See been in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for been meaning in Middle English (18.1kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English: be",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: be; been (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "Scots: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: be"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "ba",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: ba, bee, be, b'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: ba, bee, be, b'"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "*wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰewHeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂wéseti"
},
"expansion": "*h₂wéseti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁ésti"
},
"expansion": "*h₁ésti",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "is",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "am",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "art",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bist",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bith",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "are",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "beth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "beende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybeen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "beynge",
"3": "was",
"4": "been"
},
"expansion": "been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "been"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 3 3 11 7 7 3 3 13 1 7 13 12 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Brassicales order plants",
"orig": "enm:Brassicales order plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To occur; to come to be."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-M7TVQxEq",
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"occur",
"occur"
],
[
"come",
"come"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(intransitive) To occur; to come to be."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-~605SivU",
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with adjective or adverb"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To be to or for someone or something."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-M4TkvYOb",
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"for",
"for"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"something",
"something"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(transitive) To be to or for someone or something."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"To be someone's; to be in someone's possession."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-T3D8TRXk",
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession."
],
"tags": [
"copulative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"Forms the continuous present and perfect."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-jduy5ppa",
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 3 3 11 7 7 3 3 13 1 7 13 12 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Brassicales order plants",
"orig": "enm:Brassicales order plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-nP2RxUg4",
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41",
"text": "[…]Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-smusupLA",
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone."
],
"tags": [
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Forms various passive constructions."
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-rxH8VVuO",
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bøːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/beːn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "be"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bean"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ben"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "beon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "boen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"alt": "from *h₁ésti",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "seen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sen"
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ben"
},
"expansion": "English: ben",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: ben"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ar",
"3": "بَان",
"4": "",
"5": "ben tree"
},
"expansion": "Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ben (moringa tree)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-noun-78VMRUlN",
"links": [
[
"ben",
"ben"
]
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bēo"
},
"expansion": "bēo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bijōniz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bijōniz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bijǭ"
},
"expansion": "*bijǭ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bee",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "bee + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun plural form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "bee",
"word": "bee"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of bee (“bee”)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-noun-pgySH7gu",
"links": [
[
"bee",
"bee#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "English: been",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: been"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "Scots: been",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: been"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġebēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġebēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "y-",
"3": "be",
"4": "-en",
"id3": "participial",
"pos3": "participial suffix"
},
"expansion": "y- + be + -en (participial suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- + be + -en (participial suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Forms linking to themselves",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 1 1 11 6 6 1 1 13 0 7 19 12 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms prefixed with y-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -en (participial)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 3 3 11 7 7 3 3 13 1 7 13 12 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Brassicales order plants",
"orig": "enm:Brassicales order plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of been (“to be”)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-enm:participle",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:participle"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ybeen"
},
{
"word": "ybe"
}
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "English: been",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete as the plural"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete as the plural)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: been (obsolete as the plural)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēoþ"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēoþ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biunþi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biunþi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*beuną",
"t": "to be, become"
},
"expansion": "*beuną (“to be, become”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Forms linking to themselves",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 3 3 11 7 7 3 3 13 1 7 13 12 9",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Brassicales order plants",
"orig": "enm:Brassicales order plants",
"parents": [
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural present indicative of been (“to be”)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-vw0fCXkE",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "be"
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: be"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "Scots: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: be"
}
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biwīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biwīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*beuną",
"t": "to be, become"
},
"expansion": "*beuną (“to be, become”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Forms linking to themselves",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-verb-~lFz1fX8",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"etymology_number": 7,
"forms": [
{
"form": "beenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beenen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "beenes",
"pl2": "beenen"
},
"expansion": "been (plural beenes or beenen)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bean",
"word": "bene"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of bene (“bean”)"
],
"id": "en-been-enm-noun-KGfWhC~0",
"links": [
[
"bene",
"bene#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English suppletive verbs",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English verbs",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English: be",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dialectal"
},
"expansion": "(dialectal)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: be; been (dialectal)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "Scots: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: be"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "ba",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: ba, bee, be, b'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: ba, bee, be, b'"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*beun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *beun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "*wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰewHeti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₂wéseti"
},
"expansion": "*h₂wéseti",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*h₁ésti"
},
"expansion": "*h₁ésti",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "is",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "beynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "irregular",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "am",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "art",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "bist",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "is",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "bith",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "was",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "are",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "beth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "beende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "been",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "be",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybeen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ybe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "beynge",
"3": "was",
"4": "been"
},
"expansion": "been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "been"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To occur; to come to be."
