"devoir" meaning in French

See devoir in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /də.vwaʁ/, /dvwaʁ/ Audio: Fr-devoir.ogg Forms: devoirs [plural]
Rhymes: -waʁ Etymology: Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir). Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|frm|debvoir|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Middle French debvoir, {{inh+|fr|frm|debvoir}} Inherited from Middle French debvoir, {{inh|fr|fro|deveir}} Old French deveir, {{inh|fr|la|dēbeō|dēbēre}} Latin dēbēre, {{m|la|dē-}} dē-, {{m|la|habeō||to have}} habeō (“to have”), {{m|fr|de-}} de-, {{m|fr|avoir}} avoir Head templates: {{fr-noun|m}} devoir m (plural devoirs)
  1. duty Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-noun-m7CZFLEX Categories (other): French terms with collocations, French entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of French entries with incorrect language header: 28 16 9 9 9 5 13 7 4
  2. exercise, assignment (set for homework) Tags: masculine
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-noun-e4rXGrZx
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: devoir de mémoire, devoir sur table, devoir surveillé, devoir une fière chandelle, le devoir m’appelle, sentiment du devoir accompli

Verb

IPA: /də.vwaʁ/, /dvwaʁ/ Audio: Fr-devoir.ogg
Rhymes: -waʁ Etymology: Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir). Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|fr|frm|debvoir|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Middle French debvoir, {{inh+|fr|frm|debvoir}} Inherited from Middle French debvoir, {{inh|fr|fro|deveir}} Old French deveir, {{inh|fr|la|dēbeō|dēbēre}} Latin dēbēre, {{m|la|dē-}} dē-, {{m|la|habeō||to have}} habeō (“to have”), {{m|fr|de-}} de-, {{m|fr|avoir}} avoir Head templates: {{fr-verb|type=modal}} devoir Inflection templates: {{fr-conj-auto}}, {{fr-conj-auto|refl=yes}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], devoir [infinitive], avoir + past participle [infinitive, multiword-construction], devant [gerund, participle, present], ayant + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present], dû [participle, past], dois [first-person, indicative, present, singular], dois [indicative, present, second-person, singular], doit [indicative, present, singular, third-person], devons [first-person, indicative, plural, present], devez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], doivent [indicative, plural, present, third-person], devais [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], devais [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], devait [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], devions [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], deviez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], devaient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], dus [first-person, historic, indicative, past, singular], dus [historic, indicative, past, second-person, singular], dut [historic, indicative, past, singular, third-person], dûmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural], dûtes [historic, indicative, past, plural, second-person], durent [historic, indicative, past, plural, third-person], devrai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], devras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], devra [future, indicative, singular, third-person], devrons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], devrez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], devront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], devrais [conditional, first-person, singular], devrais [conditional, second-person, singular], devrait [conditional, singular, third-person], devrions [conditional, first-person, plural], devriez [conditional, plural, second-person], devraient [conditional, plural, third-person], present indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], past historic of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], doive [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], doives [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], doive [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], devions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], deviez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], doivent [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], dusse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], dusses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], dût [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], dussions [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], dussiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], dussent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], dois [imperative, second-person, singular], devons [first-person, imperative, plural], devez [imperative, plural, second-person], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, second-person, singular], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [first-person, imperative, multiword-construction, plural], simple imperative of avoir + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, plural, second-person], no-table-tags [table-tags], se devoir [infinitive, reflexive], s'être + past participle [infinitive, multiword-construction, reflexive], se devant [gerund, participle, present, reflexive], ayant [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present, reflexive], étant + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction, participle, present, reflexive], dû [participle, past, reflexive], me dois [first-person, indicative, present, reflexive, singular], te dois [indicative, present, reflexive, second-person, singular], se doit [indicative, present, reflexive, singular, third-person], nous devons [first-person, indicative, plural, present, reflexive], vous devez [indicative, plural, present, reflexive, second-person], se doivent [indicative, plural, present, reflexive, third-person], me devais [first-person, imperfect, indicative, reflexive, singular], te devais [imperfect, indicative, reflexive, second-person, singular], se devait [imperfect, indicative, reflexive, singular, third-person], nous devions [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural, reflexive], vous deviez [imperfect, indicative, plural, reflexive, second-person], se devaient [imperfect, indicative, plural, reflexive, third-person], me dus [first-person, historic, indicative, past, reflexive, singular], te dus [historic, indicative, past, reflexive, second-person, singular], se dut [historic, indicative, past, reflexive, singular, third-person], nous dûmes [first-person, historic, indicative, past, plural, reflexive], vous dûtes [historic, indicative, past, plural, reflexive, second-person], se durent [historic, indicative, past, plural, reflexive, third-person], me devrai [first-person, future, indicative, reflexive, singular], te devras [future, indicative, reflexive, second-person, singular], se devra [future, indicative, reflexive, singular, third-person], nous devrons [first-person, future, indicative, plural, reflexive], vous devrez [future, indicative, plural, reflexive, second-person], se devront [future, indicative, plural, reflexive, third-person], me devrais [conditional, first-person, reflexive, singular], te devrais [conditional, reflexive, second-person, singular], se devrait [conditional, reflexive, singular, third-person], nous devrions [conditional, first-person, plural, reflexive], vous devriez [conditional, plural, reflexive, second-person], se devraient [conditional, plural, reflexive, third-person], present indicative of s'être + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present, reflexive], imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect, reflexive], past historic of s'être + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past, reflexive], future of s'être + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, reflexive], conditional of s'être + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect, reflexive], me doive [first-person, present, reflexive, singular, subjunctive], te doives [present, reflexive, second-person, singular, subjunctive], se doive [present, reflexive, singular, subjunctive, third-person], nous devions [first-person, plural, present, reflexive, subjunctive], vous deviez [plural, present, reflexive, second-person, subjunctive], se doivent [plural, present, reflexive, subjunctive, third-person], me dusse [first-person, imperfect, reflexive, singular, subjunctive], te dusses [imperfect, reflexive, second-person, singular, subjunctive], se dût [imperfect, reflexive, singular, subjunctive, third-person], nous dussions [first-person, imperfect, plural, reflexive, subjunctive], vous dussiez [imperfect, plural, reflexive, second-person, subjunctive], se dussent [imperfect, plural, reflexive, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of s'être + past participle [multiword-construction, past, reflexive, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, reflexive, subjunctive], dois-toi [imperative, reflexive, second-person, singular], devons-nous [first-person, imperative, plural, reflexive], devez-vous [imperative, plural, reflexive, second-person], simple imperative of s'être + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, reflexive, second-person, singular], simple imperative of s'être + past participle [first-person, imperative, multiword-construction, plural, reflexive], simple imperative of s'être + past participle [imperative, multiword-construction, plural, reflexive, second-person]
  1. must, to have to, should (as a requirement)
    (present) must     Tags: present
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-nBonYMuL
  2. must, to have to, should (as a requirement)
    (conditional) should     Tags: conditional
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-9vXAxPc1
  3. must, to have to, should (as a requirement)
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-oU1ZyhSl
  4. must, to do or have with certainty
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-A2wDhon4
  5. (transitive) to owe (money, obligation and etc) Tags: transitive
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-9FuJ3reD
  6. (literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive) Tags: intransitive, literary
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-Bo7-rUpI
  7. (reflexive, ~ de) to have a duty to Tags: reflexive
    Sense id: en-devoir-fr-verb-NwzUo2BS
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: redevoir, chose promise, chose due, comme il se doit, en bonne et due forme Derived forms (dû): indu Derived forms (dûment): indûment Related terms: redevable, falloir, obliger
Disambiguation of 'dû': 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Disambiguation of 'dûment': 25 25 15 16 13 6 0

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for devoir meaning in French (25.2kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "devoir de mémoire"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "devoir sur table"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "devoir surveillé"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "devoir une fière chandelle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "le devoir m’appelle"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "sentiment du devoir accompli"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "deveir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French deveir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēbeō",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "dē-"
      },
      "expansion": "dē-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "habeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to have"
      },
      "expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "de-"
      },
      "expansion": "de-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "avoir"
      },
      "expansion": "avoir",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir m (plural devoirs)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French terms with collocations",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with collocations",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "28 16 9 9 9 5 13 7 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to fail in one's duty, duties",
          "text": "manquer à son devoir, manquer à tous ses devoirs",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "It is my duty to protect the king.",
          "text": "Il est de mon devoir de protéger le roi.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "duty"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-noun-m7CZFLEX",
      "links": [
        [
          "duty",
          "duty"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "exercise, assignment (set for homework)"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-noun-e4rXGrZx",
      "links": [
        [
          "exercise",
          "exercise"
        ],
        [
          "assignment",
          "assignment"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-waʁ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "redevoir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "chose promise, chose due"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "comme il se doit"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "en bonne et due forme"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "sense": "dû",
      "word": "indu"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "25 25 15 16 13 6 0",
      "sense": "dûment",
      "word": "indûment"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "deveir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French deveir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēbeō",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "dē-"
      },
      "expansion": "dē-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "habeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to have"
      },
      "expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "de-"
      },
      "expansion": "de-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "avoir"
      },
      "expansion": "avoir",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devant",
      "ipa": "/də.vɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dû",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doit",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "ipa": "/də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devais",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devais",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devait",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devions",
      "ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "ipa": "/də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devaient",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dus",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dus",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dut",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dûmes",
      "ipa": "/dym/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dûtes",
      "ipa": "/dyt/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "durent",
      "ipa": "/dyʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrai",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devras",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devra",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrons",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrez",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devront",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrais",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrais",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrait",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrions",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriez",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devraient",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doives",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devions",
