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "vulgar"
          ],
          "word": "đéo"
        },
        {
          "word": "cóc"
        },
        {
          "word": "ứ"
        },
        {
          "word": "chớ"
        },
        {
          "word": "chứ"
        },
        {
          "word": "nỏ"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "cardinal",
        "numeral"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese adverbs",
    "Vietnamese conjunctions",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese interjections",
    "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with usage examples",
    "vi:Zero"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "adverb",
        "3": "",
        "4": "",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-adv"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "I am not a Vietnamese.",
          "text": "Tôi không phải là người Việt.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Negates the meaning of the stated verb or adjective: not"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "not",
          "not"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It is not red but actually green.",
          "text": "Màu nó không phải đỏ, mà là xanh.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "not at all"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "not at all",
          "not at all"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "chẳng"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "\"Here you have a dime! A cheap fortune-teller is still better than sitting without anything to do.\"",
          "ref": "1936, Vũ Trọng Phụng, chapter 1, in Số đỏ, Hà Nội báo:",
          "text": "– Một hào đấy! Bói rẻ còn hơn ngồi không.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "idly; without doing anything else"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "idly",
          "idly"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese colloquialisms",
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "It was a piece of cake, but you just can't even get it done.",
          "text": "Việc dễ không mà cũng không làm được.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "at a level that feels like nothing at all"
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(colloquial) at a level that feels like nothing at all"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "colloquial"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
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    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
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    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "categories": [
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    "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with usage examples",
    "vi:Zero"
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  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
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      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
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    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
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      "args": {
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      "args": {},
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  "lang_code": "vi",
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      "english": "airline",
      "word": "cảng hàng không"
    },
    {
      "english": "barefoot",
      "word": "chân không"
    },
    {
      "english": "give away",
      "word": "cho không"
    },
    {
      "english": "unexpectedly",
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    },
    {
      "topics": [
        "aviation",
        "aeronautics",
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        "natural-sciences"
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      "english": "aircraft carrier",
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    {
      "topics": [
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        "business",
        "physical-sciences",
        "natural-sciences"
      ],
      "word": "hàng không vũ trụ"
    },
    {
      "english": "nobody",
      "word": "không ai"
    },
    {
      "english": "never have",
      "word": "không bao giờ"
    },
    {
      "english": "probably",
      "word": "không chừng"
    },
    {
      "english": "you're welcome",
      "word": "không có chi"
    },
    {
      "english": "wouldn't dare",
      "word": "không dám"
    },
    {
      "english": "space",
      "word": "không gian"
    },
    {
      "roman": "namespace",
      "word": "không gian tên"
    },
    {
      "english": "never",
      "word": "không hề"
    },
    {
      "english": "innumerable",
      "word": "không kể xiết"
    },
    {
      "english": "air",
      "word": "không khí"
    },
    {
      "english": "frivolous",
      "word": "không không"
    },
    {
      "english": "air strike",
      "word": "không kích"
    },
    {
      "roman": "airpower",
      "word": "không lực"
    },
    {
      "english": "air traffic",
      "word": "không lưu"
    },
    {
      "english": "unexpected",
      "word": "không ngờ"
    },
    {
      "english": "nonstop",
      "word": "không ngừng"
    },
    {
      "english": "not only",
      "word": "không những"
    },
    {
      "roman": "airspace",
      "word": "không phận"
    },
    {
      "english": "air force",
      "word": "không quân"
    },
    {
      "english": "stateless",
      "word": "không quốc gia"
    },
    {
      "english": "no problem",
      "word": "không sao"
    },
    {
      "english": "impossible",
      "word": "không thể"
    },
    {
      "roman": "karate",
      "word": "không thủ"
    },
    {
      "english": "the air",
      "word": "không trung"
    },
    {
      "english": "unrealistic",
      "word": "không tưởng"
    },
    {
      "english": "air defense soldier",
      "word": "lính phòng không"
    },
    {
      "english": "to idle",
      "word": "ở không"
    },
    {
      "english": "is it?",
      "word": "phải không ()"
    },
    {
      "english": "anti-aircraft",
      "word": "phòng không"
    },
    {
      "english": "zero",
      "word": "số không"
    },
    {
      "english": "heaven",
      "word": "thinh không"
    },
    {
      "english": "empty",
      "word": "trống không"
    }
  ],
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    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "only rice",
          "text": "cơm không",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "only, without anything else"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "only",
          "only"
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      ]
    },
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      "categories": [
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        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
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          "type": "example"
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      "glosses": [
        "empty"
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        [
          "empty",
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        {
          "word": "trống"
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        "air; space; nothing"
      ],
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        [
          "air",
          "air"
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        [
          "space",
          "space"
        ],
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          "nothing",
          "nothing"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(in compounds) air; space; nothing"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "in-compounds"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
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      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
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      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
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      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
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  "word": "không"
}

