See pra- on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "before (in time)",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "before (in time)"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”), from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dědeček → pradědeček (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + babička → prababička (“great-grandmother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"id": "en-pra--cs-prefix-Z6QjCW1h",
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + otec → praotec (“forefather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + máti → pramáti (“foremother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fore- (ancestor)"
],
"id": "en-pra--cs-prefix-IJGlBzHK",
"links": [
[
"fore-",
"fore-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "0 1 13 1 1 0 0 0 24 29 0 2 1 7 10 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + les → prales (“primaeval forest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + člověk → pračlověk (“primaeval man”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + hmota → prahmota (“primary matter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"primaeval, primary"
],
"id": "en-pra--cs-prefix-k1~Q7kls",
"links": [
[
"primaeval",
"primaeval"
],
[
"primary",
"primary"
]
],
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"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "cs",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "cs:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + čeština → pračeština (“Proto-Czech”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + slovanština → praslovanština (“Proto-Slavic”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-pra--cs-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + podivný → prapodivný (“very strange”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + malý → pramalý (“extremely small”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"very, extremely (intensifying the meaning of the original adjective)"
],
"id": "en-pra--cs-prefix-iiU9~iUe",
"links": [
[
"very",
"very"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 1 1 0 98",
"sense": "very",
"word": "prach-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"cs:Český etymologický slovník"
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "ancient",
"word": "praa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "ancestor",
"word": "praulo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "ru",
"3": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Russian пра- (pra-)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "pl",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Polish pra-",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian пра- (pra-) and Polish pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
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],
"hyphenation": [
"pra"
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
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{
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"_dis": "69 31 0",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + arbaro (“forest”) → praarbaro (“primordial forest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + besto (“animal”) → prabesto (“prehistoric animal”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + homo (“human being”) → prahomo (“primitive man”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric"
],
"id": "en-pra--eo-prefix-ooG28~Hk",
"links": [
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
],
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
],
[
"primordial",
"primordial"
],
[
"prehistoric",
"prehistoric"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + patroj (“fathers”) → prapatroj (“forefathers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + ulo (“person”) → praulo (“ancestor”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fore-"
],
"id": "en-pra--eo-prefix-1wbJhY38",
"links": [
[
"fore-",
"fore-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + avo (“grandfather”) → praavo (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + onklino (“aunt”) → praonklino (“great-aunt”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + nepo (“grandson”) → pranepo (“great-grandson”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great-"
],
"id": "en-pra--eo-prefix-wJJwPb78",
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra]"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "kaw",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "inc-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-, from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"head_templates": [
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"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "prefix",
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"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
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{
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},
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"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 6 1 1 0 0 0 32 38 0 2 1 4 5 5 0 1 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 27 33 0 2 1 6 7 6 1 1 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 1 13 1 1 0 0 0 24 29 0 2 1 7 10 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "preschool",
"text": "prasekolah",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prehistory",
"text": "prasejarah",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "preface",
"text": "prakata",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand."
],
"id": "en-pra--id-prefix-fme-Vs3t",
"links": [
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ประ"
},
"expansion": "Thai ประ (bprà)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "kaw",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Old Javanese pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "inc-pro",
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},
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},
{
"args": {
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},
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},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "prae-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin prae-",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are two theories as to whence the prefix came:\n* From pera- from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-) (either via Thai ประ (bprà) or Old Javanese pra-) from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-; later callibration of spelling in post-independent Malayan and Malaysian standard with Indonesian counterpart which directly borrowed from modern Javanese ꦥꦿ- (pra-)\n* Learned borrowing from Latin prae-.\nOlder Sanskrit loans like perdana (from प्रधान pradhāna) and perkara (from प्रकार prakāra) are more likely to suffix with per-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤرا -",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤرا -"
},
"expansion": "pra- (Jawi spelling ڤرا -)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pra-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "pasca-"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"name": "Pages using catfix",
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"source": "w"
},
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 6 1 1 0 0 0 32 38 0 2 1 4 5 5 0 1 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 1 1 1 0 0 27 33 0 2 1 6 7 6 1 1 1 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 1 13 1 1 0 0 0 24 29 0 2 1 7 10 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "preschool",
"text": "prasekolah",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Before; earlier in time; beforehand; pre-."