      "ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "ipa": "/də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dusse",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dusses",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dût",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussions",
      "ipa": "/dy.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussiez",
      "ipa": "/dy.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussent",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "ipa": "/də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devant",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "étant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dû",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dois",
      "ipa": "/mə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dois",
      "ipa": "/tə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doit",
      "ipa": "/sə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devons",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doivent",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devais",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devais",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devait",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous deviez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devaient",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dus",
      "ipa": "/mə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dus",
      "ipa": "/tə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dut",
      "ipa": "/sə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous dûmes",
      "ipa": "/nu dym/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous dûtes",
      "ipa": "/vu dyt/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se durent",
      "ipa": "/sə dyʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devrai",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devras",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devra",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devrons",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devrez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devront",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devrais",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devrais",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devrait",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devrions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devriez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vʁi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devraient",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me doive",
      "ipa": "/mə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te doives",
      "ipa": "/tə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doive",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous deviez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doivent",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dusse",
      "ipa": "/mə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dusses",
      "ipa": "/tə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dût",
      "ipa": "/sə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous dussions",
      "ipa": "/nu dy.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous dussiez",
      "ipa": "/vu dy.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dussent",
      "ipa": "/sə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois-toi",
      "ipa": "/dwa.twa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons-nous",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃.nu/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez-vous",
      "ipa": "/də.ve.vu/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "type": "modal"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "refl": "yes"
      },
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "redevable"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "falloir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "obliger"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "must"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-nBonYMuL",
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "(present) must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "should"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-9vXAxPc1",
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "(conditional) should"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "conditional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The authors of a dictionary have to determine from the outset which categories of words to retain, according to the limits imposed by the editor, and the target audience.",
          "text": "Les auteurs d’un dictionnaire doivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l’éditeur et du public visé.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Your language should permit you to keep a fairly secure distance, [as] being slightly more formal and detached than necessary is an advantage.",
          "ref": "2014, Jean-Claude Bernardon, Résolution de conflits",
          "text": "Votre langage doit vous permettre de maintenir une bonne distance de sécurité, être un peu plus poli et détaché que nécessaire est un avantage.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-oU1ZyhSl",
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "must, to do or have with certainty"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-A2wDhon4",
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-9FuJ3reD",
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Well, she said to herself, I'll go, even if I have to face real danger.",
          "ref": "1842, George Sand, Consuelo",
          "text": "Eh bien, se dit-elle, j’irai, dussé-je affronter les dangers réels [...].",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-Bo7-rUpI",
      "links": [
        [
          "necessary",
          "necessary"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "in imperfect subjunctive",
        "with inversion of subject"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Today, I owe to the interests of the nation, [so] I owe it to myself to make my motives known.",
          "ref": "1791, Louis XVI, “Message du roi, à l'Assemblée nationale, le 13 septembre 1791 [Message of the King to the National Assembly on 13 September 1791]”, in Constitution française, présentée au roi par l'Assemblée nationale, le 3 septembre 1791 [French constitution, presented to the King by the National Assembly on 3 September 1791], Dijon: Imprimerie de P. Causse, page 75",
          "text": "Aujourd’hui je dois aux intérêts de la nation, je me dois à moi-même de faire connoître mes motifs.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to have a duty to"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-NwzUo2BS",
      "links": [
        [
          "duty",
          "duty"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive, ~ de) to have a duty to"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "~ de"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reflexive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-waʁ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 1-syllable words",
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French irregular verbs",
    "French lemmas",
    "French masculine nouns",
    "French modal verbs",
    "French nominalized infinitives",
    "French nouns",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms derived from Middle French",
    "French terms derived from Old French",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Middle French",
    "French terms inherited from Old French",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "French terms with audio links",
