See 研究 on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for 研究 meaning in All languages combined (36.5kB)
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Education",
"orig": "zh:Education",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánzhì",
"word": "研製"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánzhì",
"word": "研制"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to conduct research",
"roman": "jìnxíng yánjiū",
"text": "進行研究／进行研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research direction",
"roman": "yánjiū fāngxiàng",
"text": "研究方向",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research method",
"roman": "yánjiū fāngfǎ",
"text": "研究方法",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research findings",
"roman": "yánjiū chéngguǒ",
"text": "研究成果",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "scientific research",
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"text": "科學研究／科学研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research subject",
"roman": "yánjiū duìxiàng",
"text": "研究對象／研究对象",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to research and develop; to do R&D",
"roman": "yánjiū kāifā",
"text": "研究開發／研究开发",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to research; to study"
],
"id": "en-研究-zh-verb-iu6l2bRz",
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, transitive) to research; to study"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 9 56",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Talking",
"orig": "zh:Talking",
"parents": [
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Human",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This problem requires discussion.",
"ref": "這個問題有待研究。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "这个问题有待研究。 [MSC, simp.]\nZhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate"
],
"id": "en-研究-zh-verb-yc0cOQnM",
"links": [
[
"deliberate",
"deliberate"
],
[
"discuss",
"discuss"
],
[
"investigate",
"investigate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "янҗю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡anži͡u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngan¹ giu¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng⁵ giu³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiang⁵ giu³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjio̊u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yan.jiou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "яньцзю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "janʹczju"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yanjiow"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhn gau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yin⁴ geo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngien´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "giefnkiux"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiâng kiù"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "'nyi^平 cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹'nyi-jieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngenH kjuwH"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tàntǎo",
"word": "探討"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tàntǎo",
"word": "探讨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "kōu",
"word": "摳"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "kōu",
"word": "抠"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chákǎo",
"word": "查考"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánxiū",
"word": "研修"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánxí",
"word": "研習"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánxí",
"word": "研习"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研討"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研讨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jīngyán",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "精研"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xìjiū",
"word": "細究"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xìjiū",
"word": "细究"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "考究"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "diàochá",
"word": "調查"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "diàochá",
"word": "调查"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "鑽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "钻"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "zuānyán",
"word": "鑽研"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "zuānyán",
"word": "钻研"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jiāoshè",
"word": "交涉"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "king1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"informal"
],
"word": "傾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "king1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"informal"
],
"word": "倾"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiéshāng",
"word": "協商"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiéshāng",
"word": "协商"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiéyì",
"word": "協議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "xiéyì",
"word": "协议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "kǒuyǔ",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "口語"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "kǒuyǔ",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "口语"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "chiefly in an academic context",
"roman": "shāngquè",
"word": "商榷"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngtǎo",
"word": "商討"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngtǎo",
"word": "商讨"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngtán",
"word": "商談"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngtán",
"word": "商谈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngyì",
"word": "商議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngyì",
"word": "商议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shāngliang",
"word": "商量"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "接接"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jiēqià",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "接洽"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "huìtán",
"word": "會談"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "huìtán",
"word": "会谈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "槌摃鐵"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "槌𫼱铁"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "比接"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "qiàshāng",
"word": "洽商"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "qiàtán",
"word": "洽談"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "qiàtán",
"word": "洽谈"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shēnlùn",
"word": "申論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shēnlùn",
"word": "申论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cuōshāng",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "磋商"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cuōyì",
"word": "磋議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "cuōyì",
"word": "磋议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "móhé",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "磨合"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "觸牙"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "触牙"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánshuō",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "言說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánshuō",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "言说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánlùn",
"word": "言論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yánlùn",
