See spruce in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for spruce meaning in English (34.4kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea mariana",
"word": "black spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea pungens",
"word": "blue spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Brewer's spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Colorado spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea jezoensis",
"word": "dark-bark spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Engelmann spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea engelmannii",
"word": "Engelmann's spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea abies",
"word": "European spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Ezo spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "green spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Jezo spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea koyamae",
"word": "Koyama's spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea abies",
"word": "Norway spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Patton's spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea rubens",
"word": "red spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Serbian spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Siberian spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "silver spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea sitchensis",
"word": "Sitka spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce aphid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce beer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce cone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce grouse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce hen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce pine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce siskin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "spruce tip"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "weeping spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "western spruce budworm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"taxonomic": "Picea glauca",
"word": "white spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Yeddo spruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Yezo spruce"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
},
"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bat",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prg",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Spruce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "spruces",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spruce",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s",
"3": "spruce"
},
"expansion": "spruce (countable and uncountable, plural spruces or spruce)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "Picea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 15 0 28 1 34 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 24 1 20 1 25 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 34 1 18 2 21 3 3",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Conifers",
"orig": "en:Conifers",
"parents": [
"Gymnosperms",
"Shrubs",
"Trees",
"Plants",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 1 19 4 23 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "en:Hides",
"parents": [
"Leatherworking",
"Materials",
"Crafts",
"Manufacturing",
"Society",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any of various large coniferous evergreen trees or shrubs from the genus Picea, found in northern temperate and boreal regions; originally and more fully spruce fir."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-noun-e3~R2sFv",
"links": [
[
"coniferous",
"coniferous"
],
[
"evergreen",
"evergreen"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"Picea",
"Picea#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ab",
"lang": "Abkhaz",
"roman": "apsadz",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "аԥсаӡ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "spar"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "bredhi i zi"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "hormoç"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Fichte"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tannūb",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَنُّوب"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "eġewni",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "եղևնի"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "küknar"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "şırşı",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шыршы"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "jólka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ёлка"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "jalína",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ялі́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smǎrč",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "смърч"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "avet roig"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ce",
"lang": "Chechen",
"roman": "baza",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "база"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "šéstótó'e"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "雲杉"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yúnshān",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "云杉"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "cv",
"lang": "Chuvash",
"roman": "čărăš",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "чӑрӑш"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrk"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spar"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ovd",
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "grån"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kuz",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "куз"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "piceo"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "kuusk"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grann"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "kuusi"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "épicéa"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"feminine"
],
"word": "épinette"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "peç"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naʒvi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ნაძვი"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fichte"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "erythreláti",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ερυθρελάτη"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "kl",
"lang": "Greenlandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "orpiliassaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "gwi",
"lang": "Gwich'in",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ts'iivii"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "lāʻau hū"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "אשוחית"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "lucfenyő"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "luc"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "greni"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grön"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "abieto"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ik",
"lang": "Inupiaq",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "napaaqtuq"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sprús"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abete rosso"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "peccio"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōhi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "トウヒ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "baramomi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "バラモミ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "matsuhada",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "マツハダ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ezomatsu",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "エゾマツ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "csb",
"lang": "Kashubian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "dana"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "şyrşa",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шырша"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "tìgen",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "тіген"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gamunbi namu",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "가문비 나무"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaj"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ltg",
"lang": "Latgalian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "egle"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "egle"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "li",
