See restrain on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "overrestrained"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "restreinen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English restreinen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "restreindre"
},
"expansion": "Old French restreindre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rēstringere"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēstringere",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English restreinen, a borrowing from Old French restreindre, from Latin rēstringere, present active infinitive of rēstringō (“fasten, tighten”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "restrains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "restraining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧strain"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "constrain"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "restraint"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "restrict"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "90 3 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 23 20 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with re-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "89 6 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 6 6 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "88 5 3 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 14 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 9 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 13 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "78 12 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 9 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 9 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 9 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 7 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 10 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 9 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1875, Russell Thacher Trall, The Mother's Hygienic Hand-book, page 42:",
"text": "As with vicarious mismenstruation, the abnormal cessation only requires strict attention to the general health, with such measures to restrain hemorrhage as have already been indicated.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To control or keep in check."
],
"id": "en-restrain-en-verb-76wCfaGX",
"links": [
[
"control",
"control"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To control or keep in check."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"sense": "control or keep in check",
"word": "check"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "zspel",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "զսպել"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sdǎržam",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "сдържам"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzdǎržam",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "въздържам"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kèzhì",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "克制"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "mít pod kontrolou"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "beteugelen"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "hillitä"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "hallita"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "retenir"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "cavidar"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "zügeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "kōlúō",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "κωλύω"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "erúkō",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "ἐρύκω"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "coisc"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "sorvegliare"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "trattenersi"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimō"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "teneo"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "refrēnō"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakatina"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"english": "one's own feelings",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakatōnga"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "nati"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "nanati"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakaita"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "mestrejar"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reténer"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "conténer"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "conter"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "coibir"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "deter"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reține"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "înfrâna"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sdérživatʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сде́рживать"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sderžátʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сдержа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obúzdyvatʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "обу́здывать"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obuzdátʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "обузда́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "srian"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "contener"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "refrenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "restreñir"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kûuap-kum",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "ควบคุม"
},
{
"_dis1": "99 1 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strýmuvaty",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "стри́мувати"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To deprive of liberty."
],
"id": "en-restrain-en-verb-5ivYrsNV",
"links": [
[
"deprive",
"deprive"
],
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To deprive of liberty."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"sense": "deprive of liberty",
"word": "confine"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"sense": "deprive of liberty",
"word": "detain"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadǎržam",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "задържам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yì",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "抑"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "zbavit svobody"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "omezit"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "onderdrukken"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "kukistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "réprimer"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "einschränken"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "behindern"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "korlátoz"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "compescō"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "whakaita"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "déténer"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reténer"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "encarcerar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "a ține închis"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "deține"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reține"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaključátʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "заключа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaključítʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "заключи́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadérživatʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "заде́рживать"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaderžátʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задержа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lišátʹ svobódy",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "лиша́ть свобо́ды"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lišítʹ svobódy",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "лиши́ть свобо́ды"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "retener"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gàk-kǎng",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "กักขัง"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 98 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "pozbavljáty vóli",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "позбавля́ти во́лі"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He was restrained by the straitjacket.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 May 17, George Monbiot, “Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 23, page 19:",
"text": "In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra-wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To restrict or limit."
],
"id": "en-restrain-en-verb-m15h0~v0",
"links": [
[
"restrict",
"restrict"
],
[
"limit",
"limit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To restrict or limit."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "zspel",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "զսպել"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzpiram",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "възпирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ograničavam",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ограничавам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "oklešťovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringovat"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "provést restrikci"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "omezit"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "beperken"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "begrenzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "beteugelen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "pidättää"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "rajoittaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restreindre"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "abgrenzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "begrenzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "eingrenzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "korlátoz"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ridurre"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "contenere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringere"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "limitare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "delimitare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "tautāwhi"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "conter"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restrânge"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "opri"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "împiedica"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "îngrădi"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sdérživatʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сде́рживать"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sderžátʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сдержа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ograníčivatʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ограни́чивать"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ograníčitʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ограни́чить"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "srian"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yáp-yáng",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ยับยั้ง"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strýmuvaty",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "стри́мувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 98",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "obméžuvaty",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "обме́жувати"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈstɹeɪn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-restrain.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-restrain.ogg/En-us-restrain.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-restrain.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "limit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "withstrain"
}
],
"word": "restrain"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "re",
"3": "strain"
},
"expansion": "re- + strain",
"name": "pre"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From re- + strain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "restrains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "restraining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1998, Elena Molokhovets, Classic Russian Cooking, page 360:",
"text": "Squeeze the juice from 3 oranges and let the juice stand. Then pour it off, strain, and mix with the syrup. Restrain the liquid and chill in a mold.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strain again."
