"烝民" meaning in Chinese

See 烝民 in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/, /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/ Chinese transliterations: zhēngmín [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ [Mandarin, bopomofo], zing¹ man⁴ [Cantonese, Jyutping], zhēngmín [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], jhengmín [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], chêng¹-min² [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], jēng-mín [Mandarin, Yale], jengmin [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], чжэнминь [Mandarin, Palladius], čžɛnminʹ [Mandarin, Palladius], jīng màhn [Cantonese, Yale], dzing¹ man⁴ [Cantonese, Pinyin], jing¹ men⁴ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], tsying|tsyingH mjin [Middle-Chinese], /*təŋ mi[ŋ]/ [Baxter-Sagart, Old-Chinese], /*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/ [Old-Chinese, Zhengzhang]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 烝民
  1. (literary) the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes Tags: literary
    Sense id: en-烝民-zh-noun-W54UXTr5 Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header Synonyms: 一般人 (yībānrén), 世人 (shìrén), 世間人 [Hokkien], 世间人 [Hokkien], 人士 (rénshì) [literary], 人民 (rénmín), 人群 (rénqún), 人萌 (rénméng) [literary], 俗人 (súrén), 俗子 (súzǐ) [literary], 𫣆人 [Hakka], 兆民 (zhàomín) [archaic], 公眾 (gōngzhòng), 公众 (gōngzhòng), 凡人 (fánrén), 凡夫 (fánfū) [literary], 匹夫 (pǐfū) [literary], 四眾人 [Teochew], 四众人 [Teochew], 士人 (shìrén) [archaic], 大眾 (dàzhòng), 大众 (dàzhòng), 子民 (zǐmín) [historical], 家人 (jiārén) [archaic], 布衣 (bùyī) [historical], 常人 (chángrén), 平人 (píngrén) [literary], 平常人 (píngchángrén), 平民 (píngmín), 庶人 (shùrén) [literary], 庶民 (shùmín) [literary], 斯人 (sīrén) [Classical-Chinese], 普通人 (pǔtōngrén), 民人 (mínrén) [literary], 民眾 (mínzhòng), 民众 (mínzhòng), 白衣 (báiyī) [historical], 白衣人 (báiyīrén) [historical], 白身 (báishēn) [archaic], 白身人 (báishēnrén) [archaic], 百姓, 眾人 (zhòngrén) [literary], 众人 (zhòngrén) [literary], 萬姓 (wànxìng) [archaic], 万姓 (wànxìng) [archaic], 群眾 (qúnzhòng), 群众 (qúnzhòng), 老百姓 (lǎobǎixìng), 良人 (liángrén) [literary], 草民 (cǎomín) (english: the worthless ordinary people), 草菅 (cǎojiān) [Classical-Chinese, figuratively], 草野 (cǎoyě) [figuratively, literary], [literary], 野人 (yěrén) [archaic], 黎庶 (líshù) [literary], 黎民 (límín) [literary], 黎首 (líshǒu) [archaic], 黔首 (qiánshǒu) [archaic]

Download JSON data for 烝民 meaning in Chinese (5.6kB)

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "烝民",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Heaven, in giving birth to the multitudes of the people,\nTo every faculty and relationship annexed its law.",
          "ref": "天生烝民、有物有則。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "天生烝民、有物有则。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nTiān shēng zhēngmín, yǒu wù yǒu zé. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes"
      ],
      "id": "en-烝民-zh-noun-W54UXTr5",
      "links": [
        [
          "common",
          "common"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people"
        ],
        [
          "populace",
          "populace"
        ],
        [
          "masses",
          "masses"
        ],
        [
          "multitudes",
          "multitudes"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "yībānrén",
          "word": "一般人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "shìrén",
          "word": "世人"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hokkien"
          ],
          "word": "世間人"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hokkien"
          ],
          "word": "世间人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "rénshì",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "人士"
        },
        {
          "roman": "rénmín",
          "word": "人民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "rénqún",
          "word": "人群"
        },
        {
          "roman": "rénméng",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "人萌"
        },
        {
          "roman": "súrén",
          "word": "俗人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "súzǐ",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "俗子"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Hakka"
          ],
          "word": "𫣆人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zhàomín",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "兆民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "gōngzhòng",
          "word": "公眾"
        },
        {
          "roman": "gōngzhòng",
          "word": "公众"
        },
        {
          "roman": "fánrén",
          "word": "凡人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "fánfū",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "凡夫"
        },
        {
          "roman": "pǐfū",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "匹夫"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Teochew"
          ],
          "word": "四眾人"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "Teochew"
          ],
          "word": "四众人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "shìrén",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "士人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "dàzhòng",
          "word": "大眾"
        },
        {
          "roman": "dàzhòng",
          "word": "大众"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zǐmín",
          "tags": [
            "historical"
          ],
          "word": "子民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "jiārén",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "家人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "bùyī",
          "tags": [
            "historical"
          ],
          "word": "布衣"
        },
        {
          "roman": "chángrén",
          "word": "常人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "píngrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "平人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "píngchángrén",
          "word": "平常人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "píngmín",