"word": "言论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yáncí",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "言辭"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yáncí",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "言辞"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìmóu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "計謀"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìmóu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "计谋"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "計議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "jìyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "计议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "計較"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "计较"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tǎolùn",
"word": "討論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tǎolùn",
"word": "讨论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "píng",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "評"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "píng",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "评"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "pínglùn",
"word": "評論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "pínglùn",
"word": "评论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "說"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "说"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shuōhé",
"word": "說合"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "shuōhé",
"word": "说合"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tánpàn",
"word": "談判"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tánpàn",
"word": "谈判"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tánlùn",
"word": "談論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "tánlùn",
"word": "谈论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "móulǜ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "謀慮"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "móulǜ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "谋虑"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yì",
"word": "議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yì",
"word": "议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yìlùn",
"word": "議論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "yìlùn",
"word": "议论"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "錦議"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "锦议"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chǎnlùn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "闡論"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"roman": "chǎnlùn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "阐论"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "zh",
"name": "Education",
"orig": "zh:Education",
"parents": [
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研究",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "연구(硏究)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "研究",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "nghiên cứu",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "研究"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研究",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"3": "연구",
"4": "nghiên cứu",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "硏究",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "研究",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "研究",
"v": "研究",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"3": "연구",
"4": "nghiên cứu",
"h": "硏究"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese nouns classified by 項/项",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "50 11 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Beginning Mandarin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "73 8 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "中央研究院"
},
{
"word": "作業研究"
},
{
"word": "作业研究"
},
{
"roman": "gè'àn yánjiū",
"word": "個案研究"
},
{
"roman": "gè'àn yánjiū",
"word": "个案研究"
},
{
"roman": "qūyù yánjiū",
"word": "區域研究"
},
{
"roman": "qūyù yánjiū",
"word": "区域研究"
},
{
"roman": "nǚxìng yánjiū",
"word": "女性研究"
},
{
"roman": "fùnǚ yánjiū",
"word": "婦女研究"
},
{
"roman": "fùnǚ yánjiū",
"word": "妇女研究"
},
{
"word": "學術研究"
},
{
"word": "学术研究"
},
{
"roman": "shízhèng yánjiū",
"word": "實證研究"
},
{
"roman": "shízhèng yánjiū",
"word": "实证研究"
},
{
"roman": "dǐbiān yánjiū",
"word": "底邊研究"
},
{
"roman": "dǐbiān yánjiū",
"word": "底边研究"
},
{
"roman": "xìngbié yánjiū",
"word": "性別研究"
},
{
"roman": "xìngbié yánjiū",
"word": "性别研究"
},
{
"roman": "jiékè yánjiū",
"word": "捷克研究"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yánjiū",
"word": "文化研究"
},
{
"roman": "ànlì yánjiū",
"word": "案例研究"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuán",
"word": "研究員"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuán",
"word": "研究员"
},
{
"word": "研究室"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūjú",
"word": "研究局"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūsuǒ",
"word": "研究所"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūhuì",
"word": "研究會"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūhuì",
"word": "研究会"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūshēng",
"word": "研究生"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūzhě",
"word": "研究者"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūjīn",
"word": "研究金"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuàn",
"word": "研究院"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研討"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研讨"
},
{
"roman": "shèhuì yánjiū",
"word": "社會研究"
},
{
"roman": "shèhuì yánjiū",
"word": "社会研究"
},
{
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"word": "科學研究"
},
{
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"word": "科学研究"
},
{
"roman": "fānyì yánjiū",
"word": "翻譯研究"
},
{
"roman": "fānyì yánjiū",
"word": "翻译研究"
},
{
"word": "通信研究員"
},
{
"word": "通信研究员"
},
{
"roman": "yóupiào yánjiū",
"word": "郵票研究"
},
{
"roman": "yóupiào yánjiū",
"word": "邮票研究"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to conduct a research",
"roman": "zuò yī xiàng yánjiū",
"text": "做一項研究／做一项研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "feasibility study",
"roman": "kěxíngxìng yánjiū",
"text": "可行性研究",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)"
],
"id": "en-研究-zh-noun-~Se5GULA",
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
],
[
"項",
"項#Chinese"
],
[
"项",
"项#Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, uncountable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)"
],
"related": [
{
"roman": "wéixué",
"word": "為學"
},
{
"roman": "wéixué",
"word": "为学"
},
{
"roman": "zhìxué",
"word": "治學"
},
{
"roman": "zhìxué",
"word": "治学"
},
{
"roman": "zuò xuéwèn",
"word": "做學問"
},
{
"roman": "zuò xuéwèn",
"word": "做学问"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"sense": "investigation",
"word": "調查"
},
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"sense": "investigation",
"word": "调查"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "янҗю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡anži͡u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngan¹ giu¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng⁵ giu³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiang⁵ giu³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjio̊u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yan.jiou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "яньцзю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "janʹczju"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yanjiow"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhn gau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yin⁴ geo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngien´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "giefnkiux"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiâng kiù"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "'nyi^平 cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹'nyi-jieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngenH kjuwH"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究",
"tr": "ngen *kiuᴴ?"
