See shall in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shalbe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shalln't"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shan't"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "man shall not live by bread alone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "never the twain shall meet"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "seek and ye shall find"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall I say"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall-issue"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall we say"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "speak of the devil and he shall appear"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "this too shall pass"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "this too shall pass away"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "sa"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "schal"
},
"expansion": "Middle English schal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċeal"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċeal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skulan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*skal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*skel-",
"4": "",
"5": "to owe, be under obligation"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sall"
},
"expansion": "Scots sall",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "skäl"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian skäl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "sil"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian sil",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch zal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "schall"
},
"expansion": "Low German schall",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "soll"
},
"expansion": "German soll",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Danish skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "sal"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans sal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "skall",
"3": "",
"4": "shall"
},
"expansion": "Swedish skall (“shall”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English schal (infinitive schulen), from Old English sċeal (infinitive sċulan (“should, must”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skal (infinitive *skulaną), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”).\nCognate with Scots sall, sal (“shall”), North Frisian skal, schal, Saterland Frisian skäl, schäl, schal (infinitive skälle, schälle), West Frisian sil (infinitive sille (“shall”)), Dutch zal (infinitive zullen (“shall”)), Low German schall (infinitive schölen (“shall”)), German soll (infinitive sollen (“ought to”)), Danish skal (infinitive skulle (“shall”)), Icelandic skal (infinitive skulu (“shall”)), Afrikaans sal, Swedish skall (“shall”) (infinitive skola).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shall",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "should",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shal",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "shall<~,-,should,->"
},
"expansion": "shall (third-person singular simple present shall, no present participle, simple past should, no past participle)",
"name": "en-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "modal",
"3": "auxiliary",
"4": "defective verb"
},
"expansion": "(modal, auxiliary, defective)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "must"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "ought"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "should"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "will"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 35 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
7
]
],
"text": "I shall sing in the choir tomorrow.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"text": "I hope that we shall win the game.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
54,
59
]
],
"ref": "1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:",
"text": "\"Then, having used up the powers of the Golden Cap, I shall give it to the King of the Monkeys, that he and his band may thereafter be free for evermore.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"ref": "1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 20(3)”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918ᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ, page 1:",
"text": "A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural."
],
"id": "en-shall-en-verb-TYwBSSyF",
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "šte",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"with-present"
],
"word": "ще"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "zullen"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Use the present tense or use personal olla + present active participle",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Laulan huomenna or Olen laulava huomenna",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"formal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Je chanterai demain",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sille"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "werden"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Canterò domani",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "dapat"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "kailangan"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "akan"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "skal"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sculan"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "osx",
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "skulan"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "Use the future tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive or the verb \"haver de\" in the present + infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "Use the future perfective or use the future of быть (bytʹ) + imperfective infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will go to the post office — Я пойду́ на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will be going to the post office — Я бу́ду идти́ на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will be going back and forth to the post office — Я буду ходи́ть на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sall"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"note": "Use the future perfective or use the future of byť + imperfective infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Cantaré mañana",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "as often in English",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
},
{
"_dis1": "70 8 21 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "everyday-sounding alternative form",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "ska"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 58 20 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 44 24 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 12 14 41 14 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 10 57 10 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 45 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 42 25 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 50 22 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 45 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 49 23 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gothic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 50 22 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 45 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kapampangan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 45 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 50 22 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 45 25 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 43 26 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Saxon translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 41 25 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 50 22 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 49 23 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scots translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 48 22 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 35 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(determination): You shall go to the ball!; He shall be given a fair trial."
},
{
"text": "(obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity."
},
{
"text": "(obligation): The renter shall be responsible for maintenance of the vehicle."
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
86
]
],
"text": "Things haven't turned out as I intended they should, but I still intend that you shall take over the business.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
],
[
64,
69
]
],
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 21:25, column 1:",
"text": "And the gates of it ſhall not bee ſhut at all by day: foꝛ there ſhall bee no night there.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"ref": "1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 1”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918ᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ, page 1:",
"text": "A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural."