          "word": "平民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "shùrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "庶人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "shùmín",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "庶民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "sīrén",
          "tags": [
            "Classical-Chinese"
          ],
          "word": "斯人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "pǔtōngrén",
          "word": "普通人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mínrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "民人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mínzhòng",
          "word": "民眾"
        },
        {
          "roman": "mínzhòng",
          "word": "民众"
        },
        {
          "roman": "báiyī",
          "tags": [
            "historical"
          ],
          "word": "白衣"
        },
        {
          "roman": "báiyīrén",
          "tags": [
            "historical"
          ],
          "word": "白衣人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "báishēn",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "白身"
        },
        {
          "roman": "báishēnrén",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "白身人"
        },
        {
          "word": "百姓"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zhòngrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "眾人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "zhòngrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "众人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "wànxìng",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "萬姓"
        },
        {
          "roman": "wànxìng",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "万姓"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qúnzhòng",
          "word": "群眾"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qúnzhòng",
          "word": "群众"
        },
        {
          "roman": "lǎobǎixìng",
          "word": "老百姓"
        },
        {
          "roman": "liángrén",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "良人"
        },
        {
          "english": "the worthless ordinary people",
          "roman": "cǎomín",
          "word": "草民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "cǎojiān",
          "tags": [
            "Classical-Chinese",
            "figuratively"
          ],
          "word": "草菅"
        },
        {
          "roman": "cǎoyě",
          "tags": [
            "figuratively",
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "草野"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "萌"
        },
        {
          "roman": "yěrén",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "野人"
        },
        {
          "roman": "líshù",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "黎庶"
        },
        {
          "roman": "límín",
          "tags": [
            "literary"
          ],
          "word": "黎民"
        },
        {
          "roman": "líshǒu",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "黎首"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qiánshǒu",
          "tags": [
            "archaic"
          ],
          "word": "黔首"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zhēngmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zing¹ man⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zhēngmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jhengmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chêng¹-min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jēng-mín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jengmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "чжэнминь"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "čžɛnminʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīng màhn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzing¹ man⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jing¹ men⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tsying|tsyingH mjin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*təŋ mi[ŋ]/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "烝民"
}
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "烝民",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese nouns",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese literary terms",
        "Chinese nouns",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Literary Chinese terms with quotations",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin nouns",
        "Middle Chinese lemmas",
        "Old Chinese lemmas"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Heaven, in giving birth to the multitudes of the people,\nTo every faculty and relationship annexed its law.",
          "ref": "天生烝民、有物有則。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]",
          "text": "天生烝民、有物有则。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]\nFrom: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11ᵗʰ – 7ᵗʰ centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version\nTiān shēng zhēngmín, yǒu wù yǒu zé. [Pinyin]",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "common",
          "common"
        ],
        [
          "people",
          "people"
        ],
        [
          "populace",
          "populace"
        ],
        [
          "masses",
          "masses"
        ],
        [
          "multitudes",
          "multitudes"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary) the common people; the populace; the masses; the multitudes"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zhēngmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄓㄥ ㄇㄧㄣˊ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zing¹ man⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "zhēngmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jhengmín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "chêng¹-min²"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jēng-mín"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jengmin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "чжэнминь"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "čžɛnminʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jīng màhn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "dzing¹ man⁴"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jing¹ men⁴"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "tsying|tsyingH mjin"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Baxter-Sagart",