},
"expansion": "研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hak",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hakka",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cdo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Min",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l/helper"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.\nThe original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "研究",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "研(けん)究(きゅう) • (kenkyū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "86 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "kenkyū kaihatsu",
"ruby": [
[
"研究開発",
"けんきゅうかいはつ"
]
],
"word": "研究開発"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūsei",
"ruby": [
[
"研究生",
"けんきゅうせい"
]
],
"word": "研究生"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūjo",
"ruby": [
[
"研究所",
"けんきゅうじょ"
]
],
"word": "研究所"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūin",
"ruby": [
[
"研究員",
"けんきゅういん"
]
],
"word": "研究員"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūsha",
"ruby": [
[
"研究者",
"けんきゅうしゃ"
]
],
"word": "研究者"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.",
"ref": "1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感",
"roman": "Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.",
"ruby": [
[
"間違",
"まちが"
],
[
"事",
"こと"
],
[
"研究",
"けんきゅう"
],
[
"進",
"すす"
]
],
"text": "間違える事なしには研究は進められない。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a piece of research, a study, investigation"
],
"id": "en-研究-ja-noun-LdieKR2J",
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けんきゅう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨᵝː]"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究",
"tr": "ngen *kiuᴴ?"
},
"expansion": "研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hak",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hakka",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cdo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Min",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l/helper"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.\nThe original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "研究する",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "研究し",
"roman": "kenkyū shi",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "研究した",
"roman": "kenkyū shita",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "研究し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "研究させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "研究した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "研究して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "研究すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "43 57",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese verbs without transitivity",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "These works have been studied.",
"ref": "1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術",
"roman": "Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.",
"ruby": [
[
"作品",
"さくひん"
],
[
"研究",
"けんきゅう"
]
],
"text": "これらの作品が研究された。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to research, to study"
],
"id": "en-研究-ja-verb-452saFqr",
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けんきゅう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨᵝː]"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "yeon'gu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "연구",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "연구"
},
"expansion": "研究 • (yeon'gu) (hangeul 연구)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "research",
"word": "硏究"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 硏究 (“research”)"
],
"id": "en-研究-ko-noun-vjsKTASb",
"links": [
[
"硏究",
"硏究#Korean"
],
[
"research",
"research"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "vi-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”)."
