See 憂愁 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "憂愁"
},
"expansion": "憂愁",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "憂愁",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "우수(憂愁)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "ưu sầu",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "憂愁"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "憂愁",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"3": "우수",
"4": "ưu sầu",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "憂愁",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "憂愁",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "憂愁",
"v": "憂愁",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"3": "우수",
"4": "ưu sầu"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "忧愁",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "憂愁",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Emotions",
"orig": "zh:Emotions",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "43 2 3 2 33 8 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 1 2 2 31 11 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE",
"roman": "Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "屈平疾王聽之不聰也，讒諂之蔽明也，邪曲之害公也，方正之不容也，故憂愁幽思而作《離騷》。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE",
"roman": "Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "屈平疾王听之不聪也，谗谄之蔽明也，邪曲之害公也，方正之不容也，故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " In Search of the Sacred, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE",
"roman": "Bīngmǎ jiāng wǎng shōubǔ, fùnǚ yōuchóu, díméi tíkū.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "兵馬將往收捕，婦女憂愁，踧眉啼哭。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " In Search of the Sacred, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE",
"roman": "Bīngmǎ jiāng wǎng shōubǔ, fùnǚ yōuchóu, díméi tíkū.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "兵马将往收捕，妇女忧愁，踧眉啼哭。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Literary Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE",
"roman": "Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人面獸心，去留難測，既易水草，痾恙將多，憂愁致困，死亡必甚。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Literary Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE",
"roman": "Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人面兽心，去留难测，既易水草，疴恙将多，忧愁致困，死亡必甚。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sad; worried; depressed"
],
"id": "en-憂愁-zh-adj-vJ8D5I6b",
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad"
],
[
"worried",
"worried"
],
[
"depressed",
"depressed"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "jīngjīng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "京京"
},
{
"roman": "shāngxīn",
"word": "傷心"
},
{
"roman": "shāngxīn",
"word": "伤心"
},
{
"roman": "shāngbēi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷悲"
},
{
"roman": "shāngbēi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤悲"
},
{
"roman": "shānggǎn",
"word": "傷感"
},
{
"roman": "shānggǎn",
"word": "伤感"
},
{
"roman": "shānghuái",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷懷"
},
{
"roman": "shānghuái",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤怀"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtòng",
"word": "傷痛"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtòng",
"word": "伤痛"
},
{
"roman": "shāngshén",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷神"
},
{
"roman": "shāngshén",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤神"
},
{
"roman": "cìxīn",
"word": "刺心"
},
{
"roman": "āishāng",
"word": "哀傷"
},
{
"roman": "āishāng",
"word": "哀伤"
},
{
"roman": "āiqiè",
"word": "哀切"
},
{
"roman": "āiyuàn",
"word": "哀怨"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"word": "哀悽"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"word": "哀凄"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀慟"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀恸"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "哀戚"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀痛"
},
{
"roman": "xīnsuān",
"word": "心酸"
},
{
"roman": "dáshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怛傷"
},
{
"roman": "dáshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怛伤"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎorán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悄然"
},
{
"roman": "qíngshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "情傷"
},
{
"roman": "qíngshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "情伤"
},
{
"roman": "bēicuī",
"tags": [
"humorous",
"neologism"
],
"word": "悲催"
},
{
"roman": "bēishāng",
"word": "悲傷"
},
{
"roman": "bēishāng",
"word": "悲伤"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqiè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲切"
},
{
"roman": "bēi'āi",
"word": "悲哀"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲悽"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲凄"
},
{
"roman": "fěicè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悱惻"
},
{
"roman": "fěicè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悱恻"
},
{
"roman": "qīhuáng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽惶"
},
{
"roman": "qīhuáng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄惶"
},
{
"roman": "bēichuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲愴"
},
{
"roman": "bēichuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲怆"
},
{
"roman": "qīchuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽愴"
},
{
"roman": "qīchuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄怆"
},
{
"roman": "bēicǎn",
"word": "悲慘"
},
{
"roman": "bēicǎn",
"word": "悲惨"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲慟"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲恸"
},
{
"roman": "qīqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽戚"
},
{
"roman": "qīqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄戚"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲戚"
},
{
"roman": "bēicuī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲摧"
},
{
"roman": "bēichǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲楚"
},
{
"roman": "bēiliáng",
"word": "悲涼"
},
{
"roman": "bēiliáng",
"word": "悲凉"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲痛"
},
{
"roman": "bēikǔ",
"word": "悲苦"
},
{