        "Old-Chinese"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*təŋ mi[ŋ]/"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Old-Chinese",
        "Zhengzhang"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "/*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ʈ͡ʂɤŋ⁵⁵ min³⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ mɐn²¹/"
    },
    {
      "other": "[ŋ]"
    },
    {
      "other": "/*kljɯŋ|kljɯŋs min/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "yībānrén",
      "word": "一般人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shìrén",
      "word": "世人"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien"
      ],
      "word": "世間人"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien"
      ],
      "word": "世间人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rénshì",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "人士"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rénmín",
      "word": "人民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rénqún",
      "word": "人群"
    },
    {
      "roman": "rénméng",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "人萌"
    },
    {
      "roman": "súrén",
      "word": "俗人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "súzǐ",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "俗子"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka"
      ],
      "word": "𫣆人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhàomín",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "兆民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gōngzhòng",
      "word": "公眾"
    },
    {
      "roman": "gōngzhòng",
      "word": "公众"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fánrén",
      "word": "凡人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "fánfū",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "凡夫"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pǐfū",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "匹夫"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "word": "四眾人"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Teochew"
      ],
      "word": "四众人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shìrén",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "士人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dàzhòng",
      "word": "大眾"
    },
    {
      "roman": "dàzhòng",
      "word": "大众"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zǐmín",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "子民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "jiārén",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "家人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "bùyī",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "布衣"
    },
    {
      "roman": "chángrén",
      "word": "常人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "píngrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "平人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "píngchángrén",
      "word": "平常人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "píngmín",
      "word": "平民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shùrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "庶人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "shùmín",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "庶民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "sīrén",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Chinese"
      ],
      "word": "斯人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "pǔtōngrén",
      "word": "普通人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mínrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "民人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mínzhòng",
      "word": "民眾"
    },
    {
      "roman": "mínzhòng",
      "word": "民众"
    },
    {
      "roman": "báiyī",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "白衣"
    },
    {
      "roman": "báiyīrén",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "白衣人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "báishēn",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "白身"
    },
    {
      "roman": "báishēnrén",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "白身人"
    },
    {
      "word": "百姓"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhòngrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "眾人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "zhòngrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "众人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wànxìng",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "萬姓"
    },
    {
      "roman": "wànxìng",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "万姓"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qúnzhòng",
      "word": "群眾"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qúnzhòng",
      "word": "群众"
    },
    {
      "roman": "lǎobǎixìng",
      "word": "老百姓"
    },
    {
      "roman": "liángrén",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "良人"
    },
    {
      "english": "the worthless ordinary people",
      "roman": "cǎomín",
      "word": "草民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎojiān",
      "tags": [
        "Classical-Chinese",
        "figuratively"
      ],
      "word": "草菅"
    },
    {
      "roman": "cǎoyě",
      "tags": [
        "figuratively",
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "草野"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "萌"
    },
    {
      "roman": "yěrén",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "野人"
    },
    {
      "roman": "líshù",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "黎庶"
    },
    {
      "roman": "límín",
      "tags": [
        "literary"
      ],
      "word": "黎民"
    },
    {
      "roman": "líshǒu",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "黎首"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qiánshǒu",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "黔首"
    }
  ],
  "word": "烝民"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Chinese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.