],
"id": "en-研究-vi-verb-dfDDh-2x",
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"nghiên cứu",
"nghiên cứu#Vietnamese"
],
[
"research",
"research"
]
]
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"categories": [
"Beginning Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Eastern Min verbs",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Education",
"zh:Talking"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "zh-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"roman": "yánzhì",
"word": "研製"
},
{
"roman": "yánzhì",
"word": "研制"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese intransitive verbs",
"Chinese transitive verbs",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to conduct research",
"roman": "jìnxíng yánjiū",
"text": "進行研究／进行研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research direction",
"roman": "yánjiū fāngxiàng",
"text": "研究方向",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research method",
"roman": "yánjiū fāngfǎ",
"text": "研究方法",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research findings",
"roman": "yánjiū chéngguǒ",
"text": "研究成果",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "scientific research",
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"text": "科學研究／科学研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "research subject",
"roman": "yánjiū duìxiàng",
"text": "研究對象／研究对象",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "to research and develop; to do R&D",
"roman": "yánjiū kāifā",
"text": "研究開發／研究开发",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to research; to study"
],
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, transitive) to research; to study"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Chinese transitive verbs",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This problem requires discussion.",
"ref": "這個問題有待研究。 [MSC, trad.]",
"text": "这个问题有待研究。 [MSC, simp.]\nZhège wèntí yǒudài yánjiū. [Pinyin]",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate"
],
"links": [
[
"deliberate",
"deliberate"
],
[
"discuss",
"discuss"
],
[
"investigate",
"investigate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to deliberate; to discuss; to investigate"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "янҗю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡anži͡u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngan¹ giu¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng⁵ giu³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiang⁵ giu³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjio̊u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yan.jiou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "яньцзю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "janʹczju"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yanjiow"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhn gau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yin⁴ geo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngien´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "giefnkiux"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiâng kiù"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "'nyi^平 cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹'nyi-jieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngenH kjuwH"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "tàntǎo",
"word": "探討"
},
{
"roman": "tàntǎo",
"word": "探讨"
},
{
"roman": "kōu",
"word": "摳"
},
{
"roman": "kōu",
"word": "抠"
},
{
"roman": "chákǎo",
"word": "查考"
},
{
"roman": "yánxiū",
"word": "研修"
},
{
"roman": "yánxí",
"word": "研習"
},
{
"roman": "yánxí",
"word": "研习"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研討"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研讨"
},
{
"roman": "jīngyán",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "精研"
},
{
"roman": "xìjiū",
"word": "細究"
},
{
"roman": "xìjiū",
"word": "细究"
},
{
"word": "考究"
},
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"word": "調查"
},
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"word": "调查"
},
{
"word": "鑽"
},
{
"word": "钻"
},
{
"roman": "zuānyán",
"word": "鑽研"
},
{
"roman": "zuānyán",
"word": "钻研"
},
{
"roman": "jiāoshè",
"word": "交涉"
},
{
"english": "king1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"informal"
],
"word": "傾"
},
{
"english": "king1",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"informal"
],
"word": "倾"
},
{
"roman": "xiéshāng",
"word": "協商"
},
{
"roman": "xiéshāng",
"word": "协商"
},
{
"roman": "xiéyì",
"word": "協議"
},
{
"roman": "xiéyì",
"word": "协议"
},
{
"roman": "kǒuyǔ",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "口語"
},
{
"roman": "kǒuyǔ",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "口语"
},
{
"english": "chiefly in an academic context",
"roman": "shāngquè",
"word": "商榷"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtǎo",
"word": "商討"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtǎo",
"word": "商讨"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtán",
"word": "商談"
},
{
"roman": "shāngtán",
"word": "商谈"
},
{
"roman": "shāngyì",
"word": "商議"
},
{
"roman": "shāngyì",
"word": "商议"
},
{
"roman": "shāngliang",
"word": "商量"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "接接"
},
{