"roman": "gǎnshāng",
"word": "感傷"
},
{
"roman": "gǎnshāng",
"word": "感伤"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎochuàng",
"word": "愀愴"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎochuàng",
"word": "愀怆"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "愁楚"
},
{
"roman": "cèrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "惻然"
},
{
"roman": "cèrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "恻然"
},
{
"roman": "chuàngrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "愴然"
},
{
"roman": "chuàngrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怆然"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"word": "慘"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"word": "惨"
},
{
"roman": "yōushāng",
"word": "憂傷"
},
{
"roman": "yōushāng",
"word": "忧伤"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnqī",
"word": "慘悽"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnqī",
"word": "惨凄"
},
{
"roman": "yōuqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "憂戚"
},
{
"roman": "yōuqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "忧戚"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "慘淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "惨淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnlǐn",
"word": "憯懍"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnlǐn",
"word": "憯懔"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchóu",
"word": "懤懤"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchóu",
"word": "㤽㤽"
},
{
"roman": "chéntòng",
"word": "沉痛"
},
{
"roman": "qīqiè",
"word": "淒切"
},
{
"roman": "qīqiè",
"word": "凄切"
},
{
"roman": "qīcè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "淒惻"
},
{
"roman": "qīcè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄恻"
},
{
"roman": "qīcǎn",
"word": "淒慘"
},
{
"roman": "qīcǎn",
"word": "凄惨"
},
{
"roman": "qīchǔ",
"word": "淒楚"
},
{
"roman": "qīchǔ",
"word": "凄楚"
},
{
"roman": "qīliáng",
"word": "淒涼"
},
{
"roman": "qīliáng",
"word": "凄凉"
},
{
"roman": "qīrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "淒然"
},
{
"roman": "qīrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄然"
},
{
"roman": "tòngxīn",
"word": "痛心"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "艱苦心"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "艰苦心"
},
{
"roman": "cāngliáng",
"word": "蒼涼"
},
{
"roman": "cāngliáng",
"word": "苍凉"
},
{
"roman": "suānxīn",
"word": "酸心"
},
{
"roman": "nánshòu",
"word": "難受"
},
{
"roman": "nánshòu",
"word": "难受"
},
{
"roman": "nánguò",
"word": "難過"
},
{
"roman": "nánguò",
"word": "难过"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "青凊"
},
{
"roman": "ànrán",
"word": "黯然"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yōuchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "юцу"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡ucu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jau¹ sau⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"zh-pron": "iu-chhiû"
},
{
"zh-pron": "iu-chhô͘"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zhieu₆"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zeu₂"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yōuchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "youchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yu¹-chʻou²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yōu-chóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "iouchour"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "ючоу"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "jučou"
},
{
"ipa": "/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yāu sàuh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jau¹ sau⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yeo¹ seo⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "iu^ˇ seu^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yiu² seu²"
},
{
"ipa": "/i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "r"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "iu^ˇ seu^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "yiu² seu²"
},
{
"ipa": "/(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-chhiû"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-tshiû"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "iuchiuu"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-chhô͘"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-tshôo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "iuzhoo"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zhieu₆"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ieu^平 zhieu^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-xxieu₃"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/iɤ⁵⁵ ʑiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zeu₂"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ieu^平 zeu^平"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/ʏ⁴⁴ zøy/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "'juw dzrjuw"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*ʔ(r)u [dz]riw/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qu zrɯw/"
},
{
"ipa": "/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iɤ⁵⁵ ʑiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʏ⁴⁴ zøy/"
},
{
"other": "[dz]"
},
{
"other": "/*qu zrɯw/"
}
],
"word": "憂愁"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "憂愁"
},
"expansion": "憂愁",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "憂愁",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "우수(憂愁)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "ưu sầu",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "憂愁"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "憂愁",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"3": "우수",
"4": "ưu sầu",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "憂愁",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "憂愁",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "憂愁",
"v": "憂愁",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "ゆうしゅう",
"3": "우수",
"4": "ưu sầu"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (憂愁):\n* → Japanese: 憂愁(ゆうしゅう) (yūshū)\n* → Korean: 우수(憂愁) (usu)\n* → Vietnamese: ưu sầu (憂愁)"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "忧愁",
"raw_tags": [