],
"id": "en-shall-en-verb-GBSzkb5s",
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"note": "ще (šte) (+ present form) for determination and трябва (trjabva) + да (da) (+ present form) (or just да (da) (+ present form))",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-u"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "use genitive + impersonal olla + present active participle or use genitive + tulee/täytyy/pitää + first infinitive",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Sinun on mentävä juhlaan! or Sinun pitää mennä juhlaan!",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - Kansalaisten on esitettävä henkilöllisyytensä or Kansalaisten tulee esittää henkilöllisyytensä",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "(indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "which can be emphasised using \"bien\" or a similar adverbial construction",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"english": "indicating obligation",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"translation": "indicating obligation",
"word": "devoir"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "être obligé de"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Mais tu iras bien au bal! or Ah oui",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "tu iras au bal!"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - Les citoyens doivent fournir une pièce d'identité or Les citoyens sont obligés de fournir une pièce d'identité",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "sollen"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "skulan",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "(indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "which can be emphasised using \"sì che\" or a similar adverbial construction",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"english": "indicating obligation",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"translation": "indicating obligation",
"word": "dovere"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "essere obbligato di"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Sì che andrai al ballo!",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - I cittadini devono fornire identificazione or I cittadini sono obbligati a fornire identificazione",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-mono to suru",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "ものとする"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"note": "Committee members shall be at least 25 years old. - 委員は25歳以上になるものとする。",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "dapat"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "kailangan"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-ya doeda",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-야 되다"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-ya hada",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-야 하다"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "debeo"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "skulle"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powinien"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "dever"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "precisar"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dólžen",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"predicative"
],
"word": "до́лжен"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžná",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "должна́"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžnó",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "должно́"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžný",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "должны́"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "as often in English",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
},
{
"_dis1": "10 82 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "everyday-sounding alternative form",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "ska"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 17 45 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 29 36 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 29 35 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
10
],
[
17,
22
]
],
"text": "What shall I do? Shall I give you a hand?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"text": "Shall we go out later?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
24,
29
]
],
"text": "I'll hold that for you, shall I?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
21,
26
]
],
"text": "Let us examine that, shall we? - Yeah let's.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action."
],
"id": "en-shall-en-verb-fXDqfiYO",
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "da",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"tags": [
"with-present"
],
"word": "да"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Да излезем по-късно?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "use conditional tense + -ko",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Menisimmekö ulos myöhemmin? (yhdessä)",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated by si and the imperfect tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "or"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "informally"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "without si and with the present tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Si nous sortions plus tard? or Sortons plus tard?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "sollen"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated by the present tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Usciamo più tardi?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-yōka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ようか"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-mashōka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ましょうか"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "daka?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danaka?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "dakayo?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danakayo?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "dakata?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danakata?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ko?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "kata?"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-lkka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "-ᆯ까"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-lkkayo",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "-ᆯ까요"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "skulle"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "Use the imperative tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "sv",
"english": "everyday-sounding",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"translation": "everyday-sounding",
"word": "ska"
},
{
"_dis1": "13 9 77 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
],
[
52,
57
]
],
"text": "I thee shall a hundred golden coins; th'amount thou shalt the Queen is much higher.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
9
]
],
"text": "He should þe Princess his Life, for she had deliver'd him from þe Poison deadly.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To owe."
],
"id": "en-shall-en-verb-rz1SKEAI",
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To owe."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃəl/",
"note": "weak form"
},
{
"audio": "en-US shall (unstressed).ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃ(ə)/",
"note": "weak form, pre-consonantal only"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃæl/",
"note": "strong form"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shall.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-us-shall.ogg/En-us-shall.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/En-us-shall.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æl"
}
],
"word": "shall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English auxiliary verbs",
"English defective verbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English irregular verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English modal verbs",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/æl",
"Rhymes:English/æl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kapampangan translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Old Saxon translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scots translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shalbe"
},
{
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shalln't"
},
{
"tags": [
"contraction"
],
"word": "shan't"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "man shall not live by bread alone"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "never the twain shall meet"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "seek and ye shall find"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall I say"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall-issue"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "shall we say"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "speak of the devil and he shall appear"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "this too shall pass"
},
{
"tags": [
"phrase"
],
"word": "this too shall pass away"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "sa"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "schal"
},
"expansion": "Middle English schal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċeal"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċeal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skulan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*skal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skal",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*skel-",
"4": "",
"5": "to owe, be under obligation"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sall"
},
"expansion": "Scots sall",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "skäl"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian skäl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "sil"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian sil",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch zal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "schall"
},
"expansion": "Low German schall",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "soll"
},
"expansion": "German soll",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Danish skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic skal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "sal"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans sal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "skall",
"3": "",
"4": "shall"
},
"expansion": "Swedish skall (“shall”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English schal (infinitive schulen), from Old English sċeal (infinitive sċulan (“should, must”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skal (infinitive *skulaną), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”).\nCognate with Scots sall, sal (“shall”), North Frisian skal, schal, Saterland Frisian skäl, schäl, schal (infinitive skälle, schälle), West Frisian sil (infinitive sille (“shall”)), Dutch zal (infinitive zullen (“shall”)), Low German schall (infinitive schölen (“shall”)), German soll (infinitive sollen (“ought to”)), Danish skal (infinitive skulle (“shall”)), Icelandic skal (infinitive skulu (“shall”)), Afrikaans sal, Swedish skall (“shall”) (infinitive skola).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "shall",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "should",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "shal",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "shall<~,-,should,->"
},
"expansion": "shall (third-person singular simple present shall, no present participle, simple past should, no past participle)",
"name": "en-verb"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "modal",
"3": "auxiliary",
"4": "defective verb"
},
"expansion": "(modal, auxiliary, defective)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "must"
},
{
"word": "ought"
},
{
"word": "should"
},
{
"word": "will"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
2,
7
]
],
"text": "I shall sing in the choir tomorrow.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
20
]
],
"text": "I hope that we shall win the game.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
54,
59
]
],
"ref": "1900 May 17, L[yman] Frank Baum, chapter 23, in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Geo[rge] M[elvin] Hill Co., →OCLC:",
"text": "\"Then, having used up the powers of the Golden Cap, I shall give it to the King of the Monkeys, that he and his band may thereafter be free for evermore.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"ref": "1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 20(3)”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918ᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ, page 1:",
"text": "A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(determination): You shall go to the ball!; He shall be given a fair trial."
