See shirk in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First use appears c. 1633, in the publications of Shackerley Marmion, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shirking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (third-person singular simple present shirks, present participle shirking, simple past and past participle shirked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "avoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "evade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shy away from"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "desert"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "multislack"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "play truant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "renege"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "welch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "chuck a sickie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "do Abram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "pull a sickie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abram"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abraham"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "throw a sickie"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "lazy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "idler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "truancy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 27 35 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 32 38 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1826, Julius Hare, Guesses at Truth by Two Brothers:",
"text": "the usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, “Gonna Find You”, in Operation Ivy (CD), performed by Operation Ivy, Lookout Records, →OCLC:",
"text": "Back in school, you ever get busted for trynna walk and have some administrator tell you / \"Son, you can shirk your obligations, / and try to be different from your peers, / but responsibility, your future / is gonna find you!\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-9ukylwal",
"links": [
[
"avoid",
"avoid"
],
[
"duty",
"duty"
],
[
"responsibility",
"responsibility"
],
[
"stay away",
"stay away"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shirk"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "boyun qaçırmaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "yayınmaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krǎškam",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "кръшкам"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klinča",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "клинча"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"note": "[script needed] (liu-kiang)",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táobì",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "逃避"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyhnout se"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyhýbat se"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utéct"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utíkat"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ontduiken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zich drukken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zijn plicht ontlopen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pinnata"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquiver"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "éviter"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "se défiler"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavs aridebs",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "თავს არიდებს"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sich drücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "umgehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "meiden"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ausweichen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "aus dem Weg gehen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "kneifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loufáo",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "λουφάω"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "koma sér undan"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "scansare"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sottrarsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "dare buca"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eludere"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakataha"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakatataha"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skofte"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulka"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquivar"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eschiva"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "fofila"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sačkovátʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "сачкова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lódyrničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ло́дырничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bezdélʹničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "безде́льничать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uvílivatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уви́ливать"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uklonjátʹsja",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уклоня́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "correrse"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "evadir"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "escaquearse"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "remolonear"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ponerse al socaire"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pirar"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "smita från"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "undvika"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 36 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "trốn tránh"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 31 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 36 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 38 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 30 39 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 30 40 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 35 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 30 41 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 31 39 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 30 40 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hokkien translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 31 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 32 38 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 28 38 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 32 44 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 37 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 31 41 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 31 42 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 29 39 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 27 36 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you have a job, don't shirk from it by staying off work.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "September 7, 1830, Lord Byron, letter to Mr. Murray\nOne of the cities shirked from the league."
},
{
"ref": "1992, Robert Gibbons, A Primer in Game Theory, Prentice-Hall, page 107:",
"text": "Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) develop a dynamic model in which firms induce workers to work hard by paying high wages and threatening to fire workers caught shirking.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-jz3nZF35",
"links": [
[
"evade",
"evade"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
],
[
"running away",
"run away"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1635, Bishop Rainbow, Sermons:",
"text": "You that never heard the call of any vocation, […] that shirk living from others, but time from yourselves.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-verb-qvk0HZ1U",
"links": [
[
"procure",
"procure"
],
[
"petty",
"petty"
],
[
"fraud",
"fraud"
],
[
"trickery",
"trickery"
],
[
"obtain",
"obtain"
],
[
"mean",
"mean"
],
[
"solicitation",
"solicitation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "shûk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "SSHRC"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "blow off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "doss"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "duck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "flinch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "goldbrick"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "goof off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "lollygag"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "malinger"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "procrastinate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shirk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shrink"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "slack off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "soldier"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "swing the lead"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shackerley Marmion"
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First use appears c. 1633, in the publications of Shackerley Marmion, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (plural shirks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 27 35 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 32 38 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "46 36 1 9 8",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, John Davis Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, pages 101–102:",
"text": "I may add here that, coming as the soldiers did from all avocations and stations in life, these details for fatigue often brought together men few of whom had any practical knowledge of the work in hand; so that aside from the shirks, who could work but would not, there were other who would but could not, at least intelligently.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who shirks, who avoids a duty or responsibility."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-noun-AdFC7-Yp",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dodger"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "shûk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "SSHRC"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shackerley Marmion"
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شِرْك"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شِرْك (širk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "ش ر ك"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic شِرْك (širk).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "shirk (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Islam",
"orig": "en:Islam",
"parents": [
"Abrahamism",
"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 67 11 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 63 11 15 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 66 11 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 67 11 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, James R. White, What Every Christian Needs to Know About the Qur'an, Baker Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "A person can have committed shirk in their lifetime and still find forgiveness (especially by saying the Shahada and becoming a Muslim). The concept is that if one dies in this state (as a mushrik, an idolator, one who engages in and does not repent shirk), there is no forgiveness.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The unforgivable sin of association (of something with God)."
