See proto- on Wiktionary
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "deutero-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "deuter-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "trito-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "trit-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "tetarto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "tetart-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "eteo-"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protosymbolism"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protophysics"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-sPSj6WIr",
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "42 15 2 0 14 7 5 14",
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 18 27 4 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 17 7 25 28 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 10 23 27 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 17 27 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 20 10 20 25 5 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Original, older."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-S~E7ZRrC",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "3 90 1 0 3 1 0 1",
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 17 27 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First in order; which stage is first."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Ak3-wO3R",
"links": [
[
"ordinal number",
"ordinal number"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "36 0 64 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"numeral",
"ordinal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 18 27 4 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 17 7 25 28 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 10 23 27 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 17 27 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 20 10 20 25 5 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-1MYBYqWY",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Genetics",
"orig": "en:Genetics",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 16 10 18 27 6 7 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 21 4 25 37 3 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 9 20 30 6 7 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 8 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 17 9 20 30 5 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 18 27 4 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bengali translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 10 19 28 4 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 19 9 15 27 6 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 22 10 20 28 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 10 18 33 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 17 7 25 28 5 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 10 23 27 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 21 9 17 32 4 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 12 19 28 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hokkien translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 9 15 27 7 7 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 22 10 17 27 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 10 15 27 7 6 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 17 9 18 27 6 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 20 10 20 25 5 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 20 7 23 32 3 4 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 21 11 18 27 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 18 11 19 28 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-NIklo9M2",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "5 13 3 14 56 2 3 3",
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 72 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"orig": "en:Inorganic chemistry",
"parents": [
"Chemistry",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-mPxbLKw1",
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "6 4 8 0 12 48 9 13",
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Aj-fw8HY",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-AgPX4HKZ",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 22 17 0 20 11 4 19",
"english": "proper names of protolanguages and their associated people",
"word": "Proto-"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 48 52 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρῶτος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)",
"name": "der"
}
],
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"proto-",
"proto-#English"
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}
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],
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"proto-#English"
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"2": "grc",
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"proto-",
"#English"
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{
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"1": "derived terms",
"2": "Derived"
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{
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"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
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"pos": "",
"sc": "",
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"ts": ""
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"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
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"expansion": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der+"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "prefix"
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"expansion": "proto-",
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"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-proto--pl-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
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"chemistry"
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[
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"proto-#English"
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"(chemistry) proto-"
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{
"word": "pra-"
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"tags": [
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{
"ipa": "/ˈprɔ.tɔ/"
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{
"rhymes": "-ɔtɔ"
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],
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}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
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"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
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{
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"1": "pt",
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"id": "en-proto--pt-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
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"proto-",
"proto-#English"
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],
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]
}
],
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{
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"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
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}
],
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"proto-",
"proto-#English"
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}
],
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{
"etymology_templates": [
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"3": "πρωτο-"
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],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
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{
"args": {
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}
],
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{
"categories": [
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"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
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"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
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"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hokkien translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
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"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "deutero-"
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{
"word": "deuter-"
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{
"word": "trito-"
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{
"word": "trit-"
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{
"word": "tetarto-"
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{
"word": "tetart-"
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{
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
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"word": "eteo-"
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"derived": [
{
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolism"
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{
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"word": "protophysics"
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{
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
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{
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"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
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{
"args": {
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
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{
"categories": [
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{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
"text": "In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Original, older."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First in order; which stage is first."
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"links": [
[
"ordinal number",
"ordinal number"
]
],
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"(ordinal number) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"tags": [
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"numeral",
"ordinal"
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},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
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],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Genetics",
"en:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
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},
{
"categories": [
"en:Inorganic chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
},
{
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
},
{
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
},
{
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
},
{
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
},
{
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"english": "proper names of protolanguages and their associated people",
"word": "Proto-"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρῶτος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "fr-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French prefixes",
"French terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian prefixes",
"Italian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "lv-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian prefixes",
"Latvian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"proto- (initial, first, original)"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "derived terms",
"2": "Derived"
},
"expansion": "Derived",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pro‧to"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "pra-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish prefixes",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔtɔ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔtɔ/2 syllables",
"pl:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "proto- + -liza → protoliza",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈprɔ.tɔ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔtɔ"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese prefixes",
"Portuguese terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian prefixes",
"Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish prefixes",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"Spanish terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for proto- meaning in All languages combined (15.3kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": Goân-sí vs. zh-min-nan",
"path": [
"proto-"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "proto-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.