"lang": "Limburgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "sjpar"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "eglė"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "paghéra"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "peghéra"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pighéra"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nds",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fücht"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Fiicht"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "Fiichten"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "smrča",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смрча"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"note": "in narrow sense",
"roman": "gacuur",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "гацуур"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "ɣačur-a",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Mongolian"
],
"word": "ᠭᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠ"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "chʼó"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sapîn"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "guossa"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "os",
"lang": "Ossetian",
"roman": "nazty",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "назты"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pms",
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "sapin"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fijcht"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "świerk"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abeto vermelho"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "espruce"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pisya"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molid"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelʹ",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ель"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jólka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ёлка"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sjd",
"lang": "Kildin Sami",
"roman": "kūss",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "кӯсс"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sgs",
"lang": "Samogitian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "eglė"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "stq",
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Kjuusdanne"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "giuthas"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "omorika"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "smrča"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "smreka"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrek"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "smreka"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "škrjok"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šmrěk"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "msprusi"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "twf",
"lang": "Taos",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pʼȍkʼúowoną"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "yeş",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "еш"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "serşe",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "серше"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "terke",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "терке"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ladin"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "şivi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шиви"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jalýcja",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "яли́ця"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "smeréka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смере́ка"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jalýna",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "яли́на"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "vân sam"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "epiceya"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "sbriws"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 0 3 1",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qarıya",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "харыйа"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The wood of a spruce."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-noun-5gcwAWLO",
"links": [
[
"wood",
"wood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The wood of a spruce."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "grantræ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "granbrænde (firewood)"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sparrenhout"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grann"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grannviður"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "kuusi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Fichtenholz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "greni"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abeto vermelho"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelʹ",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ель"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "giuthas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "smrȅka"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 94 6 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "granträ"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 15 0 28 1 34 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 24 1 20 1 25 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 1 19 4 23 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "en:Hides",
"parents": [
"Leatherworking",
"Materials",
"Crafts",
"Manufacturing",
"Society",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "That spruce table is beautiful!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Made of the wood of the spruce."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-noun-8J5CbWBm",
"raw_glosses": [
"(used attributively) Made of the wood of the spruce."
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "smrkový"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "gran-"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "kuusipuinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "kuusi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "greni-"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelóvyj",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "ело́вый"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 10 81 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "gran-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Prussian leather; pruce."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-noun-31Ehum~F",
"links": [
[
"Prussian",
"Prussian"
],
[
"leather",
"leather"
],
[
"pruce",
"pruce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Prussian leather; pruce."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
},
"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bat",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prg",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Spruce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sprucer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "sprucest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "spruce (comparative sprucer, superlative sprucest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 15 0 28 1 34 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 24 1 20 1 25 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 1 19 4 23 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "en:Hides",
"parents": [
"Leatherworking",
"Materials",
"Crafts",
"Manufacturing",
"Society",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1916, Henry Beston, A Volunteer Poilu",
"text": "... a baker's boy in a white apron and blue jumpers went by carrying a basket of bread on his head; and from the nearby tobacconist's, a spruce young lieutenant dressed in a black uniform emerged lighting a cigarette.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1919, William Somerset Maugham, “chapter 31”, in The Moon and Sixpence",
"text": "He had great neatness of person, and he continued to wear his spruce black coat and his bowler hat, always a little too small for him, in a dapper, jaunty manner.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1952, Norman Lewis, Golden Earth",
"text": "A spruce young lieutenant came over, saluted and clambered into the back of our jeep, and we were off.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 October 13, “Plessey returns: Chips with everything”, in The Economist",
"text": "The two clean rooms, where chips are made, are sprucer than a hospital theatre.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Smart, trim, and elegant in appearance; fastidious (said of a person)."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-adj-rA09~QpL",
"links": [
[
"Smart",
"smart"
],
[
"trim",
"trim"
],
[
"elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"fastidious",
"fastidious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(comparable) Smart, trim, and elegant in appearance; fastidious (said of a person)."