    "French third group verbs",
    "French verbs",
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French irregular verbs",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French masculine nouns",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Old French terms derived from Latin",
    "Old French terms inherited from Latin",
    "Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old French third group verbs",
    "Old French verbs",
    "Old French verbs ending in -oir",
    "Old French verbs with stem alternations",
    "Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
    "Rhymes:French/waʁ",
    "Rhymes:French/waʁ/2 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "devoir de mémoire"
    },
    {
      "word": "devoir sur table"
    },
    {
      "word": "devoir surveillé"
    },
    {
      "word": "devoir une fière chandelle"
    },
    {
      "word": "le devoir m’appelle"
    },
    {
      "word": "sentiment du devoir accompli"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "deveir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French deveir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēbeō",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "dē-"
      },
      "expansion": "dē-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "habeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to have"
      },
      "expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "de-"
      },
      "expansion": "de-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "avoir"
      },
      "expansion": "avoir",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir m (plural devoirs)",
      "name": "fr-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with collocations",
        "French terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "to fail in one's duty, duties",
          "text": "manquer à son devoir, manquer à tous ses devoirs",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "It is my duty to protect the king.",
          "text": "Il est de mon devoir de protéger le roi.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "duty"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "duty",
          "duty"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "exercise, assignment (set for homework)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "exercise",
          "exercise"
        ],
        [
          "assignment",
          "assignment"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-waʁ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "French 1-syllable words",
    "French 2-syllable words",
    "French countable nouns",
    "French entries with incorrect language header",
    "French irregular verbs",
    "French lemmas",
    "French masculine nouns",
    "French modal verbs",
    "French nominalized infinitives",
    "French nouns",
    "French terms derived from Latin",
    "French terms derived from Middle French",
    "French terms derived from Old French",
    "French terms inherited from Latin",
    "French terms inherited from Middle French",
    "French terms inherited from Old French",
    "French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "French terms with audio links",
    "French third group verbs",
    "French verbs",
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French irregular verbs",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French masculine nouns",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Old French terms derived from Latin",
    "Old French terms inherited from Latin",
    "Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Old French third group verbs",
    "Old French verbs",
    "Old French verbs ending in -oir",
    "Old French verbs with stem alternations",
    "Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
    "Rhymes:French/waʁ",
    "Rhymes:French/waʁ/2 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "sense": "dû",
      "word": "indu"
    },
    {
      "sense": "dûment",
      "word": "indûment"
    },
    {
      "word": "redevoir"
    },
    {
      "word": "chose promise, chose due"
    },
    {
      "word": "comme il se doit"
    },
    {
      "word": "en bonne et due forme"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "debvoir"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "deveir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French deveir",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "dēbeō",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "dē-"
      },
      "expansion": "dē-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "habeō",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to have"
      },
      "expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "de-"
      },
      "expansion": "de-",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "avoir"
      },
      "expansion": "avoir",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devant",
      "ipa": "/də.vɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dû",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doit",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "ipa": "/də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devais",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devais",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devait",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devions",
      "ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "ipa": "/də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devaient",
      "ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dus",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dus",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dut",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dûmes",
      "ipa": "/dym/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dûtes",
      "ipa": "/dyt/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "durent",
      "ipa": "/dyʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrai",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devras",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devra",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrons",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrez",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devront",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrais",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrais",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrait",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrions",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriez",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devraient",
      "ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doives",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devions",
      "ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "ipa": "/də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "ipa": "/dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dusse",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dusses",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dût",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussions",
      "ipa": "/dy.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussiez",
      "ipa": "/dy.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dussent",
      "ipa": "/dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "ipa": "/dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "ipa": "/də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fr-conj-auto",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devant",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɑ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ayant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "étant + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction",
        "participle",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dû",
      "ipa": "/dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dois",
