See nous in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ce que c’est que de nous !"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "entre nous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "nous autres"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "nous de majesté"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "nous-mêmes"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "nous",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French nous",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "nous"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French nous",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "nous"
},
"expansion": "Old French nous",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "nōs"
},
"expansion": "Latin nōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*nōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Angevin je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "i"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon i",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "Champenois ju",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-fcm",
"2": "i"
},
"expansion": "Franc-Comtois i",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Gallo je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Norman je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-orl",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Orléanais je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Picard nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-poi",
"2": "i/jhe"
},
"expansion": "Poitevin-Saintongeais i/jhe",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "nosautres"
},
"expansion": "Occitan nosautres",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "nosaltres"
},
"expansion": "Catalan nosaltres",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "noi"
},
"expansion": "Corsican noi",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French nous, from Old French nous, nos, from Latin nōs, from Proto-Italic *nōs.\nIn several dialects of French, je may be used instead of nous (j'allons instead of nous allons, je voyons instead of nous voyons etc.), this use was perceived as peasant-like and thus often mocked since the 15th century (for example by Molière). However this use survived and spread in various regions of the so-called domaine d'oïl (linguistic area starting above Auvergne where the oïl varieties of Romance developed from the 4th or 5th century). The regions of France where this use of je (from Latin ego \"I\") instead of nous, nos (from Latin nos, \"we\") was recorded are Normandy, Romance-speaking Brittany, Poitou and Anjou, Champagne, Ardennes, Bourgogne and Franche-Comté, Dauphiné, Berry, Touraine, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine.\nSee cognates in regional languages in France: Angevin je and nous, Bourbonnais-Berrichon je and nous, Bourguignon i and nous, Champenois ju and nous, Franc-Comtois i and nôs, Gallo je and nouz, Lorrain nos, Norman je and nos, Orléanais je and nous, Picard nos, Poitevin-Saintongeais i/jhe and nous, Franco-Provençal nos, Occitan nosautres (Provençal nousautes), Catalan nosaltres, Corsican noi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "je",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "nous",
"tags": [
"emphatic"
]
},
{
"form": "notre",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"10": "nous",
"11": "possessive determiner",
"12": "notre",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "first-person plural",
"4": "",
"5": "singular",
"6": "je",
"7": "object",
"8": "nous",
"9": "emphatic",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "nous (first-person plural, singular je, object nous, emphatic nous, possessive determiner notre)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "je"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "j’"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "me"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "m’"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "—"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "moi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "te"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "t’"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "toi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "il"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "le"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "l’"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "lui"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "y"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "en"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "elle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "la"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "on1"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "se"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "s’4"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "soi4"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "vous2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ils3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "les"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "leur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "eux3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "elles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "1 Also used as the first person plural"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "2 Also used as the polite singular form"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "3 Also used when a group has both men and women"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "4 Also used as third person plural reflexive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 33 33 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 47 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 39 39 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"we"
],
"id": "en-nous-fr-pron-8ClSN-7O",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"personal pronoun",
"personal pronoun"
],
[
"first person",
"first person"
],
[
"we",
"we"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"(subject pronoun) we"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "on"
}
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 33 33 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 47 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 39 39 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"us, to us"
],
"id": "en-nous-fr-pron-dU~kJrCD",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"personal pronoun",
"personal pronoun"
],
[
"first person",
"first person"
],
[
"us",
"us"
]
],
"qualifier": "object pronoun",
"raw_glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"(object pronoun) us, to us"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 33 33 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 39 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 39 39 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "French undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"we (as the royal we)"
],
"id": "en-nous-fr-pron--zcwl3Kx",
"links": [
[
"we",
"we"
],
[
"royal we",
"royal we#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "royal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(royal, historical) we (as the royal we)"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historical",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/nu/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nu.z‿/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-nous.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg/Fr-nous.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg"
},
{
"homophone": "noue"
},
{
"homophone": "nouent"
},
{
"homophone": "noues"
}
],
"word": "nous"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "grc",
"3": "νοῦς",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs) or νόος (nóos, “mind”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nous",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "nous m (plural nous)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the nous, (divine) reason in philosophy"
],
"id": "en-nous-fr-noun-l6t9PV1D",
"links": [
[
"nous",
"nous#English"
],
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/nu/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nu.z‿/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-nous.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg/Fr-nous.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg"
},
{
"homophone": "noue"
},
{
"homophone": "nouent"
},
{
"homophone": "noues"
}
],
"word": "nous"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French personal pronouns",
"French pronouns",
"French terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with homophones",
"French undefined derivations",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ce que c’est que de nous !"
