See shirk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for shirk meaning in English (16.1kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shark",
"pos": "v"
},
"expansion": "shark (verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested use in 1625–1635, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shirking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (third-person singular simple present shirks, present participle shirking, simple past and past participle shirked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "avoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "evade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shy away from"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "desert"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "multislack"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "play truant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "renege"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "welch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "chuck a sickie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "do Abram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "pull a sickie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abraham"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "throw a sickie"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "lazy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "idler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "truancy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989, “Gonna Find You”, in Operation Ivy (CD), performed by Operation Ivy, Lookout Records, →OCLC",
"text": "Back in school, you ever get busted for trynna walk and have some administrator tell you / \"Son, you can shirk your obligations, / and try to be different from your peers, / but responsibility, your future / is gonna find you!\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-9ukylwal",
"links": [
[
"avoid",
"avoid"
],
[
"duty",
"duty"
],
[
"responsibility",
"responsibility"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shirk"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "boyun qaçırmaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "yayınmaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krǎškam",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "кръшкам"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klinča",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "клинча"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"note": "[script needed] (liu-kiang)",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táobì",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "逃避"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyhnout se"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyhýbat se"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utéct"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utíkat"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ontduiken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zich drukken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zijn plicht ontlopen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pinnata"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquiver"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "éviter"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "se défiler"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavs aridebs",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "თავს არიდებს"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sich drücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "umgehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "meiden"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ausweichen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "aus dem Weg gehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "kneifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loufáo",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "λουφάω"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "koma sér undan"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "scansare"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sottrarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "dare buca"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eludere"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakataha"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakatataha"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skofte"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulka"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquivar"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eschiva"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "fofila"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sačkovátʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "сачкова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lódyrničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ло́дырничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bezdélʹničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "безде́льничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uvílivatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уви́ливать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uklonjátʹsja",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уклоня́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "correrse"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "evadir"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "escaquearse"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "remolonear"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ponerse al socaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "smita från"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "undvika"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "trốn tránh"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you have a job, don't shirk from it by staying off work.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "September 7, 1830, Lord Byron, letter to Mr. Murray\nOne of the cities shirked from the league."
},
{
"ref": "1992, Robert Gibbons, A Primer in Game Theory, Prentice-Hall, page 107",
"text": "Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) develop a dynamic model in which firms induce workers to work hard by paying high wages and threatening to fire workers caught shirking.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-jz3nZF35",
"links": [
[
"evade",
"evade"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 23 0 6 40",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1635, Bishop Rainbow, Sermons",
"text": "You that never heard the call of any vocation, […] that shirk living from others, but time from yourselves.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-qvk0HZ1U",
"links": [
[
"solicitation",
"solicitation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "shûk"
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "blow off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "doss"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "duck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "goldbrick"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "goof off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "lollygag"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "malinger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "procrastinate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shirk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "slack off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "soldier"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "swing the lead"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shark",
"pos": "v"
},
"expansion": "shark (verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested use in 1625–1635, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (plural shirks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, John Davis Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, pages 101–102",
"text": "I may add here that, coming as the soldiers did from all avocations and stations in life, these details for fatigue often brought together men few of whom had any practical knowledge of the work in hand; so that aside from the shirks, who could work but would not, there were other who would but could not, at least intelligently.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who shirks, who avoids a duty or responsibility."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-noun-AdFC7-Yp",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dodger"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "shûk"
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شِرْك"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شِرْك (širk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "ش ر ك"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic شِرْك (širk).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "shirk (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Islam",
"orig": "en:Islam",
"parents": [
"Abrahamism",
"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 72 2 16 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 69 3 16 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 67 4 16 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 64 4 17 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, James R. White, What Every Christian Needs to Know About the Qur'an, Baker Books",
"text": "A person can have committed shirk in their lifetime and still find forgiveness (especially by saying the Shahada and becoming a Muslim). The concept is that if one dies in this state (as a mushrik, an idolator, one who engages in and does not repent shirk), there is no forgiveness.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The unforgivable sin of association [of something with God]."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-noun-QPbgKMy~",
"links": [
[
"unforgivable",
"unforgivable"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Islam) The unforgivable sin of association [of something with God]."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "mushrik"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"Islam",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪɾk/",
"note": "non-rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shirk (Islam).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Requests for native script for Hokkien terms",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shark",
"pos": "v"
},
"expansion": "shark (verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested use in 1625–1635, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shirking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (third-person singular simple present shirks, present participle shirking, simple past and past participle shirked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "avoid"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "evade"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shy away from"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "desert"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "multislack"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "play truant"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "renege"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "welch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "chuck a sickie"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "do Abram"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "pull a sickie"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abram"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abraham"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "throw a sickie"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "lazy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "idler"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "truancy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989, “Gonna Find You”, in Operation Ivy (CD), performed by Operation Ivy, Lookout Records, →OCLC",
"text": "Back in school, you ever get busted for trynna walk and have some administrator tell you / \"Son, you can shirk your obligations, / and try to be different from your peers, / but responsibility, your future / is gonna find you!\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"links": [
[
"avoid",
"avoid"
],
[
"duty",
"duty"
],
[
"responsibility",
"responsibility"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shirk"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you have a job, don't shirk from it by staying off work.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "September 7, 1830, Lord Byron, letter to Mr. Murray\nOne of the cities shirked from the league."
