See stark in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "starken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "starkly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "starkness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stark"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearc"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkuz",
"t": "stiff, strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"t": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sterc",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Dutch sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Low German sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "German stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stærk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Danish stærk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sterkur",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sterkur (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stert naked"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stert naked",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”).\nCognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch.\nIn the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "starker",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "starkest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "stark (comparative starker, superlative starkest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
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],
"glosses": [
"Hard, firm; obdurate."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-KtrXVJMK",
"links": [
[
"Hard",
"hard#English"
],
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"obdurate",
"obdurate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Hard, firm; obdurate."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanen",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "вкочанен"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tvrdý"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zatvrzelý"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "nudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twardy"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sztywny"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 7 5 12 2 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "crud"
}
]
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 80:",
"text": "Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-4ll2iIzp",
"links": [
[
"Severe",
"severe#English"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "krutý"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepříznivý"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouřlivý"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "ankara"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "karu"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "streng"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "violento"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "furioso"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "sterk"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "gwałtowny"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "violent"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "drastic"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 91 0 2 2 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "crudo"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1622, John Fletcher, Philip Massinger [et al.?], “Beggars Bush”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, Act III, scene ii:",
"text": "Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1805, Walter Scott, “(please specify the page)”, in The Lay of the Last Minstrel: A Poem, London: […] [James Ballantyne] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], and A[rchibald] Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:",
"text": "a stark, moss-trooping Scot",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Strong; vigorous; powerful."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-08-V29kc",
"links": [
[
"Strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"vigorous",
"vigorous"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic, literary or archaic) Strong; vigorous; powerful."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary",
"poetic"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mocný"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "silný"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "stærk"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "sterk"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sterkur"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "vahva"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "väkevä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "inflessibile"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "forte"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "gagliardo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "robusto"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "poderós"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "vigorós"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "duradouro"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vigoroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "puternic"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "viguros"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 1 91 4 1 0 0",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "silný"
}
]
},
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"_dis": "26 20 0 21 15 0 0 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 19 4 22 14 0 0 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 6 21 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 18 2 21 14 1 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 19 0 22 14 0 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 3 22 16 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 19 5 22 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 20 0 23 14 0 0 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 44:",
"text": "His heauie head, deuoide of carefull carke, / Whose sences all were straight benumbd and starke.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:",
"text": "Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff / Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, (please specify the page):",
"text": "The north is not so stark and cold.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stiff, rigid."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-aI53Furi",
"links": [
[
"Stiff",
"stiff#English"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skovan",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "скован"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuhý"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "jäykkä"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "kankea"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "steif"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "rigido"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "stecchito"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigid"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 3 3 84 1 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "rígido"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 17 2 22 13 0 0 18 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 0 22 15 0 0 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 4 20 15 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 7 21 14 1 1 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 7 21 14 1 1 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 4 23 14 1 1 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 20 0 21 15 0 0 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 19 4 22 14 0 0 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 6 21 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 18 2 21 14 1 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 19 0 22 14 0 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 3 22 16 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 19 5 22 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 20 0 23 14 0 0 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I picked my way forlornly through the stark, sharp rocks.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Gary Lutz, “Uncle”, in Peter Conners, editor, PP/FF: An Anthology, Buffalo, N.Y.: Starcherone Books, published 2006, →ISBN, page 179:",
"text": "I would have to remind her, counteringly, that you don’t pick the person who fronts your life—you get picked, you watch the picker’s ankles vanish into the scrunched socks afterward (his whole body going blank behind the blue-black of the uniform), and the picker goes off in the starkest of transportations: you keep an ear cocked ever after for the return of his van and its paraphernalian clatter in the gravelled driveway.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007 January 28, Michael Pollan, “Unhappy Meals”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "First, the stark message to “eat less” of a particular food has been deep-sixed; don’t look for it ever again in any official U.S. dietary pronouncement.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 April 8, Erin Meister, “Reveling in the real Taiwain^([sic – meaning Taiwan])”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-26, Travel:",