],
"tags": [
"comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spretnat",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "спретнат"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izdokaran",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "издокаран"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "tyylikäs"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "breabhsánta"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "elegancki"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "narjádnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "наря́дный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "elegántnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "элега́нтный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izjáščnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "изя́щный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ščegolevátyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "щеголева́тый"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "stilig"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "flott"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "elegant"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "spruce up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "sprucen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
},
"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Baltic",
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prg",
"3": "-"
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"expansion": "Old Prussian",
"name": "der"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Spruce",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "spruces",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sprucing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "spruced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "spruced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "spruce (third-person singular simple present spruces, present participle sprucing, simple past and past participle spruced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "16 15 0 28 1 34 3 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 24 1 20 1 25 4 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 1 19 4 23 5 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hides",
"orig": "en:Hides",
"parents": [
"Leatherworking",
"Materials",
"Crafts",
"Manufacturing",
"Society",
"Human activity",
"All topics",
"Human behaviour",
"Fundamental",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To arrange neatly; tidy up."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-verb-SkSCmCdC",
"links": [
[
"up",
"up#English"
],
[
"tidy up",
"tidy up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually with up) To arrange neatly; tidy up."
],
"tags": [
"usually",
"with-up"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To make oneself spruce (neat and elegant in appearance)."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-verb-bZxS7gS8",
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"up",
"up#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive, usually with up) To make oneself spruce (neat and elegant in appearance)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive",
"usually",
"with-up"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To tease."
],
"id": "en-spruce-en-verb-6zvj2LV6",
"links": [
[
"tease",
"tease"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Baltic languages",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old Prussian",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Rhymes:English/uːs",
"Rhymes:English/uːs/1 syllable",
"en:Conifers",
"en:Hides"
],
"derived": [
{
"taxonomic": "Picea mariana",
"word": "black spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea pungens",
"word": "blue spruce"
},
{
"word": "Brewer's spruce"
},
{
"word": "Colorado spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea jezoensis",
"word": "dark-bark spruce"
},
{
"word": "Engelmann spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea engelmannii",
"word": "Engelmann's spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea abies",
"word": "European spruce"
},
{
"word": "Ezo spruce"
},
{
"word": "green spruce"
},
{
"word": "Jezo spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea koyamae",
"word": "Koyama's spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea abies",
"word": "Norway spruce"
},
{
"word": "Patton's spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea rubens",
"word": "red spruce"
},
{
"word": "Serbian spruce"
},
{
"word": "Siberian spruce"
},
{
"word": "silver spruce"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea sitchensis",
"word": "Sitka spruce"
},
{
"word": "spruce aphid"
},
{
"word": "spruce beer"
},
{
"word": "spruce cone"
},
{
"word": "spruce grouse"
},
{
"word": "spruce hen"
},
{
"word": "spruce pine"
},
{
"word": "spruce siskin"
},
{
"word": "spruce tip"
},
{
"word": "weeping spruce"
},
{
"word": "western spruce budworm"
},
{
"taxonomic": "Picea glauca",
"word": "white spruce"
},
{
"word": "Yeddo spruce"
},
{
"word": "Yezo spruce"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
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"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
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"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Baltic",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "prg",
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"expansion": "Old Prussian",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "Spruce"
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"expansion": "Spruce",
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "spruces",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "spruce",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~",
"2": "s",
"3": "spruce"
},
"expansion": "spruce (countable and uncountable, plural spruces or spruce)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "Picea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa"
],
"glosses": [
"Any of various large coniferous evergreen trees or shrubs from the genus Picea, found in northern temperate and boreal regions; originally and more fully spruce fir."
],
"links": [
[
"coniferous",
"coniferous"
],
[
"evergreen",
"evergreen"
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[
"tree",
"tree"
],
[
"shrub",
"shrub"
],
[
"Picea",
"Picea#Translingual"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"The wood of a spruce."
],
"links": [
[
"wood",
"wood"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The wood of a spruce."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "That spruce table is beautiful!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Made of the wood of the spruce."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(used attributively) Made of the wood of the spruce."
],
"tags": [
"attributive",
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Prussian leather; pruce."