"roman": "jiēqià",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "接洽"
},
{
"roman": "huìtán",
"word": "會談"
},
{
"roman": "huìtán",
"word": "会谈"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "槌摃鐵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "槌𫼱铁"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen",
"Zhangzhou-Hokkien"
],
"word": "比接"
},
{
"roman": "qiàshāng",
"word": "洽商"
},
{
"roman": "qiàtán",
"word": "洽談"
},
{
"roman": "qiàtán",
"word": "洽谈"
},
{
"roman": "shēnlùn",
"word": "申論"
},
{
"roman": "shēnlùn",
"word": "申论"
},
{
"roman": "cuōshāng",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "磋商"
},
{
"roman": "cuōyì",
"word": "磋議"
},
{
"roman": "cuōyì",
"word": "磋议"
},
{
"roman": "móhé",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "磨合"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "觸牙"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "触牙"
},
{
"roman": "yánshuō",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "言說"
},
{
"roman": "yánshuō",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "言说"
},
{
"roman": "yánlùn",
"word": "言論"
},
{
"roman": "yánlùn",
"word": "言论"
},
{
"roman": "yáncí",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "言辭"
},
{
"roman": "yáncí",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "言辞"
},
{
"roman": "jìmóu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "計謀"
},
{
"roman": "jìmóu",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "计谋"
},
{
"roman": "jìyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "計議"
},
{
"roman": "jìyì",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "计议"
},
{
"word": "計較"
},
{
"word": "计较"
},
{
"roman": "tǎolùn",
"word": "討論"
},
{
"roman": "tǎolùn",
"word": "讨论"
},
{
"roman": "píng",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "評"
},
{
"roman": "píng",
"tags": [
"in-compounds",
"literary"
],
"word": "评"
},
{
"roman": "pínglùn",
"word": "評論"
},
{
"roman": "pínglùn",
"word": "评论"
},
{
"word": "說"
},
{
"word": "说"
},
{
"roman": "shuōhé",
"word": "說合"
},
{
"roman": "shuōhé",
"word": "说合"
},
{
"roman": "tánpàn",
"word": "談判"
},
{
"roman": "tánpàn",
"word": "谈判"
},
{
"roman": "tánlùn",
"word": "談論"
},
{
"roman": "tánlùn",
"word": "谈论"
},
{
"roman": "móulǜ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "謀慮"
},
{
"roman": "móulǜ",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "谋虑"
},
{
"roman": "yì",
"word": "議"
},
{
"roman": "yì",
"word": "议"
},
{
"roman": "yìlùn",
"word": "議論"
},
{
"roman": "yìlùn",
"word": "议论"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "錦議"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
],
"word": "锦议"
},
{
"roman": "chǎnlùn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "闡論"
},
{
"roman": "chǎnlùn",
"tags": [
"literary"
],
"word": "阐论"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"categories": [
"Beginning Mandarin",
"Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
"Chinese lemmas",
"Chinese nouns",
"Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Chinese verbs",
"Eastern Min lemmas",
"Eastern Min nouns",
"Eastern Min verbs",
"Middle Chinese lemmas",
"zh:Education",
"zh:Talking"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "中央研究院"
},
{
"word": "作業研究"
},
{
"word": "作业研究"
},
{
"roman": "gè'àn yánjiū",
"word": "個案研究"
},
{
"roman": "gè'àn yánjiū",
"word": "个案研究"
},
{
"roman": "qūyù yánjiū",
"word": "區域研究"
},
{
"roman": "qūyù yánjiū",
"word": "区域研究"
},
{
"roman": "nǚxìng yánjiū",
"word": "女性研究"
},
{
"roman": "fùnǚ yánjiū",
"word": "婦女研究"
},
{
"roman": "fùnǚ yánjiū",
"word": "妇女研究"
},
{
"word": "學術研究"
},
{
"word": "学术研究"
},
{
"roman": "shízhèng yánjiū",
"word": "實證研究"
},
{
"roman": "shízhèng yánjiū",
"word": "实证研究"
},
{
"roman": "dǐbiān yánjiū",
"word": "底邊研究"
},
{
"roman": "dǐbiān yánjiū",
"word": "底边研究"
},
{
"roman": "xìngbié yánjiū",
"word": "性別研究"
},
{
"roman": "xìngbié yánjiū",
"word": "性别研究"
},
{
"roman": "jiékè yánjiū",
"word": "捷克研究"
},
{
"roman": "wénhuà yánjiū",
"word": "文化研究"
},
{
"roman": "ànlì yánjiū",
"word": "案例研究"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuán",
"word": "研究員"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuán",
"word": "研究员"
},
{
"word": "研究室"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūjú",
"word": "研究局"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūsuǒ",
"word": "研究所"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūhuì",
"word": "研究會"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūhuì",
"word": "研究会"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūshēng",
"word": "研究生"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūzhě",
"word": "研究者"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūjīn",
"word": "研究金"
},
{
"roman": "yánjiūyuàn",
"word": "研究院"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研討"
},
{
"roman": "yántǎo",
"word": "研讨"
},
{
"roman": "shèhuì yánjiū",
"word": "社會研究"
},
{
"roman": "shèhuì yánjiū",
"word": "社会研究"
},
{
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"word": "科學研究"
},
{
"roman": "kēxué yánjiū",
"word": "科学研究"
},
{
"roman": "fānyì yánjiū",
"word": "翻譯研究"
},
{
"roman": "fānyì yánjiū",
"word": "翻译研究"
},
{
"word": "通信研究員"
},
{
"word": "通信研究员"
},
{
"roman": "yóupiào yánjiū",
"word": "郵票研究"
},
{
"roman": "yóupiào yánjiū",
