See devoir on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for devoir meaning in All languages combined (44.8kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰeh₁bʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle English devoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French devoir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "debere",
"4": "dēbēre",
"5": "to owe; ought, must"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre (“to owe; ought, must”)",
"name": "derived"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English devoir, borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe; ought, must”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
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],
"hyphenation": [
"de‧voir"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
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"Entry maintenance"
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},
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"name": "Latin links with redundant target parameters",
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"Entry maintenance"
],
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},
{
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"langcode": "en",
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"orig": "en:Directives",
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
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},
{
"_dis": "58 6 4 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 11 2 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 6 3 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "62 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 6 2 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 2 6 2 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1787, “A female” [pseudonym; Winifred Marshall Gales], The History of Lady Emma Melcombe, and Her Family. By a Female. In Three Volumes, volume III, London: Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, →OCLC, page 155",
"text": "I should have long ere this paid my devoirs to the inhabitants of Raymond Castle.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1836 July, “London Fashionable Chit-Chat”, in The Lady's Magazine and Museum of the Belles-lettres, Fine Arts, Music, Drama, Fashions, &c. (Improved Series. Enlarged.), volume IX, London: Dobbs & Co., Hemlock Court, Carey Street, Lincolns Inn (Formerly at 112, Fetter Lane), →OCLC, page 73",
"text": "[M]y eyes were oft times [on the] charmante maitresse de la maison, who glided among her guests in her flowing Spanish mantilla, and train of the clearest blonde, doing her devoirs with winning kindness, and showing how much benevolence of manner adds to beauty.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1873 March, H[enry] James Jr., “The Madonna of the Future”, in The Atlantic Monthly: A Magazine of Literature, Science, Art, and Politics, volume XXXI, number CLXXXV, Boston, Mass.: James R. Osgood and Company, late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood & Co., page 277",
"text": "A young man who arrives at Florence late in the evening, and, instead of going prosaically to bed, or hanging over the travellers' book at his hotel, walks forth without loss of time to pay his devoirs to the Beautiful, is a young man after my own heart!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1885, Richard F[rancis] Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Benares [false, actually Stoke Newington, London]: Kamashastra Society, →OCLC",
"text": "Then quoth the portress to the mistress of the house, \"O my lady, arise and go to thy place that I in turn may do my devoir.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1983, Lawrence Durrell, Sebastian, or Ruling Passions (The Avignon Quintet; 4), London; Boston, Mass.: Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-13111-2; republished in The Avignon Quintet, London: Faber & Faber, 2004, ISBN 978-0-571-22555-2, page 1057",
"text": "That is the little bit of essential information which enables us to complete our devoir – without it we are just ordinary people, dispossessed, taken unawares: the original sin!"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Duty, business; something that one must do."
],
"id": "en-devoir-en-noun-yhRzEUYI",
"links": [
[
"Duty",
"duty"
],
[
"business",
"business"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, often in plural) Duty, business; something that one must do."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"often",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvwɑː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-devoir.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "devoir de mémoire"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "devoir sur table"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "devoir surveillé"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "devoir une fière chandelle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "le devoir m’appelle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sentiment du devoir accompli"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "dēbeō",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dē-"
},
"expansion": "dē-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "habeō",
"3": "",
"4": "to have"
},
"expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "de-"
},
"expansion": "de-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "avoir"
},
"expansion": "avoir",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "devoir m (plural devoirs)",
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}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
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],
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{
"_dis": "28 16 9 9 9 5 13 7 4",
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to fail in one's duty, duties",
"text": "manquer à son devoir, manquer à tous ses devoirs"
},
{
"english": "It is my duty to protect the king.",
"text": "Il est de mon devoir de protéger le roi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"duty"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-noun-m7CZFLEX",
"links": [
[
"duty",
"duty"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"exercise, assignment (set for homework)"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-noun-e4rXGrZx",
"links": [
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"assignment",
"assignment"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-waʁ"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
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"text": "audio"
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],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "redevoir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "chose promise, chose due"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "comme il se doit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "en bonne et due forme"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "dû",
"word": "indu"
},
{
"_dis1": "25 25 15 16 13 6 0",
"sense": "dûment",
"word": "indûment"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
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"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
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"pos": "",
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"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
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},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "dē-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
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"3": "",
"4": "to have"
},
"expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "de-"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "avoir"
},
"expansion": "avoir",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fr-conj-auto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "devant",
"ipa": "/də.vɑ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ayant + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
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"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dû",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "doit",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"ipa": "/də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devais",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devais",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devait",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devions",
"ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"ipa": "/də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devaient",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dus",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dus",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dut",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dûmes",