},
{
"text": "(obligation): Citizens shall provide proof of identity."
},
{
"text": "(obligation): The renter shall be responsible for maintenance of the vehicle."
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
86
]
],
"text": "Things haven't turned out as I intended they should, but I still intend that you shall take over the business.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
25
],
[
64,
69
]
],
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation 21:25, column 1:",
"text": "And the gates of it ſhall not bee ſhut at all by day: foꝛ there ſhall bee no night there.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
13
]
],
"ref": "1918, Parliament of the United Kingdom, “Section 1”, in Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918ᵂⁱᵏⁱˢᵒᵘʳᶜᵉ, page 1:",
"text": "A woman shall not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
10
],
[
17,
22
]
],
"text": "What shall I do? Shall I give you a hand?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"text": "Shall we go out later?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
24,
29
]
],
"text": "I'll hold that for you, shall I?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
21,
26
]
],
"text": "Let us examine that, shall we? - Yeah let's.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
7,
12
],
[
52,
57
]
],
"text": "I thee shall a hundred golden coins; th'amount thou shalt the Queen is much higher.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
9
]
],
"text": "He should þe Princess his Life, for she had deliver'd him from þe Poison deadly.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To owe."
],
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) To owe."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʃəl/",
"note": "weak form"
},
{
"audio": "en-US shall (unstressed).ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/En-US_shall_%28unstressed%29.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃ(ə)/",
"note": "weak form, pre-consonantal only"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃæl/",
"note": "strong form"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-shall.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/En-us-shall.ogg/En-us-shall.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/En-us-shall.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-æl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "šte",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"with-present"
],
"word": "ще"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "zullen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Use the present tense or use personal olla + present active participle",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Laulan huomenna or Olen laulava huomenna",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"formal",
"literary"
]
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Je chanterai demain",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West-Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sille"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "werden"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Canterò domani",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "dapat"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "kailangan"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "akan"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "skal"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sculan"
},
{
"code": "osx",
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "skulan"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "Use the future tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive or the verb \"haver de\" in the present + infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "Use the future perfective or use the future of быть (bytʹ) + imperfective infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will go to the post office — Я пойду́ на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will be going to the post office — Я бу́ду идти́ на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"note": "I will be going back and forth to the post office — Я буду ходи́ть на по́чту",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "sall"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"note": "Use the future perfective or use the future of byť + imperfective infinitive",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"note": "I shall sing tomorrow - Cantaré mañana",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "as often in English",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "everyday-sounding alternative form",
"sense": "indicating the simple future tense",
"word": "ska"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"note": "ще (šte) (+ present form) for determination and трябва (trjabva) + да (da) (+ present form) (or just да (da) (+ present form))",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-u"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "use genitive + impersonal olla + present active participle or use genitive + tulee/täytyy/pitää + first infinitive",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Sinun on mentävä juhlaan! or Sinun pitää mennä juhlaan!",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - Kansalaisten on esitettävä henkilöllisyytensä or Kansalaisten tulee esittää henkilöllisyytensä",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "(indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "which can be emphasised using \"bien\" or a similar adverbial construction",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"english": "indicating obligation",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"translation": "indicating obligation",
"word": "devoir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "être obligé de"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Mais tu iras bien au bal! or Ah oui",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "tu iras au bal!"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - Les citoyens doivent fournir une pièce d'identité or Les citoyens sont obligés de fournir une pièce d'identité",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "sollen"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "skulan",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "(indicating determination) shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "which can be emphasised using \"sì che\" or a similar adverbial construction",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "it",
"english": "indicating obligation",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"translation": "indicating obligation",
"word": "dovere"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "essere obbligato di"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "You shall go to the ball! - Sì che andrai al ballo!",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "Citizens shall provide identity - I cittadini devono fornire identificazione or I cittadini sono obbligati a fornire identificazione",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-mono to suru",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "ものとする"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"note": "Committee members shall be at least 25 years old. - 委員は25歳以上になるものとする。",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "dapat"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "kailangan"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-ya doeda",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-야 되다"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-ya hada",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "-야 하다"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "debeo"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "skulle"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "powinien"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "dever"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "precisar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dólžen",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"predicative"
],
"word": "до́лжен"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžná",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "должна́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžnó",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "должно́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "dolžný",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"plural"
],
"word": "должны́"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "as often in English",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "everyday-sounding alternative form",
"sense": "indicating determination or obligation",
"word": "ska"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "da",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"tags": [
"with-present"
],
"word": "да"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Да излезем по-късно?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "use conditional tense + -ko",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Menisimmekö ulos myöhemmin? (yhdessä)",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated by si and the imperfect tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "or"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "informally"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "without si and with the present tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Si nous sortions plus tard? or Sortons plus tard?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "sollen"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "shall followed by the infinitive is translated by the present tense",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"note": "Shall we go out later? - Usciamo più tardi?",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-yōka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ようか"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "-mashōka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ましょうか"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "daka?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danaka?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "dakayo?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danakayo?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "dakata?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "danakata?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "ko?"
