See proto- on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for proto- meaning in All languages combined (19.7kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρῶτος",
"t": "first"
},
"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
"text": "In many ways, both good and bad, he was a proto-Justin Bieber—a teenage dream to be bought and sold, with what would turn out to be very little regard for his own humanity.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-sPSj6WIr",
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "43 15 2 0 14 7 5 14",
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Original, older."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-S~E7ZRrC",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "4 90 1 0 3 1 0 1",
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First in order; which stage is first."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Ak3-wO3R",
"raw_glosses": [
"(ordinal) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "36 0 64 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"ordinal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
}
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-1MYBYqWY",
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Genetics",
"orig": "en:Genetics",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 16 11 17 27 6 7 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "deutero-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "deuter-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "trito-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "trit-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "tetarto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"word": "tetart-"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 18 12 18 27 4 6 5",
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "eteo-"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protosymbolism"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protophysics"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-NIklo9M2",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "5 9 4 8 61 3 3 5",
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 18 12 18 26 4 6 5",
"english": "proper names of protolanguages and their associated people",
"word": "Proto-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 1 0 71 4 2 15",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Inorganic chemistry",
"orig": "en:Inorganic chemistry",
"parents": [
"Chemistry",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-mPxbLKw1",
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "9 4 7 0 12 47 9 13",
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-Aj-fw8HY",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"id": "en-proto--en-prefix-AgPX4HKZ",
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 48 52 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρῶτος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "fr-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-proto--fr-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρῶτος",
"3": "",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-proto--it-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρῶτος",
"3": "",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "lv-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto- (initial, first, original)"
],
"id": "en-proto--lv-prefix-3ptNhSJ-",
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "derived terms",
"2": "Derived"
},
"expansion": "Derived",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pro‧to"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prefix",
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "pl",
"name": "Chemistry",
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"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
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{
"text": "proto- + -liza → protoliza",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-proto--pl-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) proto-"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "pra-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈprɔ.tɔ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔtɔ"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
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"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
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"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
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"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos)",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "πρό"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
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{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
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{
"kind": "other",
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"proto-"
],
"id": "en-proto--pt-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
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[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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{
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{
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"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
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{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
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"expansion": "πρό (pró)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
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{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
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"id": "en-proto--ro-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
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"proto-",
"proto-#English"
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]
}
],
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{
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{
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"2": "Borrowed"
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"expansion": "Borrowed",
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{
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"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "grc",
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{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "πρό",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
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{
"args": {
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"id": "en-proto--es-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
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"proto-",
"proto-#English"
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"tags": [
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}
],
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{
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"English learned borrowings from Ancient Greek",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
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{
"word": "deutero-"
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{
"word": "deuter-"
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{
"word": "trito-"
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{
"word": "trit-"
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{
"word": "tetarto-"
},
{
"word": "tetart-"
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{
"topics": [
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "eteo-"
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],
"derived": [
{
"word": "protocarbonate"
},
{
"word": "protosymbol"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolic"
},
{
"word": "protosymbolism"
},
{
"word": "protoethics"
},
{
"word": "protophysics"
},
{
"word": "protoplasm"
},
{
"word": "prototype"
},
{
"word": "protoindustrial"
},
{
"word": "protozoon"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Baltic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Celtic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Czech"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Greek"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Aryan"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-Iranian"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Italic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Kiranti"
},
{
"word": "proto-language"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Norse"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Oceanic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Pontic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Semitic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Slavic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Turkic"
},
{
"word": "Proto-Uralic"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "πρῶτος",
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{
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"2": "πρό",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combination form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"head": "",
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{
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],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
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{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
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{
"text": "protophysics, protometal, protoword"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 6, Emma Garland, “Aaron Carter was the millennium’s bubblegum bad boy – and the victim of a rapacious music industry”, in The Guardian, →ISSN",
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"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An early, primitive stage of development."
],
"links": [
[
"early",
"early"
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],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protograph, protolacteal, prototype, protoplasm"
}
],
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"Original, older."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protogynous, protandrous"
}
],
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"First in order; which stage is first."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ordinal) First in order; which stage is first."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"ordinal"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoderm, protocneme"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Primary."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Genetics",
"en:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "All Indo-European languages from Albanian to Zazaki are descended from Proto-Indo-European.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"genetics",
"genetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics, genetics) Most recent common ancestor (often hypothetical) of."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"genetics",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Inorganic chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protoxide, protosulfide, protiodide"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"links": [
[
"inorganic chemistry",
"inorganic chemistry"
],
[
"protosalt",
"protosalt#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(inorganic chemistry) A minimal proportion of a particular substance when in a combination. See protosalt."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"inorganic-chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "protophilic, protolysis"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proton",
"proton"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Relating to protons and/or positive charge."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "prototroch, protoconid, protoconule"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Anterior."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy) Anterior."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊ.təʊ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/pɹoʊ.toʊ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[pɹoʊ.ɾoʊ]",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "primitive",
"word": "atelo-"
},
{
"sense": "original",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"sense": "first stage",
"word": "eka-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "arch-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archi-"
},
{
"sense": "primary",
"word": "archo-"
},
{
"sense": "common ancestor",
"word": "cen-"
},
{
"sense": "minimal",
"word": "meio-"
},
{
"tags": [
"anterior"
],
"word": "antero-"
},
{
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"physical-sciences",
"natural-sciences"
],
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"english": "proper names of protolanguages and their associated people",
"word": "Proto-"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yuán-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "原-"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ensi-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "first",
"word": "purba-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "proto-",
"sense": "first",
"word": "прото-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "protno-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "প্রত্ন-"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "jyun⁴ ci²",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"roman": "zh-min-nan",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "Yuánshǐ",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "原始"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "pra-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "kanta-"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ős-"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "alap-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "prot-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pra-",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "пра-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ur-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "proto-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ana-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "(linguistics) ancestor of a family of languages",
"word": "ön-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "chemistry",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
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"3": "πρῶτος"
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],
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}
],
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{
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"4": "before"
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"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
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{
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[
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"proto-#English"
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}
],
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{
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{
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"4": "before"
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"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
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],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
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"Latvian prefixes",
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"links": [
[
"proto-",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "derived terms",
"2": "Derived"
},
"expansion": "Derived",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pro‧to"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "pra-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish prefixes",
"Polish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔtɔ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɔtɔ/2 syllables",
"pl:Chemistry"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "proto- + -liza → protoliza",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈprɔ.tɔ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔtɔ"
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
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"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese prefixes",
"Portuguese terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos)",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos) \"first\", superlative of πρό (pró) \"before\".",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian prefixes",
"Romanian terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "grc",
"3": "πρωτο-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρῶτος",
"3": "",
"4": "first"
},
"expansion": "πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρό",
"3": "",
"4": "before"
},
"expansion": "πρό (pró, “before”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Ancient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-), combining form of πρῶτος (prôtos, “first”), superlative of πρό (pró, “before”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "proto-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish prefixes",
"Spanish terms borrowed from Ancient Greek",
"Spanish terms derived from Ancient Greek"
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "proto-"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": Goân-sí vs. zh-min-nan",
"path": [
"proto-"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "proto-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.