See weren in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for weren meaning in Middle English (8.7kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "were"
},
"expansion": "English: were",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wern"
},
"expansion": "wern",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "weren"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">wern</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">weren</i>"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete wern, weren)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: were (obsolete wern, weren)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wǣron"
},
"expansion": "Old English wǣron",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wēzun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wēzun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wǣren"
},
"expansion": "Old English wǣren",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wēzīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wēzīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Old English wǣron, the plural indicative past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzun, the third-person plural indicative past of *wesaną) and Old English wǣren, the plural subjunctive past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzīn, the third-person plural subjunctive past of *wesaną).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1450, Richard the Redeless",
"text": "And rafte was youre riott and rest, for youre daiez weren wikkid[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1450, Prose Merlin",
"text": "Whan these thre kynges weren abedde and at her ese that nyght, the storye seith that they lay till on the morn that thei ronge to messe right erly, for it was a litill afore Halowmesse.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural past indicative/subjunctive of been"
],
"id": "en-weren-enm-verb-OCtE1W0Z",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "were"
},
{
"word": "weryn"
},
{
"alt": "after Old Norse vera",
"word": "waren"
},
{
"word": "warn"
},
{
"word": "worn"
},
{
"word": "woren"
}
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛːr(ə)n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛr(ə)n/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wern"
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wear"
},
"expansion": "English: wear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: wear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "were",
"3": "weir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: were, weir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: were, weir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "waare"
},
"expansion": "Yola: waare",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: waare"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "gem-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "werian"
},
"expansion": "Old English werian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "beren"
},
"expansion": "beren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "teren"
},
"expansion": "teren",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English werian. Strong forms are analogical to beren, teren, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "wereth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "werynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "weredest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wereden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "werede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "waren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "werynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "werende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "woren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "worn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ywered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "wer"
},
"expansion": "weren (third-person singular simple present wereth, present participle werende, werynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wered)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wer",
"p_part2": "woren",
"p_part3": "worn",
"s2": "war",
"s2_2": "wer",
"s3": "wer",
"s3_2": "war",
"sc": "4",
"y": "p1"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to wear, be clothed with"
],
"id": "en-weren-enm-verb-E1t1Ue1b",
"links": [
[
"wear",
"wear#English"
],
[
"clothed",
"clothed#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "werien"
},
{
"word": "veren"
}
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wern"
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "werren"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of werren"
],
"id": "en-weren-enm-verb-IyXJcg3j",
"links": [
[
"werren",
"werren#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English non-lemma forms",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verb forms",
"Middle English verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "were"
},
"expansion": "English: were",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wern"
},
"expansion": "wern",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "weren"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "obsolete <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">wern</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">weren</i>"
},
"expansion": "(obsolete wern, weren)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "English: were (obsolete wern, weren)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wǣron"
},
"expansion": "Old English wǣron",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wēzun"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wēzun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wǣren"
},
"expansion": "Old English wǣren",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wesan"
},
"expansion": "wesan",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wēzīn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wēzīn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "*wesaną",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a conflation of Old English wǣron, the plural indicative past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzun, the third-person plural indicative past of *wesaną) and Old English wǣren, the plural subjunctive past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzīn, the third-person plural subjunctive past of *wesaną).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English plural past forms",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1450, Richard the Redeless",
"text": "And rafte was youre riott and rest, for youre daiez weren wikkid[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1450, Prose Merlin",
"text": "Whan these thre kynges weren abedde and at her ese that nyght, the storye seith that they lay till on the morn that thei ronge to messe right erly, for it was a litill afore Halowmesse.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural past indicative/subjunctive of been"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛːr(ə)n/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈwɛr(ə)n/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "were"
},
{
"word": "wern"
},
{
"word": "weryn"
},
{
"alt": "after Old Norse vera",
"word": "waren"
},
{
"word": "warn"
},
{
"word": "worn"
},
{
"word": "woren"
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English class 4 strong verbs",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "wear"
},
"expansion": "English: wear",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: wear"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "were",
"3": "weir"
},
"expansion": "Scots: were, weir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: were, weir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "waare"
},
"expansion": "Yola: waare",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: waare"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "gem-pro",
"4": "ine-pro",
"inh": "2"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "werian"
},
"expansion": "Old English werian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "beren"
},
"expansion": "beren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "teren"
},
"expansion": "teren",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English werian. Strong forms are analogical to beren, teren, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "wereth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "werynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strong weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "weredest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "wereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "war",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wer",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wereden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "werede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "weren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "waren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ware",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "wereth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "were",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "werynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "werende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "wered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "woren",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "worn",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ywered",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "wer"
},
"expansion": "weren (third-person singular simple present wereth, present participle werende, werynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wered)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wer",
"p_part2": "woren",
"p_part3": "worn",
"s2": "war",
"s2_2": "wer",
"s3": "wer",
"s3_2": "war",
"sc": "4",
"y": "p1"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to wear, be clothed with"
],
"links": [
[
"wear",
"wear#English"
],
[
"clothed",
"clothed#English"
]
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "wern"
},
{
"word": "werien"
},
{
"word": "veren"
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "weren",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "werren"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of werren"
],
"links": [
[
"werren",
"werren#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "weren"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (ae36afe and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.