See by in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for by meaning in Middle English (4.1kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "by"
},
"expansion": "English: by\n→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "English: by\n→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "by",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "bee",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: bee, bie, be, by",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: bee, bie, be, by"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English bī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English bī",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁epi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English prepositions",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41",
"text": "And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"by"
],
"id": "en-by-enm-prep-p-LSbo0V",
"links": [
[
"by",
"by#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "bi-"
},
{
"word": "by-"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "be"
},
{
"word": "bi"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi/"
}
],
"word": "by"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 100",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of been (“to be”)"
],
"id": "en-by-enm-verb-nUi1Qnmz",
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "by"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English prepositions",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "by"
},
"expansion": "English: by\n→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "English: by\n→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "by",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "bee",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: bee, bie, be, by",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: bee, bie, be, by"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English bī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English bī",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁epi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "preposition"
},
"expansion": "by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "prep",
"related": [
{
"word": "bi-"
},
{
"word": "by-"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41",
"text": "And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"by"
],
"links": [
[
"by",
"by#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/biː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/bi/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "be"
},
{
"word": "bi"
}
],
"word": "by"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Middle English verbs"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "by",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "to be",
"word": "been"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of been (“to be”)"
],
"links": [
[
"been",
"been#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "by"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (4d5d0bb and edd475d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.