"text": "The modern, glass-fronted buildings surrounding the massive skyscraper Taipei 101 in the Xinyi District suggest a shift toward cleaner, starker development, but a trip to older parts of the city reveals hidden corners untouched by modernity.\nThe oldest section, Wanhua, with its winding corridors and quiet decay, offers a glimpse of the city’s bygone days. At its bustling heart is the busy Longshan Temple. I bump past a flurry of tourists, worshipers and monks selling prayer beads outside the gates to reach the controlled chaos within, where hundreds of faithful light incense and present offerings at myriad shrines to Buddha and other deities.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Plain in appearance; barren, desolate."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-qKNB-ogw",
"links": [
[
"Plain",
"plain#English"
],
[
"barren",
"barren"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "gol",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "гол"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pust",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "пуст"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pustý"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "karu"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "desolato"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "aspro"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "selvaggio"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 5 1 2 85 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dezolant"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1817 December, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 211:",
"text": "They bore me to a cavern in the hill\nBeneath that column, and unbound me there;\nAnd one did strip me stark; and one did fill\nA vessel from the putrid pool; one bare\nA lighted torch, and four with friendless care\nGuided my steps the cavern-paths along […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Naked."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-siLG6gb6",
"links": [
[
"Naked",
"naked#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I screamed in stark terror.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "A flower was growing, in stark contrast, out of the sidewalk.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, (please specify the page):",
"text": "Consider, first, the stark security / The commonwealth is in now.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1689 (first published posthumously), John Selden, Table-Talk\nRhetoric is very good or stark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric."
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 17, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:",
"text": "Ramadans, and prolonged ham-squattings in cold, cheerless rooms were stark nonsense",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Complete, absolute, full."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adj-mLWsV1Hl",
"links": [
[
"Complete",
"complete#English"
],
[
"absolute",
"absolute"
],
[
"full",
"full"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pǎlen",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "пълен"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "absoljuten",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "абсолютен"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "完全的"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "naprostý"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "absoluta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "täysi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "tosi"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "völlig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "ganz"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "total"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "assoluto"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "completo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "totale"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "bell'e buono"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "puro e semplice"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "vero e proprio"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "total"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "absolut"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "absoluto"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "completo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 100",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "drástico"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stark"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearc"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkuz",
"t": "stiff, strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"t": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sterc",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Dutch sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Low German sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "German stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stærk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Danish stærk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sterkur",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sterkur (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stert naked"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stert naked",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”).\nCognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch.\nIn the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "stark (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 17 2 22 13 0 0 18 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 20 0 22 15 0 0 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 4 20 15 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 7 21 14 1 1 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 7 21 14 1 1 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 20 4 23 14 1 1 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 20 0 21 15 0 0 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 19 4 22 14 0 0 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 6 21 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 18 2 21 14 1 3 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 19 0 22 14 0 0 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 17 3 22 16 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 19 5 22 14 1 1 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 18 5 21 14 1 1 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 20 0 23 14 0 0 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stark bollock naked"
},
{
"word": "stark raving mad"
},
{
"word": "stark staring mad"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He's gone stark, staring mad.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "She was just standing there, stark naked.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):",
"text": "[…] held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:",
"text": "“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"starkly; entirely, absolutely"
],
"id": "en-stark-en-adv-X2Cfz4Ds",
"links": [
[
"starkly",
"starkly"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "napǎlno",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "напълно"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "úplně"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "naprosto"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "dočista"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "täysin"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "tout"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "völlig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "total"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "absolut"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "în întregime"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "completamente"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "starken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English starken",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearcian",
"4": "",
"5": "to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearcian (“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"4": "",
"5": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "erstarken",
"3": "",
"4": "to strengthen"
},
"expansion": "German erstarken (“to strengthen”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English starken, from Old English stearcian (“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”), from Proto-Germanic *starkōną, *starkēną (“to stiffen, become hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”). Cognate with German erstarken (“to strengthen”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "starks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "starking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "starked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "starked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stark (third-person singular simple present starks, present participle starking, simple past and past participle starked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To stiffen."