},
{
"ref": "1992, Robert Gibbons, A Primer in Game Theory, Prentice-Hall, page 107",
"text": "Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) develop a dynamic model in which firms induce workers to work hard by paying high wages and threatening to fire workers caught shirking.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"links": [
[
"evade",
"evade"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1635, Bishop Rainbow, Sermons",
"text": "You that never heard the call of any vocation, […] that shirk living from others, but time from yourselves.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"links": [
[
"solicitation",
"solicitation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "shûk"
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "blow off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "doss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "duck"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "goldbrick"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "goof off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "lollygag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "malinger"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "procrastinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shirk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "slack off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "soldier"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "swing the lead"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "boyun qaçırmaq"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "yayınmaq"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krǎškam",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "кръшкам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klinča",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "клинча"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"note": "[script needed] (liu-kiang)",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
]
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táobì",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "逃避"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyhnout se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyhýbat se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utéct"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utíkat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ontduiken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zich drukken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zijn plicht ontlopen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pinnata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquiver"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "éviter"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "se défiler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavs aridebs",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "თავს არიდებს"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sich drücken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "umgehen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "meiden"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ausweichen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "aus dem Weg gehen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "kneifen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loufáo",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "λουφάω"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "koma sér undan"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "scansare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sottrarsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "dare buca"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eludere"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakataha"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakatataha"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skofte"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulka"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquivar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eschiva"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "fofila"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sačkovátʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "сачкова́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lódyrničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ло́дырничать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bezdélʹničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "безде́льничать"
},
{
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uvílivatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уви́ливать"
},
{
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uklonjátʹsja",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уклоня́ться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "correrse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "evadir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "escaquearse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "remolonear"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ponerse al socaire"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "smita från"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "undvika"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "trốn tránh"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Requests for native script for Hokkien terms",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "shark",
"pos": "v"
},
"expansion": "shark (verb)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First attested use in 1625–1635, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (plural shirks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, John Davis Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, pages 101–102",
"text": "I may add here that, coming as the soldiers did from all avocations and stations in life, these details for fatigue often brought together men few of whom had any practical knowledge of the work in hand; so that aside from the shirks, who could work but would not, there were other who would but could not, at least intelligently.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who shirks, who avoids a duty or responsibility."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dodger"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"enpr": "shûk"
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شِرْك"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شِرْك (širk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "ش ر ك"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic شِرْك (širk).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "shirk (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mushrik"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Islam"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, James R. White, What Every Christian Needs to Know About the Qur'an, Baker Books",
"text": "A person can have committed shirk in their lifetime and still find forgiveness (especially by saying the Shahada and becoming a Muslim). The concept is that if one dies in this state (as a mushrik, an idolator, one who engages in and does not repent shirk), there is no forgiveness.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The unforgivable sin of association [of something with God]."
],
"links": [
[
"unforgivable",
"unforgivable"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Islam) The unforgivable sin of association [of something with God]."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"Islam",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪɾk/",
"note": "non-rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shirk (Islam).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.