},
{
"code": "pam",
"lang": "Kapampangan",
"lang_code": "pam",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "kata?"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-lkka",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "-ᆯ까"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "-lkkayo",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "-ᆯ까요"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"word": "skulle"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"note": "Use the imperative tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"english": "everyday-sounding",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"translation": "everyday-sounding",
"word": "ska"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "in questions to suggest a possible future action",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "skall"
}
],
"word": "shall"
}
Download raw JSONL data for shall meaning in English (24.5kB)
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"section": "English",
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"title": "shall",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
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"path": [
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"section": "English",
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"title": "shall",
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}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
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"path": [
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"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "shall",
"trace": ""
}
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"I shall sing tomorrow - Laulan huomenna or Olen laulava huomenna\", \"sense\": \"indicating the simple future tense\", \"tags\": [\"formal\", \"literary\"]}",
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"lang_code\": \"pt\", \"note\": \"Use the future tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive or the verb \\\"haver de\\\" in the present + infinitive\", \"sense\": \"indicating the simple future tense\"}",
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"lang_code\": \"ru\", \"note\": \"Use the future perfective or use the future of быть (bytʹ) + imperfective infinitive\", \"sense\": \"indicating the simple future tense\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"lang_code\": \"ru\", \"note\": \"I will go to the post office — Я пойду́ на по́чту\", \"sense\": \"indicating the simple future tense\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"lang_code\": \"sk\", \"note\": \"Use the future perfective or use the future of byť + imperfective infinitive\", \"sense\": \"indicating the simple future tense\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"lang_code\": \"bg\", \"note\": \"ще (šte) (+ present form) for determination and трябва (trjabva) + да (da) (+ present form) (or just да (da) (+ present form))\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"use genitive + impersonal olla + present active participle or use genitive + tulee/täytyy/pitää + first infinitive\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
"path": [],
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"You shall go to the ball! - Sinun on mentävä juhlaan! or Sinun pitää mennä juhlaan!\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"Citizens shall provide identity - Kansalaisten on esitettävä henkilöllisyytensä or Kansalaisten tulee esittää henkilöllisyytensä\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"lang_code\": \"fr\", \"note\": \"which can be emphasised using \\\"bien\\\" or a similar adverbial construction\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"lang_code\": \"fr\", \"note\": \"Citizens shall provide identity - Les citoyens doivent fournir une pièce d'identité or Les citoyens sont obligés de fournir une pièce d'identité\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
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}
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"lang_code\": \"ja\", \"note\": \"Committee members shall be at least 25 years old. - 委員は25歳以上になるものとする。\", \"sense\": \"indicating determination or obligation\"}",
"path": [],
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"bg\", \"lang\": \"Bulgarian\", \"lang_code\": \"bg\", \"note\": \"Shall we go out later? - Да излезем по-късно?\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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"path": [],
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"lang_code\": \"fi\", \"note\": \"Shall we go out later? - Menisimmekö ulos myöhemmin? (yhdessä)\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"lang_code\": \"fr\", \"note\": \"shall followed by the infinitive is translated by si and the imperfect tense\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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{
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"lang_code\": \"fr\", \"note\": \"Shall we go out later? - Si nous sortions plus tard? or Sortons plus tard?\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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}
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"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"lang_code\": \"it\", \"note\": \"Shall we go out later? - Usciamo più tardi?\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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}
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"called_from": "wiktionary/179/20240425",
"msg": "shall/English/verb: 'word' is missing and should be a non-empty string: {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"lang_code\": \"pt\", \"note\": \"Use the imperative tense of the verb or present indicative of ir + the infinitive\", \"sense\": \"in questions to suggest a possible future action\"}",
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-02-14 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-02-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 59dc20b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.