],
"id": "en-pra--ms-prefix-ms:beforehand",
"links": [
[
"beforehand",
"beforehand"
],
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ms:beforehand"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra-]"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pra-",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "pra-",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: pra- (learned)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "inc-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "par-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"lang_code": "kaw",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a part of."
],
"id": "en-pra--kaw-prefix-MM5XWUp6",
"links": [
[
"part",
"part"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"lang_code": "kaw",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "para-"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of para-"
],
"id": "en-pra--kaw-prefix-5VG-0rQE",
"links": [
[
"para-",
"para-#Old_Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + porządek → praporządek (“preorder”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + język → prajęzyk (“proto-language”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + stary → prastary (“ancient”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-, pre-, ur-"
],
"id": "en-pra--pl-prefix-x4dMIvMv",
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
],
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
],
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dziadek → pradziadek (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + babcia → prababcia (“great-grandmother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"prepended to ancestors before grandparents; great-"
],
"id": "en-pra--pl-prefix-LArXg7wG",
"links": [
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor#English"
],
[
"grandparents",
"grandparents#English"
],
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "18 34 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 39 54",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + wnuk → prawnuk (“great-grandson”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + wnuczka → prawnuczka (“great-granddaughter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"prepended to descendants after grandchildren"
],
"id": "en-pra--pl-prefix-p6FGQYSX",
"links": [
[
"descendant",
"descendant#English"
],
[
"grandchildren",
"grandchildren#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 43 57",
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pra/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "пра-",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Cyrillic spelling",
"4": "пра-",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "pra- (Cyrillic spelling пра-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dȅda → pradeda",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + bȁba → pràbaba",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"appended to ancestors before grandparents"
],
"id": "en-pra--sh-prefix-7jBQTUEo",
"links": [
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor#English"
],
[
"grandparents",
"grandparents#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"word": "šukun-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"word": "čukun-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + postojbina → prapostojbina (“urheimat”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + ìstōrija → praistorija (“prehistory”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric"
],
"id": "en-pra--sh-prefix-ooG28~Hk",
"links": [
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
],
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
],
[
"primordial",
"primordial"
],
[
"prehistoric",
"prehistoric"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + ded → praded",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"id": "en-pra--sk-prefix-Z6QjCW1h",
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "sk",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "sk:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + slovanština → praslovanština",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-pra--sk-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "prȃ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "prȃ-"
},
"expansion": "prȃ-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + ded → praded",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"id": "en-pra--sl-prefix-Z6QjCW1h",
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "sl",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "sl:Linguistics",
"parents": [
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + slovanščina → praslovanščina",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-pra--sl-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/práː-/"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्र- (pra-)\n→ Bengali: প্র- (pro-) (learned)\n→ Hindi: प्र- (pra-) (learned)\n→ Old Javanese: pra-\n→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)\n→ Malay: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्र- (pra-)\n→ Bengali: প্র- (pro-) (learned)\n→ Hindi: प्र- (pra-) (learned)\n→ Old Javanese: pra-\n→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)\n→ Malay: pra- (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*fra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *fra-\nAvestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra-)\nNorthern Kurdish: ra- (preverb)\nOld Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra-/)\nMiddle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)\nPersian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)\nParthian: [script needed] (fra-)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *fra-\nAvestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra-)\nNorthern Kurdish: ra- (preverb)\nOld Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra-/)\nMiddle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)\nPersian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)\nParthian: [script needed] (fra-)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*pro->toward",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/pra-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"toward, forward"
],
"id": "en-pra--iir-pro-prefix-WdeIGkoM",
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "пра-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "пра-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: пра-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: пра-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "pra-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "prȃ-",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: prȃ-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prȃ-"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Czech: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Polish: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: pra-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*preh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-. Related to *pro.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pra-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "100 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"id": "en-pra--sla-pro-prefix-kZzPpeSn",
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"great-"
],
"id": "en-pra--sla-pro-prefix-wJJwPb78",
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech lemmas",
"Czech prefixes",
"Czech terms derived from Old Czech",
"Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Czech terms inherited from Old Czech",
"Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "before (in time)",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "before (in time)"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”)",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Czech pra- (“before (in time)”), from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"sense": "very",
"word": "prach-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dědeček → pradědeček (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + babička → prababička (“great-grandmother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + otec → praotec (“forefather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + máti → pramáti (“foremother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fore- (ancestor)"
],
"links": [
[
"fore-",
"fore-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + les → prales (“primaeval forest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + člověk → pračlověk (“primaeval man”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + hmota → prahmota (“primary matter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"primaeval, primary"
],
"links": [
[
"primaeval",
"primaeval"
],
[
"primary",
"primary"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"cs:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + čeština → pračeština (“Proto-Czech”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + slovanština → praslovanština (“Proto-Slavic”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + podivný → prapodivný (“very strange”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + malý → pramalý (“extremely small”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"very, extremely (intensifying the meaning of the original adjective)"
],
"links": [
[
"very",
"very"
],
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"cs:Český etymologický slovník"
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto prefixes",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from Polish",
"Esperanto terms borrowed from Russian",
"Esperanto terms derived from Polish",
"Esperanto terms derived from Russian",
"Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "ancient",
"word": "praa"
},
{
"english": "ancestor",
"word": "praulo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "ru",
"3": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Russian пра- (pra-)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "pl",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Polish pra-",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Russian пра- (pra-) and Polish pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pra"
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + arbaro (“forest”) → praarbaro (“primordial forest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + besto (“animal”) → prabesto (“prehistoric animal”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + homo (“human being”) → prahomo (“primitive man”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric"
],
"links": [
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
],
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
],
[
"primordial",
"primordial"
],
[
"prehistoric",
"prehistoric"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + patroj (“fathers”) → prapatroj (“forefathers”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + ulo (“person”) → praulo (“ancestor”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fore-"
],
"links": [
[
"fore-",
"fore-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + avo (“grandfather”) → praavo (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + onklino (“aunt”) → praonklino (“great-aunt”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + nepo (“grandson”) → pranepo (“great-grandson”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great-"
],
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra]"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "kaw",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "inc-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Old Javanese pra-, from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian learned borrowings from Old Javanese",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian prefixes",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Old Javanese",
"Indonesian terms derived from Old Javanese",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"Indonesian terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Indonesian terms with usage examples",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "preschool",
"text": "prasekolah",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prehistory",
"text": "prasejarah",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "preface",
"text": "prakata",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pre-, before; earlier in time; beforehand."
],
"links": [
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "th",
"2": "ประ"
},
"expansion": "Thai ประ (bprà)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "kaw",
"3": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Old Javanese pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "inc-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "la",
"3": "prae-"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin prae-",
"name": "lbor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "There are two theories as to whence the prefix came:\n* From pera- from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-) (either via Thai ประ (bprà) or Old Javanese pra-) from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-; later callibration of spelling in post-independent Malayan and Malaysian standard with Indonesian counterpart which directly borrowed from modern Javanese ꦥꦿ- (pra-)\n* Learned borrowing from Latin prae-.\nOlder Sanskrit loans like perdana (from प्रधान pradhāna) and perkara (from प्रकार prakāra) are more likely to suffix with per-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤرا -",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤرا -"
},
"expansion": "pra- (Jawi spelling ڤرا -)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pra-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "pasca-"
}
],
"categories": [
"Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"Malay lemmas",
"Malay prefixes",
"Malay terms with usage examples",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "preschool",
"text": "prasekolah",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Before; earlier in time; beforehand; pre-."
],
"links": [
[
"beforehand",
"beforehand"
],
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ms:beforehand"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pra-]"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Javanese lemmas",
"Old Javanese prefixes",
"Old Javanese terms borrowed from Sanskrit",
"Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan",
"Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Javanese terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"Old Javanese terms derived from Sanskrit",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pra-",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "pra-",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: pra- (learned)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "sa",
"3": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-)",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "inc-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Sanskrit प्र- (pra-), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pra-, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "par-",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"lang_code": "kaw",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a part of."