"Simplified Chinese"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "憂愁",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cantonese adjectives",
"Cantonese lemmas",
"Chinese adjectives",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese terms spelled with 愁",
"Chinese terms spelled with 憂",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dungan adjectives",
"Dungan lemmas",
"Hakka adjectives",
"Hakka lemmas",
"Hokkien adjectives",
"Hokkien lemmas",
"Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
"Mandarin adjectives",
"Mandarin lemmas",
"Middle Chinese adjectives",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"Old Chinese adjectives",
"Old Chinese lemmas",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for translations of Literary Chinese usage examples",
"Wu adjectives",
"Wu lemmas",
"zh:Emotions"
],
"examples": [
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE",
"roman": "Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "屈平疾王聽之不聰也，讒諂之蔽明也，邪曲之害公也，方正之不容也，故憂愁幽思而作《離騷》。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE",
"roman": "Qū Píng jí wáng tīng zhī bù cōng yě, chánchǎn zhī bì míng yě, xiéqū zhī hài gōng yě, fāngzhèng zhī bùróng yě, gù yōuchóu yōusī ér zuò “Lísāo”.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "屈平疾王听之不聪也，谗谄之蔽明也，邪曲之害公也，方正之不容也，故忧愁幽思而作《离骚》。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " In Search of the Sacred, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE",
"roman": "Bīngmǎ jiāng wǎng shōubǔ, fùnǚ yōuchóu, díméi tíkū.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "兵馬將往收捕，婦女憂愁，踧眉啼哭。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Classical Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " In Search of the Sacred, circa 3ʳᵈ century CE",
"roman": "Bīngmǎ jiāng wǎng shōubǔ, fùnǚ yōuchóu, díméi tíkū.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "兵马将往收捕，妇女忧愁，踧眉啼哭。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Literary Chinese",
"Traditional Chinese"
],
"ref": " Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE",
"roman": "Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人面獸心，去留難測，既易水草，痾恙將多，憂愁致困，死亡必甚。",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"raw_tags": [
"Literary Chinese",
"Simplified Chinese"
],
"ref": " Wei Shou, Book of Wei, 551 – 554 CE",
"roman": "Rén miàn shòu xīn, qùliú náncè, jì yì shuǐcǎo, kēyàng jiāng duō, yōuchóu zhì kùn, sǐwáng bì shèn.",
"tags": [
"Pinyin"
],
"text": "人面兽心，去留难测，既易水草，疴恙将多，忧愁致困，死亡必甚。",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sad; worried; depressed"
],
"links": [
[
"sad",
"sad"
],
[
"worried",
"worried"
],
[
"depressed",
"depressed"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yōuchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "юцу"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡ucu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jau¹ sau⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"zh-pron": "iu-chhiû"
},
{
"zh-pron": "iu-chhô͘"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zhieu₆"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zeu₂"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yōuchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄡ ㄔㄡˊ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "youchóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yu¹-chʻou²"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yōu-chóu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "iouchour"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "ючоу"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "jučou"
},
{
"ipa": "/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yāu sàuh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jau¹ sau⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yeo¹ seo⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "iu^ˇ seu^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "yiu² seu²"
},
{
"ipa": "/i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "yù-sèu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "r"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "iu^ˇ seu^ˇ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "yiu² seu²"
},
{
"ipa": "/(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-chhiû"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-tshiû"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "iuchiuu"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-chhô͘"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "iu-tshôo"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "iuzhoo"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ¹³/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zhieu₆"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ieu^平 zhieu^去"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-xxieu₃"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/iɤ⁵⁵ ʑiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹ieu-zeu₂"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "ieu^平 zeu^平"
},
{
"tags": [
"Northern",
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/ʏ⁴⁴ zøy/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "'juw dzrjuw"
},
{
"tags": [
"Baxter-Sagart",
"Old-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "/*ʔ(r)u [dz]riw/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Old-Chinese",
"Zhengzhang"
],
"zh-pron": "/*qu zrɯw/"
},
{
"ipa": "/joʊ̯⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʰoʊ̯³⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iou²⁴ t͡sʰou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɐu̯⁵⁵ sɐu̯²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/(j)i̯u¹¹ seu̯¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰiu²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰiu¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰɔ²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iɤ⁵⁵ ʑiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʏ⁴⁴ zøy/"
},
{
"other": "[dz]"
},
{
"other": "/*qu zrɯw/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "jīngjīng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "京京"
},
{
"roman": "shāngxīn",
"word": "傷心"
},
{
"roman": "shāngxīn",
"word": "伤心"
},
{
"roman": "shāngbēi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷悲"
},
{