],
"id": "en-shirk-en-noun-en:unforgivable_sin",
"links": [
[
"unforgivable",
"unforgivable"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
],
[
"association",
"association"
],
[
"God",
"God"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Islam) The unforgivable sin of association (of something with God)."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "mushrik"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:unforgivable sin"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"Islam",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪɾk/",
"note": "non-rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shirk (Islam).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for native script for Hokkien terms",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hokkien translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First use appears c. 1633, in the publications of Shackerley Marmion, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "shirking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shirked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (third-person singular simple present shirks, present participle shirking, simple past and past participle shirked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "avoid"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "evade"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shy away from"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "desert"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "multislack"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "play truant"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "renege"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "welch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "chuck a sickie"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "do Abram"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "pull a sickie"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abram"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"UK",
"archaic"
],
"word": "sham Abraham"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "throw a sickie"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "lazy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "idler"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "truancy"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1826, Julius Hare, Guesses at Truth by Two Brothers:",
"text": "the usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1989, “Gonna Find You”, in Operation Ivy (CD), performed by Operation Ivy, Lookout Records, →OCLC:",
"text": "Back in school, you ever get busted for trynna walk and have some administrator tell you / \"Son, you can shirk your obligations, / and try to be different from your peers, / but responsibility, your future / is gonna find you!\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"links": [
[
"avoid",
"avoid"
],
[
"duty",
"duty"
],
[
"responsibility",
"responsibility"
],
[
"stay away",
"stay away"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To avoid, especially a duty, responsibility, etc.; to stay away from."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "shirk"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you have a job, don't shirk from it by staying off work.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "September 7, 1830, Lord Byron, letter to Mr. Murray\nOne of the cities shirked from the league."
},
{
"ref": "1992, Robert Gibbons, A Primer in Game Theory, Prentice-Hall, page 107:",
"text": "Shapiro and Stiglitz (1984) develop a dynamic model in which firms induce workers to work hard by paying high wages and threatening to fire workers caught shirking.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"links": [
[
"evade",
"evade"
],
[
"obligation",
"obligation"
],
[
"performance",
"performance"
],
[
"running away",
"run away"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1635, Bishop Rainbow, Sermons:",
"text": "You that never heard the call of any vocation, […] that shirk living from others, but time from yourselves.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"links": [
[
"procure",
"procure"
],
[
"petty",
"petty"
],
[
"fraud",
"fraud"
],
[
"trickery",
"trickery"
],
[
"obtain",
"obtain"
],
[
"mean",
"mean"
],
[
"solicitation",
"solicitation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "shûk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "SSHRC"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "blow off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "doss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "duck"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "flinch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "goldbrick"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "goof off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "lollygag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "malinger"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "procrastinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shirk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "shrink"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "slack off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"word": "soldier"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:shirk",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "swing the lead"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "boyun qaçırmaq"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "yayınmaq"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krǎškam",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "кръшкам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klinča",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "клинча"
},
{
"code": "nan-hbl",
"lang": "Chinese",
"note": "[script needed] (liu-kiang)",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"Hokkien"
]
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "táobì",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "逃避"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "vyhnout se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "vyhýbat se"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "utéct"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "utíkat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ontduiken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zich drukken"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "zijn plicht ontlopen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pinnata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquiver"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "éviter"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "se défiler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavs aridebs",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "თავს არიდებს"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sich drücken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "umgehen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "meiden"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ausweichen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "aus dem Weg gehen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "kneifen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loufáo",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "λουφάω"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "koma sér undan"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "scansare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "sottrarsi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "dare buca"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eludere"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakataha"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "whakatataha"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skofte"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulka"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "skulke"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "esquivar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "eschiva"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "fofila"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "sačkovátʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "сачкова́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "lódyrničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ло́дырничать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "bezdélʹničatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "безде́льничать"
},
{
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uvílivatʹ",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уви́ливать"
},
{
"alt": "от обя́занностей",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "uklonjátʹsja",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "уклоня́ться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "correrse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "evadir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "escaquearse"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "remolonear"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "ponerse al socaire"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "pirar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "smita från"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "undvika"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "avoid a duty",
"word": "trốn tránh"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shackerley Marmion"
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms borrowed from German",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from German",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for native script for Hokkien terms",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hokkien translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Schurke",
"4": "",
"5": "rogue, knave"
},
"expansion": "German Schurke (“rogue, knave”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First use appears c. 1633, in the publications of Shackerley Marmion, apparently from association with shark (verb), or otherwise directly from German Schurke (“rogue, knave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shirks",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "shirk (plural shirks)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1887, John Davis Billings, Hardtack and Coffee, Or, The Unwritten Story of Army Life, pages 101–102:",
"text": "I may add here that, coming as the soldiers did from all avocations and stations in life, these details for fatigue often brought together men few of whom had any practical knowledge of the work in hand; so that aside from the shirks, who could work but would not, there were other who would but could not, at least intelligently.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"One who shirks, who avoids a duty or responsibility."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dodger"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "shûk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɜːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"enpr": "shûrk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃɝk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shirk.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg/En-us-shirk.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-shirk.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "SSHRC"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Shackerley Marmion"
],
"word": "shirk"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Arabic",
"English terms derived from Arabic",
"English terms derived from the Arabic root ش ر ك",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شِرْك"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شِرْك (širk)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "ش ر ك"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Arabic شِرْك (širk).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "shirk (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "mushrik"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Islam"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013, James R. White, What Every Christian Needs to Know About the Qur'an, Baker Books, →ISBN:",
"text": "A person can have committed shirk in their lifetime and still find forgiveness (especially by saying the Shahada and becoming a Muslim). The concept is that if one dies in this state (as a mushrik, an idolator, one who engages in and does not repent shirk), there is no forgiveness.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The unforgivable sin of association (of something with God)."
],
"links": [
[
"unforgivable",
"unforgivable"
],
[
"sin",
"sin"
],
[
"association",
"association"
],
[
"God",
"God"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Islam) The unforgivable sin of association (of something with God)."
],
"senseid": [
"en:unforgivable sin"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"Islam",
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃɪɾk/",
"note": "non-rhotic"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-shirk (Islam).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-shirk_%28Islam%29.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "shirk"
}
Download raw JSONL data for shirk meaning in English (17.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.