],
"links": [
[
"Prussian",
"Prussian"
],
[
"leather",
"leather"
],
[
"pruce",
"pruce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Prussian leather; pruce."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ab",
"lang": "Abkhaz",
"roman": "apsadz",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "аԥсаӡ"
},
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "spar"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "bredhi i zi"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "hormoç"
},
{
"code": "gsw",
"lang": "Alemannic German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Fichte"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "tannūb",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "تَنُّوب"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "eġewni",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "եղևնի"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "küknar"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "şırşı",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шыршы"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "jólka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ёлка"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "jalína",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ялі́на"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "smǎrč",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "смърч"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "avet roig"
},
{
"code": "ce",
"lang": "Chechen",
"roman": "baza",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "база"
},
{
"code": "chy",
"lang": "Cheyenne",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "šéstótó'e"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "雲杉"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yúnshān",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "云杉"
},
{
"code": "cv",
"lang": "Chuvash",
"roman": "čărăš",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "чӑрӑш"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spar"
},
{
"code": "ovd",
"lang": "Elfdalian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "grån"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "kuz",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "куз"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "piceo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "kuusk"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grann"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "kuusi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "épicéa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"feminine"
],
"word": "épinette"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "peç"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naʒvi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ნაძვი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fichte"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "erythreláti",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ερυθρελάτη"
},
{
"code": "kl",
"lang": "Greenlandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "orpiliassaq"
},
{
"code": "gwi",
"lang": "Gwich'in",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ts'iivii"
},
{
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "lāʻau hū"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "אשוחית"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "lucfenyő"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "luc"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "greni"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grön"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "abieto"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"code": "ik",
"lang": "Inupiaq",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "napaaqtuq"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sprús"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abete rosso"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "peccio"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tōhi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "トウヒ"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "baramomi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "バラモミ"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "matsuhada",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "マツハダ"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ezomatsu",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "エゾマツ"
},
{
"code": "csb",
"lang": "Kashubian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "dana"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "şyrşa",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шырша"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "tìgen",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "тіген"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gamunbi namu",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "가문비 나무"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kaj"
},
{
"code": "ltg",
"lang": "Latgalian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "egle"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "egle"
},
{
"code": "li",
"lang": "Limburgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "sjpar"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "eglė"
},
{
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "paghéra"
},
{
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "peghéra"
},
{
"code": "lmo",
"lang": "Lombard",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pighéra"
},
{
"code": "nds",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fücht"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Fiicht"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "Fiichten"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "smrča",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смрча"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"note": "in narrow sense",
"roman": "gacuur",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "гацуур"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "ɣačur-a",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Mongolian"
],
"word": "ᠭᠠᠴᠤᠷᠠ"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "chʼó"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sapîn"
},
{
"code": "se",
"lang": "Northern Sami",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "guossa"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "picea"
},
{
"code": "os",
"lang": "Ossetian",
"roman": "nazty",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "назты"
},
{
"code": "pms",
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "sapin"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Fijcht"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "świerk"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abeto vermelho"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "espruce"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pisya"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molid"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelʹ",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ель"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jólka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ёлка"
},
{
"code": "sjd",
"lang": "Kildin Sami",
"roman": "kūss",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "кӯсс"
},
{
"code": "sgs",
"lang": "Samogitian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "eglė"
},
{
"code": "stq",
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "Kjuusdanne"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "giuthas"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "omorika"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "smrča"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "smreka"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrek"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "smreka"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "škrjok"
},
{
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šmrěk"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "msprusi"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "twf",
"lang": "Taos",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "pʼȍkʼúowoną"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "yeş",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "еш"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "serşe",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "серше"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "terke",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "терке"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "ladin"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "şivi",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "шиви"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jalýcja",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "яли́ця"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "smeréka",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "смере́ка"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "jalýna",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "яли́на"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "vân sam"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "epiceya"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "sbriws"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "qarıya",