"roman": "shāngbēi",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤悲"
},
{
"roman": "shānggǎn",
"word": "傷感"
},
{
"roman": "shānggǎn",
"word": "伤感"
},
{
"roman": "shānghuái",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷懷"
},
{
"roman": "shānghuái",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤怀"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtòng",
"word": "傷痛"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtòng",
"word": "伤痛"
},
{
"roman": "shāngshén",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "傷神"
},
{
"roman": "shāngshén",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "伤神"
},
{
"roman": "cìxīn",
"word": "刺心"
},
{
"roman": "āishāng",
"word": "哀傷"
},
{
"roman": "āishāng",
"word": "哀伤"
},
{
"roman": "āiqiè",
"word": "哀切"
},
{
"roman": "āiyuàn",
"word": "哀怨"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"word": "哀悽"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"word": "哀凄"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀慟"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀恸"
},
{
"roman": "āiqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "哀戚"
},
{
"roman": "āitòng",
"word": "哀痛"
},
{
"roman": "xīnsuān",
"word": "心酸"
},
{
"roman": "dáshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怛傷"
},
{
"roman": "dáshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怛伤"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎorán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悄然"
},
{
"roman": "qíngshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "情傷"
},
{
"roman": "qíngshāng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "情伤"
},
{
"roman": "bēicuī",
"tags": [
"humorous",
"neologism"
],
"word": "悲催"
},
{
"roman": "bēishāng",
"word": "悲傷"
},
{
"roman": "bēishāng",
"word": "悲伤"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqiè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲切"
},
{
"roman": "bēi'āi",
"word": "悲哀"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲悽"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲凄"
},
{
"roman": "fěicè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悱惻"
},
{
"roman": "fěicè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悱恻"
},
{
"roman": "qīhuáng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽惶"
},
{
"roman": "qīhuáng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄惶"
},
{
"roman": "bēichuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲愴"
},
{
"roman": "bēichuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲怆"
},
{
"roman": "qīchuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽愴"
},
{
"roman": "qīchuàng",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄怆"
},
{
"roman": "bēicǎn",
"word": "悲慘"
},
{
"roman": "bēicǎn",
"word": "悲惨"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲慟"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲恸"
},
{
"roman": "qīqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悽戚"
},
{
"roman": "qīqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄戚"
},
{
"roman": "bēiqī",
"word": "悲戚"
},
{
"roman": "bēicuī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲摧"
},
{
"roman": "bēichǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "悲楚"
},
{
"roman": "bēiliáng",
"word": "悲涼"
},
{
"roman": "bēiliáng",
"word": "悲凉"
},
{
"roman": "bēitòng",
"word": "悲痛"
},
{
"roman": "bēikǔ",
"word": "悲苦"
},
{
"roman": "gǎnshāng",
"word": "感傷"
},
{
"roman": "gǎnshāng",
"word": "感伤"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎochuàng",
"word": "愀愴"
},
{
"roman": "qiǎochuàng",
"word": "愀怆"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchǔ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "愁楚"
},
{
"roman": "cèrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "惻然"
},
{
"roman": "cèrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "恻然"
},
{
"roman": "chuàngrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "愴然"
},
{
"roman": "chuàngrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "怆然"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"word": "慘"
},
{
"roman": "cǎn",
"word": "惨"
},
{
"roman": "yōushāng",
"word": "憂傷"
},
{
"roman": "yōushāng",
"word": "忧伤"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnqī",
"word": "慘悽"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnqī",
"word": "惨凄"
},
{
"roman": "yōuqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "憂戚"
},
{
"roman": "yōuqī",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "忧戚"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "慘淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎndàn",
"word": "惨淡"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnlǐn",
"word": "憯懍"
},
{
"roman": "cǎnlǐn",
"word": "憯懔"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchóu",
"word": "懤懤"
},
{
"roman": "chóuchóu",
"word": "㤽㤽"
},
{
"roman": "chéntòng",
"word": "沉痛"
},
{
"roman": "qīqiè",
"word": "淒切"
},
{
"roman": "qīqiè",
"word": "凄切"
},
{
"roman": "qīcè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "淒惻"
},
{
"roman": "qīcè",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄恻"
},
{
"roman": "qīcǎn",
"word": "淒慘"
},
{
"roman": "qīcǎn",
"word": "凄惨"
},
{
"roman": "qīchǔ",
"word": "淒楚"
},
{
"roman": "qīchǔ",
"word": "凄楚"
},
{
"roman": "qīliáng",
"word": "淒涼"
},
{
"roman": "qīliáng",
"word": "凄凉"
},
{
"roman": "qīrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "淒然"
},
{
"roman": "qīrán",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "凄然"
},
{
"roman": "tòngxīn",
"word": "痛心"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "艱苦心"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "艰苦心"
},
{
"roman": "cāngliáng",
"word": "蒼涼"
},
{
"roman": "cāngliáng",
"word": "苍凉"
},
{
"roman": "suānxīn",
"word": "酸心"
},
{
"roman": "nánshòu",
"word": "難受"
},
{
"roman": "nánshòu",
"word": "难受"
},
{
"roman": "nánguò",
"word": "難過"
},
{
"roman": "nánguò",
"word": "难过"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "青凊"
},
{
"roman": "ànrán",
"word": "黯然"
}
],
"word": "憂愁"
}
Download raw JSONL data for 憂愁 meaning in Chinese (14.9kB)
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"path": [
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"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "憂愁",
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.