{
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    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
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  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "sắc sắc không không"
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        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
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        "4": "",
        "head": "",
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      "name": "head"
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      "args": {},
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        {
          "extra": "the air",
          "word": "không trung"
        }
      ],
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        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "freely flying midair.",
          "text": "nhào lộn trên không",
          "type": "example"
        }
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          "không trung#Vietnamese"
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          "air",
          "air"
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        "alt-of",
        "clipping"
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    },
    {
      "antonyms": [
        {
          "word": "sắc"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "vi:Buddhism"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the intangible, non-material aspect"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Buddhism",
          "Buddhism"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Buddhism) the intangible, non-material aspect"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "Buddhism",
        "lifestyle",
        "religion"
      ]
    }
  ],
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    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
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    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
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    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
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  ],
  "word": "không"
}

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        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
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        "2": "interjection",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-int"
    }
  ],
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  "pos": "intj",
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        "no"
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      "links": [
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          "no"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "to an affirmative question",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(to an affirmative question) no"
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    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "yes"
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      "links": [
        [
          "yes",
          "yes"
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      ],
      "qualifier": "to a negative question",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(to a negative question) yes"
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  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
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    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese adverbs",
    "Vietnamese conjunctions",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese interjections",
    "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with usage examples",
    "vi:Zero"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "conjunction",
        "head": "",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "vi-conj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "You'll catch a cold unless you put these clothes on.",
          "text": "Mặc áo vào đi, không là ốm đấy.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "or else"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "or else",
          "or else"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese adverbs",
    "Vietnamese conjunctions",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese interjections",
    "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with usage examples",
    "vi:Zero"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "particle"
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "particle",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "có"
    },
    {
      "word": "à"
    },
    {
      "word": "hả"
    },
    {
      "word": "ư"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He is running, isn't he?",
          "text": "Anh ấy đang chạy đúng/phải không?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "You haven't done anything, have you?",
          "text": "Bạn chưa làm phải không?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Anybody home?",
          "text": "Có ai ở nhà không (ạ)?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Is that true?",
          "text": "Đúng không?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form polar questions, placed at the end of a question"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Are you British? No, I'm not.",
          "text": "Bạn có phải là người Anh không? Không, tôi không/chả phải (là người Anh).",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used as an answer of refutation to a polar question: no"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "no",
          "no"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 2 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Vietnamese adjectives",
    "Vietnamese adverbs",
    "Vietnamese conjunctions",
    "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
    "Vietnamese interjections",
    "Vietnamese interrogative particles",
    "Vietnamese lemmas",
    "Vietnamese nouns",
    "Vietnamese numerals",
    "Vietnamese particles",
    "Vietnamese terms borrowed from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms derived from Chinese",
    "Vietnamese terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Vietnamese terms with usage examples",
    "vi:Zero"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "zh",
        "3": "空",
        "4": "",
        "5": "empty, nothing, none"
      },
      "expansion": "Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”)",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zhx-nan",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Southern Min",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-hbl",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "khòng"
      },
      "expansion": "Hokkien 空 (khòng)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³",
      "name": "sup"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nan-tws",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": "kang³"
      },
      "expansion": "Teochew 空 (kang³)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "hnm",
        "2": "空",
        "tr": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Hainanese 空",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ko",
        "2": "공"
      },
      "expansion": "Korean 공 (gong)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Chinese 空 (“empty, nothing, none”). This is now the main negator in Vietnamese and, in formal writing, virtually the only negator; however, see the list of other negators at the end of the entry.\nThe grammaticalization of không into a negative particle began in the 17th century and coincided with the numerous arrivals of Western businessmen in Vietnam. Because the quantifier \"zero\" is often used in the context of business, a relationship between \"zero\" and the verbal particle không was established. The development from \"empty, vacant\" into the numeral \"zero\" can also been seen in many Southern Min varieties, such as Hokkien 空 (khòng), Teochew 空 (kang³), Hainanese 空, as well as Korean 공 (gong).\nIn the beginning of the 20th century, không replaced the original chief negator chẳng of native Vietnamese origin, coinciding with the establishment of French colonial rule over Vietnam.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "khum",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "vi",
        "2": "numeral"
      },
      "expansion": "không",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Vietnamese",
  "lang_code": "vi",
  "pos": "num",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "chả"
    },
    {
      "word": "chẳng"
    },
    {
      "word": "đừng"
    },
    {
      "word": "đâu"
    },
    {
      "word": "nào"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "vulgar"
      ],
      "word": "đếch"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "vulgar"
      ],
      "word": "đách"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "vulgar"
      ],
      "word": "đéo"
    },
    {
      "word": "cóc"
    },
    {
      "word": "ứ"
    },
    {
      "word": "chớ"
    },
    {
      "word": "chứ"
    },
    {
      "word": "nỏ"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Vietnamese cardinal numbers",
        "Vietnamese terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "two thousand and one (literally, “two thousand zero hundred zero one”)",
          "text": "hai nghìn không trăm lẻ một",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "zero"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cardinal number",
          "cardinal number"
        ],
        [
          "zero",
          "zero"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(cardinal number) zero"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "cardinal",
        "numeral"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Hà-Nội"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "tags": [
        "Huế"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[kʰəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[xəwŋ͡m˧˧]",
      "note": "Saigon"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-không.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-kh%C3%B4ng.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Vi-không.oga",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vi-kh%C3%B4ng.oga"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ̍]"
    }
  ],
  "word": "không"
}

Download raw JSONL data for không meaning in Vietnamese (30.4kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Vietnamese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.