See proto- in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "prot-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Proto-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 22 4 26 12 3 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
48
]
],
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-sPSj6WIr",
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "39 13 2 0 15 7 5 7 13",
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 22 4 26 12 3 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 20 9 15 22 4 3 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 8 17 24 3 4 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 9 14 21 4 3 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 8 18 24 4 4 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 14 6 24 24 5 4 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 22 23 3 4 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 10 16 23 4 3 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 9 19 20 4 3 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 19 10 16 22 4 3 14 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Original, older."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-S~E7ZRrC",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "3 89 1 0 3 1 0 1 2",
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First in order; which stage is first."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Ak3-wO3R",
"links": [
[
"ordinal number",
"ordinal number"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "36 0 64 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"numeral",
"ordinal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 22 4 26 12 3 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 20 9 15 22 4 3 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 8 17 24 3 4 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 9 14 21 4 3 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 8 18 24 4 4 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 14 6 24 24 5 4 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 22 23 3 4 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 10 16 23 4 3 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 9 19 20 4 3 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 19 10 16 22 4 3 14 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-1MYBYqWY",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Genetics",
"orig": "en:Genetics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 10 15 24 6 7 13 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 2 23 33 2 3 13 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 22 4 26 12 3 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 12 8 18 27 6 6 11 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 8 19 26 5 6 11 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 20 9 15 22 4 3 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 8 17 24 3 4 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 16 9 18 25 4 4 12 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 9 14 21 4 3 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 8 18 24 4 4 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 16 30 3 3 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 14 6 24 24 5 4 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 22 23 3 4 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 8 16 28 3 3 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 12 8 13 26 5 3 13 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 11 17 24 5 4 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hokkien translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 15 7 13 23 6 6 14 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 10 16 23 4 3 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 12 8 13 23 5 6 14 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 17 24 5 4 14 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 9 19 20 4 3 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 6 22 29 3 3 11 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 19 10 16 22 4 3 14 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 10 17 23 4 3 17 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
71,
76
]
],
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-NIklo9M2",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 13 2 13 59 2 2 2 3",
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "vaġnǰa-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "վաղնջա-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "ādim",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "आदिम"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 3 2 2 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"orig": "en:Inorganic chemistry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-mPxbLKw1",
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "6 3 7 1 10 42 7 12 11",
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Aj-fw8HY",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 22 4 26 12 3 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 20 9 15 22 4 3 16 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 8 17 24 3 4 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 19 9 14 21 4 3 20 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 8 18 24 4 4 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 14 6 24 24 5 4 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 15 8 22 23 3 4 13 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 10 16 23 4 3 13 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 18 9 19 20 4 3 15 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 19 10 16 22 4 3 14 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "deutero-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "deuter-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "trito-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "trit-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "tetarto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "tetart-"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "eteo-"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protosymbolism"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protophysics"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "proto-calcium; proto-magnesium",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A proto-metal."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-jlhwQ3hX",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proto-metal",
"proto-metal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry, obsolete) A proto-metal."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 13 10 5 12 7 2 34 13",
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 19 29 52 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "en:Anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-AgPX4HKZ",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-proto-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English learned borrowings from Ancient Greek",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hokkien translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "deutero-"
},
{
"word": "deuter-"
},
{
"word": "trito-"
},
{
"word": "trit-"
},
{
"word": "tetarto-"
},
{
"word": "tetart-"
},
{
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "eteo-"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolism"
},
{
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"word": "protophysics"
},
{
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "prot-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Proto-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
42,
48
]
],
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Original, older."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First in order; which stage is first."
],
"links": [
[
"ordinal number",
"ordinal number"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"numeral",
"ordinal"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Genetics",
"en:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
71,
76
]
],
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Inorganic chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "proto-calcium; proto-magnesium",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A proto-metal."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proto-metal",
"proto-metal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry, obsolete) A proto-metal."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Anatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-proto-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
},
{
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
},
{
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
},
{
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
},
{
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "vaġnǰa-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "վաղնջա-"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "ādim",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "आदिम"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for proto- meaning in English (10.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": Goân-sí vs. zh-min-nan",
"path": [
"proto-"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "proto-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (92124b4 and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.