"sense": "tree from the genus Picea",
"word": "харыйа"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "smrk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "grantræ"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "granbrænde (firewood)"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "spar"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "sparrenhout"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "grann"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grannviður"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"word": "kuusi"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Fichtenholz"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "greni"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pícea"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abeto vermelho"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "molid"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelʹ",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ель"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "giuthas"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "smrȅka"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wood of a spruce",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "granträ"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "smrkový"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "gran-"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "kuusipuinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "kuusi-"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "greni-"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gran"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "jelóvyj",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "ело́вый"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "attributive: made of the wood of the spruce",
"word": "gran-"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Baltic languages",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old Prussian",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Rhymes:English/uːs",
"Rhymes:English/uːs/1 syllable",
"en:Conifers",
"en:Hides"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
},
"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bat",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prg",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Spruce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "sprucer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "sprucest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "spruce (comparative sprucer, superlative sprucest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1916, Henry Beston, A Volunteer Poilu",
"text": "... a baker's boy in a white apron and blue jumpers went by carrying a basket of bread on his head; and from the nearby tobacconist's, a spruce young lieutenant dressed in a black uniform emerged lighting a cigarette.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1919, William Somerset Maugham, “chapter 31”, in The Moon and Sixpence",
"text": "He had great neatness of person, and he continued to wear his spruce black coat and his bowler hat, always a little too small for him, in a dapper, jaunty manner.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1952, Norman Lewis, Golden Earth",
"text": "A spruce young lieutenant came over, saluted and clambered into the back of our jeep, and we were off.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012 October 13, “Plessey returns: Chips with everything”, in The Economist",
"text": "The two clean rooms, where chips are made, are sprucer than a hospital theatre.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Smart, trim, and elegant in appearance; fastidious (said of a person)."
],
"links": [
[
"Smart",
"smart"
],
[
"trim",
"trim"
],
[
"elegant",
"elegant"
],
[
"fastidious",
"fastidious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(comparable) Smart, trim, and elegant in appearance; fastidious (said of a person)."
],
"tags": [
"comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "spretnat",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "спретнат"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "izdokaran",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "издокаран"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "tyylikäs"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "breabhsánta"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "elegancki"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "narjádnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "наря́дный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "elegántnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "элега́нтный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izjáščnyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "изя́щный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ščegolevátyj",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "щеголева́тый"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "stilig"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "flott"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "smart and elegant",
"word": "elegant"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms derived from Baltic languages",
"English terms derived from Medieval Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old Prussian",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries missing English vernacular names of taxa",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Rhymes:English/uːs",
"Rhymes:English/uːs/1 syllable",
"en:Conifers",
"en:Hides"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "spruce up"
},
{
"word": "sprucen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Middle English Spruce",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Pruce",
"3": "",
"4": "Prussia"
},
"expansion": "Pruce (“Prussia”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bat",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Baltic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prg",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Spruce"
},
"expansion": "Spruce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "spruse"
},
"expansion": "spruse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "Sprws"
},
"expansion": "Sprws",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English Spruce, an alteration of Pruce (“Prussia”), from Medieval Latin, from a Baltic language, probably Old Prussian; for more, see Prussia. Spruce, spruse (1412), and Sprws (1378) were terms for commodities brought to England by Hanseatic merchants (beer, wood, leather). The tree with this name was also believed to have been native to Prussia. The adjective and verb senses (\"trim, neat\" and \"to make trim, neat\") are attested from 1594, and originate with spruce leather (1466), which was used to make a popular style of jerkins in the 1400s that was considered smart-looking.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "spruces",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "sprucing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "spruced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "spruced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "spruce (third-person singular simple present spruces, present participle sprucing, simple past and past participle spruced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To arrange neatly; tidy up."
],
"links": [
[
"up",
"up#English"
],
[
"tidy up",
"tidy up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually with up) To arrange neatly; tidy up."
],
"tags": [
"usually",
"with-up"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make oneself spruce (neat and elegant in appearance)."
],
"links": [
[
"transitive",
"transitive"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive"
],
[
"up",
"up#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive, usually with up) To make oneself spruce (neat and elegant in appearance)."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive",
"usually",
"with-up"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To tease."
],
"links": [
[
"tease",
"tease"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spɹuːs/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːs"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-spruce.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg/En-us-spruce.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/En-us-spruce.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "spro͞os"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Hanseatic League"
],
"word": "spruce"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.