"ipa": "/dym/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dûtes",
"ipa": "/dyt/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "durent",
"ipa": "/dyʁ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrai",
"ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devras",
"ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devra",
"ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrons",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devrez",
"ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devront",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrais",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devrais",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devrait",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrions",
"ipa": "/də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriez",
"ipa": "/də.vʁi.je/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devraient",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doives",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devions",
"ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"ipa": "/də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dusse",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dusses",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dût",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dussions",
"ipa": "/dy.sjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dussiez",
"ipa": "/dy.sje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dussent",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"ipa": "/də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fr-conj-auto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "se devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "se devant",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɑ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "ayant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "étant + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "dû",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "me dois",
"ipa": "/mə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te dois",
"ipa": "/tə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se doit",
"ipa": "/sə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devons",
"ipa": "/nu də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devez",
"ipa": "/vu də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se doivent",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devais",
"ipa": "/mə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devais",
"ipa": "/tə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devait",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous deviez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devaient",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me dus",
"ipa": "/mə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te dus",
"ipa": "/tə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se dut",
"ipa": "/sə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous dûmes",
"ipa": "/nu dym/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous dûtes",
"ipa": "/vu dyt/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se durent",
"ipa": "/sə dyʁ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devrai",
"ipa": "/mə də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devras",
"ipa": "/tə də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devra",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devrons",
"ipa": "/nu də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devrez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devront",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devrais",
"ipa": "/mə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devrais",
"ipa": "/tə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devrait",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devrions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devriez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vʁi.je/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devraient",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present indicative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "past historic of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "future of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "me doive",
"ipa": "/mə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "te doives",
"ipa": "/tə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se doive",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous deviez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se doivent",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me dusse",
"ipa": "/mə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "te dusses",
"ipa": "/tə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se dût",
"ipa": "/sə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous dussions",
"ipa": "/nu dy.sjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous dussiez",
"ipa": "/vu dy.sje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se dussent",
"ipa": "/sə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dois-toi",
"ipa": "/dwa.twa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devons-nous",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃.nu/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "devez-vous",
"ipa": "/də.ve.vu/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "modal"
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "fr-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fr-conj-auto"
},
{
"args": {
"refl": "yes"
},
"name": "fr-conj-auto"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "redevable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "falloir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "obliger"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"must"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-nBonYMuL",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"(present) must"
],
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"should"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-9vXAxPc1",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"(conditional) should"
],
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The authors of a dictionary have to determine from the outset which categories of words to retain, according to the limits imposed by the editor, and the target audience.",
"text": "Les auteurs d’un dictionnaire doivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l’éditeur et du public visé.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Your language should permit you to keep a fairly secure distance, [as] being slightly more formal and detached than necessary is an advantage.",
"ref": "2014, Jean-Claude Bernardon, Résolution de conflits",
"text": "Votre langage doit vous permettre de maintenir une bonne distance de sécurité, être un peu plus poli et détaché que nécessaire est un avantage.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-oU1ZyhSl",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"must, to do or have with certainty"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-A2wDhon4",
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-9FuJ3reD",
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, she said to herself, I'll go, even if I have to face real danger.",
"ref": "1842, George Sand, Consuelo",
"text": "Eh bien, se dit-elle, j’irai, dussé-je affronter les dangers réels [...].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-Bo7-rUpI",
"links": [
[
"necessary",
"necessary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in imperfect subjunctive",
"with inversion of subject"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Today, I owe to the interests of the nation, [so] I owe it to myself to make my motives known.",
"ref": "1791, Louis XVI, “Message du roi, à l'Assemblée nationale, le 13 septembre 1791 [Message of the King to the National Assembly on 13 September 1791]”, in Constitution française, présentée au roi par l'Assemblée nationale, le 3 septembre 1791 [French constitution, presented to the King by the National Assembly on 3 September 1791], Dijon: Imprimerie de P. Causse, page 75",
"text": "Aujourd’hui je dois aux intérêts de la nation, je me dois à moi-même de faire connoître mes motifs.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to have a duty to"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fr-verb-NwzUo2BS",
"links": [
[
"duty",
"duty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, ~ de) to have a duty to"
],
"raw_tags": [
"~ de"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-waʁ"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "English: devoir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: devoir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir",
"4": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French devoir",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "devoir",