],
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"occur",
"occur"
],
[
"come",
"come"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(intransitive) To occur; to come to be."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation."
],
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"situation",
"situation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with adjective or adverb"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be; to exist or have existence:",
"To be to or for someone or something."
],
"links": [
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"exist",
"exist"
],
[
"existence",
"existence"
],
[
"to",
"to"
],
[
"for",
"for"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
],
[
"something",
"something"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:",
"(transitive) To be to or for someone or something."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English copulative verbs",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"To be someone's; to be in someone's possession."
],
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession."
],
"tags": [
"copulative",
"with-genitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs",
"Middle English copulative verbs",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"Forms the continuous present and perfect."
],
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs",
"Middle English copulative verbs",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone.",
"Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone.",
"(auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English copulative verbs",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41",
"text": "[…]Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent[…]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be something or someone."
],
"links": [
[
"copulative",
"copular verb"
],
[
"be",
"be"
],
[
"something",
"something"
],
[
"someone",
"someone"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(copulative) To be something or someone."
],
"tags": [
"copulative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms various passive constructions."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/bøːn/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/beːn/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "be"
},
{
"word": "bean"
},
{
"word": "ben"
},
{
"word": "beon"
},
{
"word": "boen"
},
{
"alt": "from *h₁ésti",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "seen"
},
{
"word": "sen"
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Arabic",
"Middle English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ben"
},
"expansion": "English: ben",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: ben"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ar",
"3": "بَان",
"4": "",
"5": "ben tree"
},
"expansion": "Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"ben (moringa tree)"
],
"links": [
[
"ben",
"ben"
]
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English noun plural forms",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (noun plural)",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bēo"
},
"expansion": "bēo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bijōniz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bijōniz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*bijǭ"
},
"expansion": "*bijǭ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "bee",
"3": "-en",
"id2": "noun plural",
"pos2": "plural suffix"
},
"expansion": "bee + -en (plural suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee + -en (plural suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun plural form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "bee",
"word": "bee"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of bee (“bee”)"
],
"links": [
[
"bee",
"bee#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms prefixed with y-",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en (participial)",
"Middle English verb forms",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "English: been",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: been"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "Scots: been",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: been"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġebēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġebēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "y-",
"3": "be",
"4": "-en",
"id3": "participial",
"pos3": "participial suffix"
},
"expansion": "y- + be + -en (participial suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- + be + -en (participial suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Forms linking to themselves",
"Middle English past participles"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of been (“to be”)"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:participle"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ybeen"
},
{
"word": "ybe"
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English verb forms",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "been"
},
"expansion": "English: been",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete as the plural"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete as the plural)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: been (obsolete as the plural)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēoþ"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēoþ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biunþi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biunþi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*beuną",
"t": "to be, become"
},
"expansion": "*beuną (“to be, become”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Forms linking to themselves",
"Middle English plural forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural present indicative of been (“to be”)"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "be"
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English verb forms",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "English: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: be"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "be"
},
"expansion": "Scots: be",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: be"
}
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bēon",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "bēon (“to be”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*biwīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *biwīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*beuną",
"t": "to be, become"
},
"expansion": "*beuną (“to be, become”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Forms linking to themselves",
"Middle English plural subjunctive forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"enm:Brassicales order plants"
],
"etymology_number": 7,
"forms": [
{
"form": "beenes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "beenen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "been",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "beenes",
"pl2": "beenen"
},
"expansion": "been (plural beenes or beenen)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "bean",
"word": "bene"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of bene (“bean”)"
],
"links": [
[
"bene",
"bene#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "been"
}
{
"called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
"msg": "''To be something or someone.'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
"path": [
"been"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "been",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (1d5a7d1 and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.