"word": "邮票研究"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研究",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"gloss": ""
},
"expansion": "研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ko",
"2": "연구(硏究)",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"t2": "",
"t3": "",
"t4": ""
},
"expansion": "→ Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "研究",
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "nghiên cứu",
"bor": "1",
"t": "",
"tr": "研究"
},
"expansion": "→ Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研究",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"3": "연구",
"4": "nghiên cứu",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"h": "硏究",
"j2": "",
"j2t": "",
"j3": "",
"j3t": "",
"j4": "",
"j4t": "",
"jdesc": "",
"jje2": "",
"jje2t": "",
"jje3": "",
"jje3t": "",
"jje4": "",
"jje4t": "",
"jjedesc": "",
"jjet": "",
"jt": "",
"k2": "",
"k2t": "",
"k3": "",
"k3t": "",
"k4": "",
"k4t": "",
"kdesc": "",
"kt": "",
"o": "研究",
"o2": "",
"o2t": "",
"o3": "",
"o3t": "",
"o4": "",
"o4t": "",
"odesc": "",
"ot": "",
"s": "研究",
"v": "研究",
"v2": "",
"v2t": "",
"v3": "",
"v3t": "",
"v4": "",
"v4t": "",
"vdesc": "",
"vt": ""
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "CJKV/code"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "けんきゅう",
"3": "연구",
"4": "nghiên cứu",
"h": "硏究"
},
"expansion": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)",
"name": "CJKV"
}
],
"text": "Sino-Xenic (研究):\n* → Japanese: 研究(けんきゅう) (kenkyū)\n* → Korean: 연구(硏究) (yeon'gu)\n* → Vietnamese: nghiên cứu (研究)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"roman": "wéixué",
"word": "為學"
},
{
"roman": "wéixué",
"word": "为学"
},
{
"roman": "zhìxué",
"word": "治學"
},
{
"roman": "zhìxué",
"word": "治学"
},
{
"roman": "zuò xuéwèn",
"word": "做學問"
},
{
"roman": "zuò xuéwèn",
"word": "做学问"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Chinese countable nouns",
"Chinese nouns classified by 項/项",
"Chinese uncountable nouns",
"Mandarin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to conduct a research",
"roman": "zuò yī xiàng yánjiū",
"text": "做一項研究／做一项研究",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "feasibility study",
"roman": "kěxíngxìng yánjiū",
"text": "可行性研究",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)"
],
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
],
[
"項",
"項#Chinese"
],
[
"项",
"项#Chinese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, uncountable) research; study; investigation (Classifier: 項／项 m)"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Pinyin",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"standard"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "янҗю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "i͡anži͡u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Wiktionary-specific"
],
"zh-pron": "I-I"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Jyutping"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"PFS",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Guangdong",
"Hakka",
"Meixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngan¹ giu¹"
},
{
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"POJ"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng⁵ giu³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Peng'im",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiang⁵ giu³"
},
{
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiū"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo",
"toneless-final-syllable-variant"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ˙ㄐㄧㄡ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjio̊u"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁵"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yan.jiou"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "яньцзю"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Palladius"
],
"zh-pron": "janʹczju"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/ ",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": " /jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hanyu-Pinyin",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"bopomofo"
],
"zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄐㄧㄡˋ"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Tongyong-Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "yánjiòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Wade-Giles"
],
"zh-pron": "yen²-chiu⁴"
},
{
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yán-jyòu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
"Mandarin"
],
"zh-pron": "yanjiow"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/",
"tags": [
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/",
"tags": [
"Dungan",
"Mandarin",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Yale"
],
"zh-pron": "yìhn gau"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Pinyin"
],
"zh-pron": "jin⁴ gau³"
},
{
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Guangdong-Romanization"
],
"zh-pron": "yin⁴ geo³"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/",
"tags": [
"Cantonese",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiên-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngien´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sixian"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Miaoli",