"4": "devoir, deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French devoir, deveir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "debere",
"4": "dēbēre",
"5": "to owe, to be duty bound to do something"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”)",
"name": "derived"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French devoir, deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "devoir (plural devoirs)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1479, William Caxton, De Consolatione Philosophiæ, translated into English by Geoffrey Chaucer",
"text": "I William Caxton have done my devoir to enprint it",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"devoir"
],
"id": "en-devoir-enm-noun-4xPjgSIL"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "debeo",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fro-conj-devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir deu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "en devant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "devant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "deu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "doi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "doit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devoie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deveie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deveies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deveit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deviiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devoient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deveient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deüs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dut",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deümes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "deüstes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "durent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devras",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devra",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devroiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devront",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devroie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devreie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devroies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devreies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devroit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devriiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devriez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devroient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "doie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doives",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deüsse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüsses",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssoiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fro-conj-devoir"
},
{
"args": {
"aux": "",
"ei": "",
"imp": "-",
"old": "",
"pastp": "deu",
"prefix": "",
"pres": "dev",
"pres1s": "doi",
"press": "doiv",
"pret": "d",
"prettype": "strong-u",
"refl": "",
"repl": "",
"sub": "doi",
"sub2": "dev",
"subier": "yes",
"subs2": "doiv"
},
"name": "fro-conj-iii"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to have to; must"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fro-verb-HrFUWqYt",
"links": [
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"must",
"must"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal) to have to; must"
],
"tags": [
"modal"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to owe"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fro-verb-PjW-u7hu",
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
"note": "late"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
"note": "late"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "deveir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "deoir"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "devair"
},
"expansion": "Angevin: devair",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Angevin: devair"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "devair"
},
"expansion": "Gallo: devair",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallo: devair"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "devor"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain: devor",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lorrain: devor"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: debvoir",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: debvoir (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Norman: deveir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: deveir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "dvoér"
},
"expansion": "Picard: dvoér",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Picard: dvoér"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "diveur"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: diveur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: diveur"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "debeo",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoir oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"debt"
],
"id": "en-devoir-fro-noun-ZS11-br7",
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
"note": "late"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
"note": "late"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "deveir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "deoir"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gʰeh₁bʰ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle English devoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French devoir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "debere",
"4": "dēbēre",
"5": "to owe; ought, must"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre (“to owe; ought, must”)",
"name": "derived"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English devoir, borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe; ought, must”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "devoir (plural devoirs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"de‧voir"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʰeh₁bʰ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with quotations",
"Latin links with redundant target parameters",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː",
"Rhymes:English/ɑː/2 syllables",
"en:Directives"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1787, “A female” [pseudonym; Winifred Marshall Gales], The History of Lady Emma Melcombe, and Her Family. By a Female. In Three Volumes, volume III, London: Printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, →OCLC, page 155",
"text": "I should have long ere this paid my devoirs to the inhabitants of Raymond Castle.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1836 July, “London Fashionable Chit-Chat”, in The Lady's Magazine and Museum of the Belles-lettres, Fine Arts, Music, Drama, Fashions, &c. (Improved Series. Enlarged.), volume IX, London: Dobbs & Co., Hemlock Court, Carey Street, Lincolns Inn (Formerly at 112, Fetter Lane), →OCLC, page 73",
"text": "[M]y eyes were oft times [on the] charmante maitresse de la maison, who glided among her guests in her flowing Spanish mantilla, and train of the clearest blonde, doing her devoirs with winning kindness, and showing how much benevolence of manner adds to beauty.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1873 March, H[enry] James Jr., “The Madonna of the Future”, in The Atlantic Monthly: A Magazine of Literature, Science, Art, and Politics, volume XXXI, number CLXXXV, Boston, Mass.: James R. Osgood and Company, late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood & Co., page 277",
"text": "A young man who arrives at Florence late in the evening, and, instead of going prosaically to bed, or hanging over the travellers' book at his hotel, walks forth without loss of time to pay his devoirs to the Beautiful, is a young man after my own heart!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1885, Richard F[rancis] Burton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Benares [false, actually Stoke Newington, London]: Kamashastra Society, →OCLC",
"text": "Then quoth the portress to the mistress of the house, \"O my lady, arise and go to thy place that I in turn may do my devoir.\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1983, Lawrence Durrell, Sebastian, or Ruling Passions (The Avignon Quintet; 4), London; Boston, Mass.: Faber & Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-13111-2; republished in The Avignon Quintet, London: Faber & Faber, 2004, ISBN 978-0-571-22555-2, page 1057",
"text": "That is the little bit of essential information which enables us to complete our devoir – without it we are just ordinary people, dispossessed, taken unawares: the original sin!"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Duty, business; something that one must do."