],
"id": "en-stark-en-verb-ymPWgQt6",
"links": [
[
"stiffen",
"stiffen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) To stiffen."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "starkish"
},
{
"word": "starkly"
},
{
"word": "starkers"
}
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"sv:Taste"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "starken"
},
{
"word": "starkly"
},
{
"word": "starkness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stark"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearc"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkuz",
"t": "stiff, strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"t": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sterc",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Dutch sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Low German sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "German stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stærk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Danish stærk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sterkur",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sterkur (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stert naked"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stert naked",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”).\nCognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch.\nIn the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "starker",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "starkest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "stark (comparative starker, superlative starkest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Hard, firm; obdurate."
],
"links": [
[
"Hard",
"hard#English"
],
[
"firm",
"firm"
],
[
"obdurate",
"obdurate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Hard, firm; obdurate."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2013 May 11, “The climate of Tibet: Pole-land”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8835, page 80:",
"text": "Of all the transitions brought about on the Earth’s surface by temperature change, the melting of ice into water is the starkest. It is binary. And for the land beneath, the air above and the life around, it changes everything.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)."
],
"links": [
[
"Severe",
"severe#English"
],
[
"violent",
"violent"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English literary terms",
"English poetic terms",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1622, John Fletcher, Philip Massinger [et al.?], “Beggars Bush”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1647, →OCLC, Act III, scene ii:",
"text": "Stark beer, boy, stout and strong beer.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1805, Walter Scott, “(please specify the page)”, in The Lay of the Last Minstrel: A Poem, London: […] [James Ballantyne] for Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme, […], and A[rchibald] Constable and Co., […], →OCLC:",
"text": "a stark, moss-trooping Scot",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Strong; vigorous; powerful."
],
"links": [
[
"Strong",
"strong#English"
],
[
"vigorous",
"vigorous"
],
[
"powerful",
"powerful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(poetic, literary or archaic) Strong; vigorous; powerful."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary",
"poetic"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto I”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 44:",
"text": "His heauie head, deuoide of carefull carke, / Whose sences all were straight benumbd and starke.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:",
"text": "Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff / Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, (please specify the page):",
"text": "The north is not so stark and cold.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stiff, rigid."
],
"links": [
[
"Stiff",
"stiff#English"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I picked my way forlornly through the stark, sharp rocks.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2004, Gary Lutz, “Uncle”, in Peter Conners, editor, PP/FF: An Anthology, Buffalo, N.Y.: Starcherone Books, published 2006, →ISBN, page 179:",
"text": "I would have to remind her, counteringly, that you don’t pick the person who fronts your life—you get picked, you watch the picker’s ankles vanish into the scrunched socks afterward (his whole body going blank behind the blue-black of the uniform), and the picker goes off in the starkest of transportations: you keep an ear cocked ever after for the return of his van and its paraphernalian clatter in the gravelled driveway.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007 January 28, Michael Pollan, “Unhappy Meals”, in The New York Times, →ISSN:",
"text": "First, the stark message to “eat less” of a particular food has been deep-sixed; don’t look for it ever again in any official U.S. dietary pronouncement.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011 April 8, Erin Meister, “Reveling in the real Taiwain^([sic – meaning Taiwan])”, in The Washington Post, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2023-04-26, Travel:",
"text": "The modern, glass-fronted buildings surrounding the massive skyscraper Taipei 101 in the Xinyi District suggest a shift toward cleaner, starker development, but a trip to older parts of the city reveals hidden corners untouched by modernity.\nThe oldest section, Wanhua, with its winding corridors and quiet decay, offers a glimpse of the city’s bygone days. At its bustling heart is the busy Longshan Temple. I bump past a flurry of tourists, worshipers and monks selling prayer beads outside the gates to reach the controlled chaos within, where hundreds of faithful light incense and present offerings at myriad shrines to Buddha and other deities.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Plain in appearance; barren, desolate."
],
"links": [
[
"Plain",
"plain#English"
],
[
"barren",
"barren"
],
[
"desolate",
"desolate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1817 December, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, →OCLC, page 211:",
"text": "They bore me to a cavern in the hill\nBeneath that column, and unbound me there;\nAnd one did strip me stark; and one did fill\nA vessel from the putrid pool; one bare\nA lighted torch, and four with friendless care\nGuided my steps the cavern-paths along […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Naked."