],
"links": [
[
"part",
"part"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Javanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Javanese lemmas",
"Old Javanese prefixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kaw",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Javanese",
"lang_code": "kaw",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "para-"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative spelling of para-"
],
"links": [
[
"para-",
"para-#Old_Javanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish prefixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/a",
"Rhymes:Polish/a/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "proto-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + porządek → praporządek (“preorder”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + język → prajęzyk (“proto-language”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + stary → prastary (“ancient”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-, pre-, ur-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
],
[
"pre-",
"pre-"
],
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dziadek → pradziadek (“great-grandfather”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + babcia → prababcia (“great-grandmother”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"prepended to ancestors before grandparents; great-"
],
"links": [
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor#English"
],
[
"grandparents",
"grandparents#English"
],
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + wnuk → prawnuk (“great-grandson”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + wnuczka → prawnuczka (“great-granddaughter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"prepended to descendants after grandchildren"
],
"links": [
[
"descendant",
"descendant#English"
],
[
"grandchildren",
"grandchildren#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pra/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "प्र-"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: प्र- (pra-)\n→ Bengali: প্র- (pro-) (learned)\n→ Hindi: प्र- (pra-) (learned)\n→ Old Javanese: pra-\n→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)\n→ Malay: pra- (learned)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: प्र- (pra-)\n→ Bengali: প্র- (pro-) (learned)\n→ Hindi: प्र- (pra-) (learned)\n→ Old Javanese: pra-\n→ Indonesian: pra- (learned)\n→ Malay: pra- (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*fra-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *fra-\nAvestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra-)\nNorthern Kurdish: ra- (preverb)\nOld Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra-/)\nMiddle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)\nPersian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)\nParthian: [script needed] (fra-)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *fra-\nAvestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀 (fra-)\nNorthern Kurdish: ra- (preverb)\nOld Persian: 𐎳𐎼 (f-r /fra-/)\nMiddle Persian: [script needed] (fra-)\nPersian: فرـ (far-), Persian: فراـ (farâ-)\nParthian: [script needed] (fra-)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*pro->toward",
"id": "toward"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pro-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *pro-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-Iranian",
"lang_code": "iir-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/pra-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian prefixes",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per-",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Proto-Indo-Iranian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"toward, forward"
],
"links": [
[
"toward",
"toward"
],
[
"forward",
"forward"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic prefixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "пра-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "пра-"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: пра- (pra-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: пра- (pra-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "пра-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: пра-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: пра-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "pra-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "prȃ-",
"alt": "",
"bor": "",
"der": "",
"g": "",
"pos": "",
"t": ""
},
"expansion": "Slovene: prȃ-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tonal orthography"
},
"expansion": "(tonal orthography)",
"name": "i"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prȃ-"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)",
"name": "desc/sl-tonal"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: prȃ- (tonal orthography)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Czech: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Polish: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Polish: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: pra-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "pra-"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: pra-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: pra-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*preh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Indo-European *preh₂-. Related to *pro.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pra-",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"great-"
],
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"Serbo-Croatian lemmas",
"Serbo-Croatian prefixes",
"Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "пра-",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Cyrillic spelling",
"4": "пра-",
"sc": "Latn"
},
"expansion": "pra- (Cyrillic spelling пра-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "šukun-"
},
{
"word": "čukun-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + dȅda → pradeda",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + bȁba → pràbaba",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"appended to ancestors before grandparents"
],
"links": [
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor#English"
],
[
"grandparents",
"grandparents#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + postojbina → prapostojbina (“urheimat”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pra- + ìstōrija → praistorija (“prehistory”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ur-; primitive; primordial; prehistoric"
],
"links": [
[
"ur-",
"ur-"
],
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
],
[
"primordial",
"primordial"
],
[
"prehistoric",
"prehistoric"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovak lemmas",
"Slovak prefixes",
"Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "pra-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + ded → praded",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"sk:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + slovanština → praslovanština",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovene lemmas",
"Slovene prefixes",
"Slovene terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovene terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pra-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pra-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "prȃ-",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "prȃ-"
},
"expansion": "prȃ-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + ded → praded",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"great- (removed by one generation from)"
],
"links": [
[
"great-",
"great-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"sl:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "pra- + slovanščina → praslovanščina",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"proto-"
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) proto-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/práː-/"
}
],
"word": "pra-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for pra- meaning in All languages combined (25.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.