],
"links": [
[
"Duty",
"duty"
],
[
"business",
"business"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, often in plural) Duty, business; something that one must do."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"often",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvwɑː/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɑː"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-devoir.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-devoir.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French 2-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French irregular verbs",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French modal verbs",
"French nominalized infinitives",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links",
"French third group verbs",
"French verbs",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
"Rhymes:French/waʁ",
"Rhymes:French/waʁ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "devoir de mémoire"
},
{
"word": "devoir sur table"
},
{
"word": "devoir surveillé"
},
{
"word": "devoir une fière chandelle"
},
{
"word": "le devoir m’appelle"
},
{
"word": "sentiment du devoir accompli"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "dēbeō",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dē-"
},
"expansion": "dē-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "habeō",
"3": "",
"4": "to have"
},
"expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "de-"
},
"expansion": "de-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "avoir"
},
"expansion": "avoir",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "devoir m (plural devoirs)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French terms with collocations",
"French terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to fail in one's duty, duties",
"text": "manquer à son devoir, manquer à tous ses devoirs"
},
{
"english": "It is my duty to protect the king.",
"text": "Il est de mon devoir de protéger le roi.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"duty"
],
"links": [
[
"duty",
"duty"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"exercise, assignment (set for homework)"
],
"links": [
[
"exercise",
"exercise"
],
[
"assignment",
"assignment"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-waʁ"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French 2-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French irregular verbs",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French modal verbs",
"French nominalized infinitives",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links",
"French third group verbs",
"French verbs",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
"Rhymes:French/waʁ",
"Rhymes:French/waʁ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"sense": "dû",
"word": "indu"
},
{
"sense": "dûment",
"word": "indûment"
},
{
"word": "redevoir"
},
{
"word": "chose promise, chose due"
},
{
"word": "comme il se doit"
},
{
"word": "en bonne et due forme"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French debvoir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French deveir",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "dēbeō",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dē-"
},
"expansion": "dē-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "habeō",
"3": "",
"4": "to have"
},
"expansion": "habeō (“to have”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "de-"
},
"expansion": "de-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "avoir"
},
"expansion": "avoir",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French debvoir, from Old French deveir, from Latin dēbēre (to owe; ought, must), derived from dē- + habeō (“to have”) (and thus equivalent to de- + avoir).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fr-conj-auto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "devant",
"ipa": "/də.vɑ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "ayant + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "dû",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "doit",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"ipa": "/də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devais",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devais",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devait",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devions",
"ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"ipa": "/də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devaient",
"ipa": "/də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dus",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dus",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dut",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dûmes",
"ipa": "/dym/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "dûtes",
"ipa": "/dyt/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "durent",
"ipa": "/dyʁ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrai",
"ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devras",
"ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devra",
"ipa": "/də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrons",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devrez",
"ipa": "/də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devront",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrais",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devrais",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devrait",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrions",
"ipa": "/də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriez",
"ipa": "/də.vʁi.je/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devraient",
"ipa": "/də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present indicative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "past historic of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doives",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devions",
"ipa": "/də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"ipa": "/də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"ipa": "/dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dusse",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dusses",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dût",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dussions",
"ipa": "/dy.sjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dussiez",
"ipa": "/dy.sje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dussent",
"ipa": "/dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"ipa": "/dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"ipa": "/də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fr-conj-auto",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "se devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "se devant",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɑ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "ayant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "étant + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction",
"participle",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "dû",
"ipa": "/dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "me dois",
"ipa": "/mə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te dois",
"ipa": "/tə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se doit",
"ipa": "/sə dwa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devons",
"ipa": "/nu də.vɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devez",
"ipa": "/vu də.ve/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se doivent",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devais",
"ipa": "/mə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devais",
"ipa": "/tə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devait",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous deviez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devaient",