],
"links": [
[
"Naked",
"naked#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "I screamed in stark terror.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "A flower was growing, in stark contrast, out of the sidewalk.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, (please specify the page):",
"text": "Consider, first, the stark security / The commonwealth is in now.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "1689 (first published posthumously), John Selden, Table-Talk\nRhetoric is very good or stark naught; there's no medium in rhetoric."
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 17, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:",
"text": "Ramadans, and prolonged ham-squattings in cold, cheerless rooms were stark nonsense",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Complete, absolute, full."
],
"links": [
[
"Complete",
"complete#English"
],
[
"absolute",
"absolute"
],
[
"full",
"full"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vkočanen",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "вкочанен"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tvrdý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zatvrzelý"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "nudo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twardy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sztywny"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(obsolete) hard, firm; obdurate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "crud"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "krutý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepříznivý"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouřlivý"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "ankara"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "karu"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "streng"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "violento"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "furioso"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "sterk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "gwałtowny"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "violent"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "drastic"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather)",
"word": "crudo"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mocný"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "silný"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "stærk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "sterk"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sterkur"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "vahva"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "väkevä"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "inflessibile"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "forte"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "gagliardo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "robusto"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "poderós"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"word": "vigorós"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "duradouro"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vigoroso"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "puternic"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "viguros"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "(archaic) strong; vigorous; powerful",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "silný"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "gol",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "гол"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pust",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "пуст"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pustý"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "karu"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "desolato"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "aspro"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"word": "selvaggio"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "hard in appearance; barren, desolate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dezolant"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skovan",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "скован"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuhý"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "jäykkä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "kankea"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "steif"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "rigido"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "stecchito"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rigid"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "stiff, rigid",
"word": "rígido"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "pǎlen",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "пълен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "absoljuten",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "абсолютен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "完全的"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "naprostý"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "absoluta"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "täysi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "tosi"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "völlig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "ganz"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "total"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "assoluto"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "completo"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "totale"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "bell'e buono"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "puro e semplice"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "vero e proprio"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "total"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "absolut"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "absoluto"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "completo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "complete, absolute, full",
"word": "drástico"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"sv:Taste"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "stark bollock naked"
},
{
"word": "stark raving mad"
},
{
"word": "stark staring mad"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stark"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearc"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stark"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stark",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkuz",
"t": "stiff, strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"t": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sterc",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Dutch sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Low German sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "German stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stærk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Danish stærk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stark (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian sterk (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sterkur",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sterkur (“strong”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stert naked"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stert naked",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”).\nCognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch.\nIn the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "stark (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He's gone stark, staring mad.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "She was just standing there, stark naked.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1655, Thomas Fuller, The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI):",
"text": "[…] held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad:",
"text": "“… That woman is stark mad, Lord Stranleigh. Her own father recognised it when he bereft her of all power in the great business he founded. …”",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"starkly; entirely, absolutely"
],
"links": [
[
"starkly",
"starkly"
]
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "napǎlno",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "напълно"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "úplně"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "naprosto"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "dočista"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "täysin"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "tout"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "völlig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "total"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "absolut"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "în întregime"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "starkly; entirely, absolutely",
"word": "completamente"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Pages with 8 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː(ɹ)k/1 syllable",
"sv:Taste"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "starken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English starken",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stearcian",
"4": "",
"5": "to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearcian (“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"4": "",
"5": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "erstarken",
"3": "",
"4": "to strengthen"
},
"expansion": "German erstarken (“to strengthen”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English starken, from Old English stearcian (“to stiffen, become hard, grow stiff or hard”), from Proto-Germanic *starkōną, *starkēną (“to stiffen, become hard”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”). Cognate with German erstarken (“to strengthen”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "starks",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "starking",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "starked",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "starked",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "stark (third-person singular simple present starks, present participle starking, simple past and past participle starked)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "starkish"
},
{
"word": "starkly"
},
{
"word": "starkers"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To stiffen."
],
"links": [
[
"stiffen",
"stiffen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) To stiffen."
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑɹk/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"enpr": "stärk",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/stɑːk/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-stark.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg/En-us-stark.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/En-us-stark.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː(ɹ)k"
},
{
"homophone": "stock (non-rhotic, father-bother merger)"
}
],
"word": "stark"
}
Download raw JSONL data for stark meaning in English (30.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (0c0c1f1 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.