"Northern",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Phak-fa-su",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiân-kiu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Hakka-Romanization-System",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian´ giu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hagfa-Pinyim",
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
],
"zh-pron": "ngian¹ giu⁴"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meinong",
"Sinological-IPA",
"Sixian",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/",
"tags": [
"Hakka",
"Meixian",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Foochow-Romanized",
"Fuzhou"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiĕng-géu"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Fuzhou",
"Sinological-IPA"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Tai-lo"
],
"zh-pron": "gián-kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Phofsit-Daibuun"
],
"zh-pron": "giefnkiux"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Xiamen"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Quanzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Zhangzhou"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Taipei"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/",
"tags": [
"Hokkien",
"Kaohsiung"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiêng kiù"
},
{
"tags": [
"POJ",
"Teochew"
],
"zh-pron": "ngiâng kiù"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/",
"tags": [
"Sinological-IPA",
"Teochew"
]
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹gni-cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "'nyi^平 cieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "¹'nyi-jieu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Wu"
],
"zh-pron": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
},
{
"tags": [
"Middle-Chinese"
],
"zh-pron": "ngenH kjuwH"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ d͡ʑ̥i̯oʊ̯³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iæ̃²⁴ t͡ɕiou²⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiːn²¹ kɐu̯³³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯en²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋi̯an²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯u⁵⁵/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋan⁴⁴ kiu⁴⁴/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻⁵³ ⁽ᵏ⁻⁾ŋiɛu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kiu⁴¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kiu¹¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡiɛn⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kiu²¹/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋieŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ŋiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kiu²¹³/"
},
{
"ipa": "/n̠ʲi⁵⁵ t͡ɕiɤ²¹/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"sense": "investigation",
"word": "調查"
},
{
"roman": "diàochá",
"sense": "investigation",
"word": "调查"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity"
],
"derived": [
{
"roman": "kenkyū kaihatsu",
"ruby": [
[
"研究開発",
"けんきゅうかいはつ"
]
],
"word": "研究開発"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūsei",
"ruby": [
[
"研究生",
"けんきゅうせい"
]
],
"word": "研究生"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūjo",
"ruby": [
[
"研究所",
"けんきゅうじょ"
]
],
"word": "研究所"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūin",
"ruby": [
[
"研究員",
"けんきゅういん"
]
],
"word": "研究員"
},
{
"roman": "kenkyūsha",
"ruby": [
[
"研究者",
"けんきゅうしゃ"
]
],
"word": "研究者"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究",
"tr": "ngen *kiuᴴ?"
},
"expansion": "研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hak",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hakka",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cdo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Min",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l/helper"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.\nThe original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "研究",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "研(けん)究(きゅう) • (kenkyū)",
"name": "ja-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Research cannot advance without mistakes along the way.",
"ref": "1928, 寺田寅彦, 雑感",
"roman": "Machigaeru koto nashi ni wa kenkyū wa susumerarenai.",
"ruby": [
[
"間違",
"まちが"
],
[
"事",
"こと"
],
[
"研究",
"けんきゅう"
],
[
"進",
"すす"
]
],
"text": "間違える事なしには研究は進められない。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a piece of research, a study, investigation"
],
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
],
[
"investigation",
"investigation"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けんきゅう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨᵝː]"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese nouns",
"Japanese suru verbs",
"Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese",
"Japanese terms spelled with third grade kanji",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese terms written with two Han script characters",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ltc",
"3": "-",
"sort": "けんきゅう"
},
"expansion": "Middle Chinese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zh",
"2": "研究",
"tr": "ngen *kiuᴴ?"