"ipa": "/sə də.vɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me dus",
"ipa": "/mə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te dus",
"ipa": "/tə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se dut",
"ipa": "/sə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous dûmes",
"ipa": "/nu dym/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous dûtes",
"ipa": "/vu dyt/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se durent",
"ipa": "/sə dyʁ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"historic",
"indicative",
"past",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devrai",
"ipa": "/mə də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devras",
"ipa": "/tə də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devra",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devrons",
"ipa": "/nu də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devrez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vʁe/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devront",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me devrais",
"ipa": "/mə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"reflexive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "te devrais",
"ipa": "/tə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "se devrait",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devrions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vʁi.jɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous devriez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vʁi.je/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "se devraient",
"ipa": "/sə də.vʁɛ/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present indicative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect indicative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "past historic of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "future of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "me doive",
"ipa": "/mə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "te doives",
"ipa": "/tə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se doive",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous devions",
"ipa": "/nu də.vjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous deviez",
"ipa": "/vu də.vje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se doivent",
"ipa": "/sə dwav/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "me dusse",
"ipa": "/mə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "te dusses",
"ipa": "/tə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se dût",
"ipa": "/sə dy/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"reflexive",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nous dussions",
"ipa": "/nu dy.sjɔ̃/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "vous dussiez",
"ipa": "/vu dy.sje/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "se dussent",
"ipa": "/sə dys/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"reflexive",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "dois-toi",
"ipa": "/dwa.twa/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devons-nous",
"ipa": "/də.vɔ̃.nu/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "devez-vous",
"ipa": "/də.ve.vu/",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "simple imperative of s'être + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"type": "modal"
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "fr-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fr-conj-auto"
},
{
"args": {
"refl": "yes"
},
"name": "fr-conj-auto"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "redevable"
},
{
"word": "falloir"
},
{
"word": "obliger"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"must"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"(present) must"
],
"tags": [
"present"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"should"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)",
"(conditional) should"
],
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French terms with quotations",
"French terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The authors of a dictionary have to determine from the outset which categories of words to retain, according to the limits imposed by the editor, and the target audience.",
"text": "Les auteurs d’un dictionnaire doivent déterminer au départ les catégories de mots à retenir, en fonction des limites imposées par l’éditeur et du public visé.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Your language should permit you to keep a fairly secure distance, [as] being slightly more formal and detached than necessary is an advantage.",
"ref": "2014, Jean-Claude Bernardon, Résolution de conflits",
"text": "Votre langage doit vous permettre de maintenir une bonne distance de sécurité, être un peu plus poli et détaché que nécessaire est un avantage.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"must, to have to, should (as a requirement)"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
],
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"must, to do or have with certainty"
],
"links": [
[
"must",
"must"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
],
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) to owe (money, obligation and etc)"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French intransitive verbs",
"French literary terms",
"French terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Well, she said to herself, I'll go, even if I have to face real danger.",
"ref": "1842, George Sand, Consuelo",
"text": "Eh bien, se dit-elle, j’irai, dussé-je affronter les dangers réels [...].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
],
"links": [
[
"necessary",
"necessary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(literary, intransitive, in imperfect subjunctive, with inversion of subject) (even) if it is necessary (+ infinitive)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in imperfect subjunctive",
"with inversion of subject"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"literary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"French reflexive verbs",
"French terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Today, I owe to the interests of the nation, [so] I owe it to myself to make my motives known.",
"ref": "1791, Louis XVI, “Message du roi, à l'Assemblée nationale, le 13 septembre 1791 [Message of the King to the National Assembly on 13 September 1791]”, in Constitution française, présentée au roi par l'Assemblée nationale, le 3 septembre 1791 [French constitution, presented to the King by the National Assembly on 3 September 1791], Dijon: Imprimerie de P. Causse, page 75",
"text": "Aujourd’hui je dois aux intérêts de la nation, je me dois à moi-même de faire connoître mes motifs.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to have a duty to"
],
"links": [
[
"duty",
"duty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, ~ de) to have a duty to"
],
"raw_tags": [
"~ de"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/də.vwaʁ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/dvwaʁ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-waʁ"
},
{
"audio": "Fr-devoir.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg/Fr-devoir.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Fr-devoir.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "English: devoir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: devoir"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "frm",
"3": "debvoir",
"4": "devoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French devoir",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "devoir",
"4": "devoir, deveir"
},
"expansion": "Old French devoir, deveir",
"name": "derived"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "debere",
"4": "dēbēre",