      "ipa": "/mə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dois",
      "ipa": "/tə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doit",
      "ipa": "/sə dwa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devons",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.ve/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doivent",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devais",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devais",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devait",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous deviez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devaient",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dus",
      "ipa": "/mə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dus",
      "ipa": "/tə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dut",
      "ipa": "/sə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous dûmes",
      "ipa": "/nu dym/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous dûtes",
      "ipa": "/vu dyt/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se durent",
      "ipa": "/sə dyʁ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "historic",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devrai",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devras",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devra",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devrons",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devrez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vʁe/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devront",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me devrais",
      "ipa": "/mə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "reflexive",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te devrais",
      "ipa": "/tə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devrait",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devrions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous devriez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vʁi.je/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se devraient",
      "ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present indicative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "past historic of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me doive",
      "ipa": "/mə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te doives",
      "ipa": "/tə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doive",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous devions",
      "ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous deviez",
      "ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se doivent",
      "ipa": "/sə dwav/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me dusse",
      "ipa": "/mə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "te dusses",
      "ipa": "/tə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dût",
      "ipa": "/sə dy/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nous dussions",
      "ipa": "/nu dy.sjɔ̃/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "vous dussiez",
      "ipa": "/vu dy.sje/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "se dussent",
      "ipa": "/sə dys/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "reflexive",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois-toi",
      "ipa": "/dwa.twa/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons-nous",
      "ipa": "/də.vɔ̃.nu/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez-vous",
      "ipa": "/də.ve.vu/",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "plural",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "type": "modal"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir",
      "name": "fr-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "refl": "yes"
      },
      "name": "fr-conj-auto"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "French",
  "lang_code": "fr",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "redevable"
    },
    {
      "word": "falloir"
    },
    {
      "word": "obliger"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "must"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "(present) must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "should"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
        "(conditional) should"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "conditional"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French terms with quotations",
        "French terms with usage examples",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "The authors of a dictionary have to determine from the outset which categories of words to retain, according to the limits imposed by the editor, and the target audience.",
          "text": "Les auteurs d’un dictionnaire doivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l’éditeur et du public visé.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Your language should permit you to keep a fairly secure distance, [as] being slightly more formal and detached than necessary is an advantage.",
          "ref": "2014, Jean-Claude Bernardon, Résolution de conflits",
          "text": "Votre langage doit vous permettre de maintenir une bonne distance de sécurité, être un peu plus poli et détaché que nécessaire est un avantage.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "must, to have to, should (as a requirement)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ],
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "must, to do or have with certainty"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French intransitive verbs",
        "French literary terms",
        "French terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Well, she said to herself, I'll go, even if I have to face real danger.",
          "ref": "1842, George Sand, Consuelo",
          "text": "Eh bien, se dit-elle, j’irai, dussé-je affronter les dangers réels [...].",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "(even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "necessary",
          "necessary"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "in imperfect subjunctive",
        "with inversion of subject"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "literary"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "French reflexive verbs",
        "French terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Today, I owe to the interests of the nation, [so] I owe it to myself to make my motives known.",
          "ref": "1791, Louis XVI, “Message du roi, à l'Assemblée nationale, le 13 septembre 1791 [Message of the King to the National Assembly on 13 September 1791]”, in Constitution française, présentée au roi par l'Assemblée nationale, le 3 septembre 1791 [French constitution, presented to the King by the National Assembly on 3 September 1791], Dijon: Imprimerie de P. Causse, page 75",
          "text": "Aujourd’hui je dois aux intérêts de la nation, je me dois à moi-même de faire connoître mes motifs.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to have a duty to"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "duty",
          "duty"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive, ~ de) to have a duty to"
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "~ de"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reflexive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-waʁ"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
      "text": "audio"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "called_from": "page/1498/20230118",
  "msg": "''must, to have to, should (as a'[...]' gloss has examples we want to keep, but there are subglosses.",
  "path": [
    "devoir"
  ],
  "section": "French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "devoir",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.