},
"expansion": "研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hak",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Hakka",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cdo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Eastern Min",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nan",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Min Nan",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研",
"2": "",
"3": ""
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l/helper"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "研"
},
"expansion": "研",
"name": "ja-l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Chinese 研究 (ngen *kiuᴴ?). Compare modern Hakka ngiên-kiu, Eastern Min ngiĕng-géu, Min Nan gián-kiù.\nThe original on'yomi for the first character 研 was gen, more closely matching the Chinese origins. For reasons unknown, the reading shifted from gen to a kan'yō yomi of ken.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "研究する",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū suru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "研究し",
"roman": "kenkyū shi",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "研究した",
"roman": "kenkyū shita",
"ruby": [
[
"研",
"けん"
],
[
"究",
"きゅう"
]
],
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "研究し",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうし",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究する",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうする",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū suru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究すれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうすれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "研究せよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうせよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしろ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū seyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative",
"literary"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shiro",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究される",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうされる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sareru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "研究させる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究さす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうさせる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうさす",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū saseru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究できる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうできる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū dekiru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしよう",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shiyō",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "研究しない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうしない",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shinai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究せず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうせず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "研究します",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうします",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shimasu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "研究した",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうした",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shita",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "研究して",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうして",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū shite",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "研究すれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "けんきゅうすれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "kenkyū sureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "These works have been studied.",
"ref": "1931, 宮本百合子, 五ヵ年計画とソヴェトの芸術",
"roman": "Korera no sakuhin ga kenkyū sareta.",
"ruby": [
[
"作品",
"さくひん"
],
[
"研究",
"けんきゅう"
]
],
"text": "これらの作品が研究された。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to research, to study"
],
"links": [
[
"research",
"research"
],
[
"study",
"study"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"other": "けんきゅう"
},
{
"ipa": "[kẽ̞ŋʲkʲɨᵝː]"
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "yeon'gu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "연구",
"tags": [
"hangeul"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hj",
"hangeul": "연구"
},
"expansion": "研究 • (yeon'gu) (hangeul 연구)",
"name": "ko-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "research",
"word": "硏究"
}
],
"categories": [
"Korean entries with incorrect language header",
"Korean lemmas",
"Korean links with redundant wikilinks",
"Korean nouns",
"Korean nouns in Han script",
"Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Korean terms with redundant script codes"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of 硏究 (“research”)"
],
"links": [
[
"硏究",
"硏究#Korean"
],
[
"research",
"research"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vi",
"2": "verb",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"head": "",
"tr": ""
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"sc": "Hani"
},
"expansion": "研究",
"name": "vi-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Vietnamese Chữ Hán",
"Vietnamese entries with incorrect language header",
"Vietnamese lemmas",
"Vietnamese verbs",
"Vietnamese verbs in Han script"
],
"glosses": [
"chữ Hán form of nghiên cứu (“to research”)."
],
"links": [
[
"chữ Hán",
"chữ Hán#Vietnamese"
],
[
"nghiên cứu",
"nghiên cứu#Vietnamese"
],
[
"research",
"research"
]
]
}
],
"word": "研究"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/304",
"msg": "HTML tag <ul> not properly closed",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": "started on line 86, detected on line 92"
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Shanghai):'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wugniu'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'MiniDict'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Eastern Min (BUC)'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Wu (Wugniu)'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Northern)'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
"msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Sinological IPA (Shanghai)'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Chinese",
"subsection": "",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Mizenkei (\"imperfective\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Ren’yōkei (\"continuative\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Shūshikei (\"terminal\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Rentaikei (\"attributive\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Kateikei (\"hypothetical\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'Meireikei (\"imperative\")'",
"path": [
"研究"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "研究",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.