"5": "to owe, to be duty bound to do something"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”)",
"name": "derived"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French devoir, deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "devoir (plural devoirs)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latin links with redundant target parameters",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Middle French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Middle French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "1479, William Caxton, De Consolatione Philosophiæ, translated into English by Geoffrey Chaucer",
"text": "I William Caxton have done my devoir to enprint it",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"devoir"
]
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "debeo",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "fro-conj-devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "avoir deu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "en devant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "devant",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "deu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "doi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dois",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "doit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devoie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deveie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deveies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deveit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deviiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "deviiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deviez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devoient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deveient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "dui",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "deüs",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "dut",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deümes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "deüstes",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "durent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devras",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devra",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devroiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devrez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devront",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devroie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devreie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devroies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devreies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devroit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreit",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devriiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"first-person",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devriiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devriez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devroient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "devreient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect"
]
},
{
"form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"anterior",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "doie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doies",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doives",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doie",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doive",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doiiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doions",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "devons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doiiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "devez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "doient",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "doivent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deüsse",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüsses",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssons",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssiens",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssoiz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssiez",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "deüssent",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"past",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "devoir",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "fro-conj-devoir"
},
{
"args": {
"aux": "",
"ei": "",
"imp": "-",
"old": "",
"pastp": "deu",
"prefix": "",
"pres": "dev",
"pres1s": "doi",
"press": "doiv",
"pret": "d",
"prettype": "strong-u",
"refl": "",
"repl": "",
"sub": "doi",
"sub2": "dev",
"subier": "yes",
"subs2": "doiv"
},
"name": "fro-conj-iii"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to have to; must"
],
"links": [
[
"have to",
"have to"
],
[
"must",
"must"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(modal) to have to; must"
],
"tags": [
"modal"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to owe"
],
"links": [
[
"owe",
"owe"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
"note": "late"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
"note": "late"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "deveir"
},
{
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "deoir"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French irregular verbs",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old French third group verbs",
"Old French verbs",
"Old French verbs ending in -oir",
"Old French verbs with stem alternations",
"Old French verbs with strong-u preterite"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-ang",
"2": "devair"
},
"expansion": "Angevin: devair",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Angevin: devair"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-gal",
"2": "devair"
},
"expansion": "Gallo: devair",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gallo: devair"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-lor",
"2": "devor"
},
"expansion": "Lorrain: devor",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lorrain: devor"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "debvoir"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: debvoir",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: debvoir (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "deveir"
},
"expansion": "Norman: deveir",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: deveir"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pcd",
"2": "dvoér"
},
"expansion": "Picard: dvoér",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Picard: dvoér"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "wa",
"2": "diveur"
},
"expansion": "Walloon: diveur",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Walloon: diveur"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "debeo",
"4": "dēbēre"
},
"expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "devoir oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "devoirs",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "devoir",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"debt"
],
"links": [
[
"debt",
"debt"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"tags": [
"archaic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
"note": "classical"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
"note": "late"
},
{
"ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
"note": "late"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "deveir"
},
{
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "deoir"
}
],
"word": "devoir"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.