},
{
"word": "entre nous"
},
{
"word": "nous autres"
},
{
"word": "nous de majesté"
},
{
"word": "nous-mêmes"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "nous",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French nous",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "nous"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French nous",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "nous"
},
"expansion": "Old French nous",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "nōs"
},
"expansion": "Latin nōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*nōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *nōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Angevin je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-bbn",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-brg",
"2": "i"
},
"expansion": "Bourguignon i",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-cha",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "Champenois ju",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-fcm",
"2": "i"
},
"expansion": "Franc-Comtois i",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Gallo je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Norman je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-orl",
"2": "je"
},
"expansion": "Orléanais je",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Picard nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-poi",
"2": "i/jhe"
},
"expansion": "Poitevin-Saintongeais i/jhe",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "nos"
},
"expansion": "Franco-Provençal nos",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "nosautres"
},
"expansion": "Occitan nosautres",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "nosaltres"
},
"expansion": "Catalan nosaltres",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "co",
"2": "noi"
},
"expansion": "Corsican noi",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French nous, from Old French nous, nos, from Latin nōs, from Proto-Italic *nōs.\nIn several dialects of French, je may be used instead of nous (j'allons instead of nous allons, je voyons instead of nous voyons etc.), this use was perceived as peasant-like and thus often mocked since the 15th century (for example by Molière). However this use survived and spread in various regions of the so-called domaine d'oïl (linguistic area starting above Auvergne where the oïl varieties of Romance developed from the 4th or 5th century). The regions of France where this use of je (from Latin ego \"I\") instead of nous, nos (from Latin nos, \"we\") was recorded are Normandy, Romance-speaking Brittany, Poitou and Anjou, Champagne, Ardennes, Bourgogne and Franche-Comté, Dauphiné, Berry, Touraine, Orléanais, Bourbonnais, Maine.\nSee cognates in regional languages in France: Angevin je and nous, Bourbonnais-Berrichon je and nous, Bourguignon i and nous, Champenois ju and nous, Franc-Comtois i and nôs, Gallo je and nouz, Lorrain nos, Norman je and nos, Orléanais je and nous, Picard nos, Poitevin-Saintongeais i/jhe and nous, Franco-Provençal nos, Occitan nosautres (Provençal nousautes), Catalan nosaltres, Corsican noi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "je",
"tags": [
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "nous",
"tags": [
"emphatic"
]
},
{
"form": "notre",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"10": "nous",
"11": "possessive determiner",
"12": "notre",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "first-person plural",
"4": "",
"5": "singular",
"6": "je",
"7": "object",
"8": "nous",
"9": "emphatic",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "nous (first-person plural, singular je, object nous, emphatic nous, possessive determiner notre)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"word": "je"
},
{
"word": "j’"
},
{
"word": "me"
},
{
"word": "m’"
},
{
"word": "—"
},
{
"word": "moi"
},
{
"word": "tu"
},
{
"word": "te"
},
{
"word": "t’"
},
{
"word": "toi"
},
{
"word": "il"
},
{
"word": "le"
},
{
"word": "l’"
},
{
"word": "lui"
},
{
"word": "y"
},
{
"word": "en"
},
{
"word": "elle"
},
{
"word": "la"
},
{
"word": "on1"
},
{
"word": "se"
},
{
"word": "s’4"
},
{
"word": "soi4"
},
{
"word": "vous2"
},
{
"word": "3"
},
{
"word": "ils3"
},
{
"word": "les"
},
{
"word": "leur"
},
{
"word": "eux3"
},
{
"word": "elles"
},
{
"word": "1 Also used as the first person plural"
},
{
"word": "2 Also used as the polite singular form"
},
{
"word": "3 Also used when a group has both men and women"
},
{
"word": "4 Also used as third person plural reflexive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"we"
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"personal pronoun",
"personal pronoun"
],
[
"first person",
"first person"
],
[
"we",
"we"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"(subject pronoun) we"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "on"
}
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"us, to us"
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"personal pronoun",
"personal pronoun"
],
[
"first person",
"first person"
],
[
"us",
"us"
]
],
"qualifier": "object pronoun",
"raw_glosses": [
"the plural personal pronoun in the first person:",
"(object pronoun) us, to us"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French royal terms",
"French terms with historical senses"
],
"glosses": [
"we (as the royal we)"
],
"links": [
[
"we",
"we"
],
[
"royal we",
"royal we#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "royal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(royal, historical) we (as the royal we)"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historical",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/nu/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nu.z‿/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-nous.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg/Fr-nous.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg"
},
{
"homophone": "noue"
},
{
"homophone": "nouent"
},
{
"homophone": "noues"
}
],
"word": "nous"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with homophones",
"French undefined derivations",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "grc",
"3": "νοῦς",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs)",
"name": "uder"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs) or νόος (nóos, “mind”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nous",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "nous m (plural nous)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"the nous, (divine) reason in philosophy"
],
"links": [
[
"nous",
"nous#English"
],
[
"reason",
"reason"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/nu/"
},
{
"ipa": "/nu.z‿/"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-nous.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg/Fr-nous.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fr-nous.ogg"
},
{
"homophone": "noue"
},
{
"homophone": "nouent"
},
{
"homophone": "noues"
}
],
"word": "nous"
}
Download raw JSONL data for nous meaning in French (8.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: object nous",
"path": [
"nous"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "nous",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.