],
"id": "en-restrain-en-verb-UQojwGK7",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To strain again."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"word": "restrain"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms prefixed with re-",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn",
"Rhymes:English/eɪn/2 syllables",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "overrestrained"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "restreinen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English restreinen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "restreindre"
},
"expansion": "Old French restreindre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rēstringere"
},
"expansion": "Latin rēstringere",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English restreinen, a borrowing from Old French restreindre, from Latin rēstringere, present active infinitive of rēstringō (“fasten, tighten”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "restrains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "restraining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"re‧strain"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "constrain"
},
{
"word": "restraint"
},
{
"word": "restrict"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1875, Russell Thacher Trall, The Mother's Hygienic Hand-book, page 42:",
"text": "As with vicarious mismenstruation, the abnormal cessation only requires strict attention to the general health, with such measures to restrain hemorrhage as have already been indicated.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To control or keep in check."
],
"links": [
[
"control",
"control"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To control or keep in check."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To deprive of liberty."
],
"links": [
[
"deprive",
"deprive"
],
[
"liberty",
"liberty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To deprive of liberty."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He was restrained by the straitjacket.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013 May 17, George Monbiot, “Money just makes the rich suffer”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 188, number 23, page 19:",
"text": "In order to grant the rich these pleasures, the social contract is reconfigured. […] The public realm is privatised, the regulations restraining the ultra-wealthy and the companies they control are abandoned, and Edwardian levels of inequality are almost fetishised.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To restrict or limit."
],
"links": [
[
"restrict",
"restrict"
],
[
"limit",
"limit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To restrict or limit."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹɪˈstɹeɪn/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-restrain.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-restrain.ogg/En-us-restrain.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-restrain.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-eɪn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "control or keep in check",
"word": "check"
},
{
"word": "limit"
},
{
"word": "withstrain"
},
{
"sense": "deprive of liberty",
"word": "confine"
},
{
"sense": "deprive of liberty",
"word": "detain"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "zspel",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "զսպել"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sdǎržam",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "сдържам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzdǎržam",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "въздържам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kèzhì",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "克制"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "mít pod kontrolou"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "beteugelen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "hillitä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "hallita"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "retenir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "cavidar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "zügeln"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "kōlúō",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "κωλύω"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "erúkō",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "ἐρύκω"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "coisc"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "sorvegliare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "trattenersi"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimō"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "teneo"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "refrēnō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakatina"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "one's own feelings",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakatōnga"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "nati"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "nanati"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "whakaita"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "mestrejar"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reténer"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "conténer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "conter"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "coibir"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "deter"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reține"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "înfrâna"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sdérživatʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сде́рживать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sderžátʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сдержа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obúzdyvatʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "обу́здывать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "obuzdátʹ",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "обузда́ть"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "srian"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "contener"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "refrenar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "restreñir"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kûuap-kum",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "ควบคุม"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strýmuvaty",
"sense": "to control or keep in check",
"word": "стри́мувати"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "zadǎržam",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "задържам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yì",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "抑"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "zbavit svobody"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "omezit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "onderdrukken"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "kukistaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "réprimer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "einschränken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "behindern"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "korlátoz"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "trattenere"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "compescō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "whakaita"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "déténer"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reténer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "encarcerar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reprimir"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "a ține închis"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "deține"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "reține"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaključátʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "заключа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaključítʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "заключи́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zadérživatʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "заде́рживать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "zaderžátʹ",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "задержа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lišátʹ svobódy",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "лиша́ть свобо́ды"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lišítʹ svobódy",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "лиши́ть свобо́ды"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "retener"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gàk-kǎng",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "กักขัง"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "pozbavljáty vóli",
"sense": "to deprive of liberty",
"word": "позбавля́ти во́лі"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "zspel",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "զսպել"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vǎzpiram",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "възпирам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ograničavam",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ограничавам"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "oklešťovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringovat"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "provést restrikci"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "omezit"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "beperken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "begrenzen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "beteugelen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "pidättää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "rajoittaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restreindre"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "abgrenzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "begrenzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "eingrenzen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "korlátoz"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ridurre"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "contenere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "limitare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "delimitare"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "tautāwhi"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringir"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "conter"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restrânge"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "opri"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "împiedica"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "îngrădi"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sdérživatʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "сде́рживать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sderžátʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "сдержа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ograníčivatʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ограни́чивать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ograníčitʹ",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ограни́чить"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "srian"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "restringir"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "yáp-yáng",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "ยับยั้ง"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "strýmuvaty",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "стри́мувати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "obméžuvaty",
"sense": "to restrict or limit",
"word": "обме́жувати"
}
],
"word": "restrain"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms prefixed with re-",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "re",
"3": "strain"
},
"expansion": "re- + strain",
"name": "pre"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From re- + strain.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "restrains",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "restraining",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "restrained",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1998, Elena Molokhovets, Classic Russian Cooking, page 360:",
"text": "Squeeze the juice from 3 oranges and let the juice stand. Then pour it off, strain, and mix with the syrup. Restrain the liquid and chill in a mold.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strain again."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To strain again."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"word": "restrain"
}
Download raw JSONL data for restrain meaning in All languages combined (17.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.