"devoir" meaning in Old French

See devoir in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /dəˈvei̯ɾ/ [archaic], /dəˈvoi̯ɾ/ (note: classical), /dəˈvei̯ɾ/ [Northern] (note: classical), /dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/ (note: late), /dəˈveɾ/ [Northern] (note: late) Forms: devoir oblique singular or [canonical, masculine], devoirs [oblique, plural], devoirs [nominative, singular], devoir [nominative, plural]
Etymology: From Latin dēbēre. Etymology templates: {{inh|fro|la|debeo|dēbēre}} Latin dēbēre Head templates: {{fro-noun|m}} devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)
  1. debt
    Sense id: en-devoir-fro-noun-ZS11-br7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: deveir [archaic, dialectal], deoir [verb]

Verb

IPA: /dəˈvei̯ɾ/ [archaic], /dəˈvoi̯ɾ/ (note: classical), /dəˈvei̯ɾ/ [Northern] (note: classical), /dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/ (note: late), /dəˈveɾ/ [Northern] (note: late)
Etymology: From Latin dēbēre. Etymology templates: {{inh|fro|la|debeo|dēbēre}} Latin dēbēre Head templates: {{head|fro|verb}} devoir Inflection templates: {{fro-conj-devoir}}, {{fro-conj-iii|aux=|ei=|imp=-|old=|pastp=deu|prefix=|pres=dev|pres1s=doi|press=doiv|pret=d|prettype=strong-u|refl=|repl=|sub=doi|sub2=dev|subier=yes|subs2=doiv}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], devoir [infinitive], avoir deu [infinitive, multiword-construction], en devant [gerund], gerund of avoir + past participle [gerund, multiword-construction], devant [participle, present], deu [participle, past], doi [first-person, indicative, present, singular], dois [indicative, present, second-person, singular], doit [indicative, present, singular, third-person], devons [first-person, indicative, plural, present], devez [indicative, plural, present, second-person], doivent [indicative, plural, present, third-person], devoie [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], deveie [first-person, imperfect, indicative, singular], devoies [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], deveies [imperfect, indicative, second-person, singular], devoit [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], deveit [imperfect, indicative, singular, third-person], deviiens [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], deviens [first-person, imperfect, indicative, plural], deviiez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], deviez [imperfect, indicative, plural, second-person], devoient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], deveient [imperfect, indicative, plural, third-person], dui [first-person, indicative, preterite, singular], deüs [indicative, preterite, second-person, singular], dut [indicative, preterite, singular, third-person], deümes [first-person, indicative, plural, preterite], deüstes [indicative, plural, preterite, second-person], durent [indicative, plural, preterite, third-person], devrai [first-person, future, indicative, singular], devras [future, indicative, second-person, singular], devra [future, indicative, singular, third-person], devrons [first-person, future, indicative, plural], devroiz [future, indicative, plural, second-person], devreiz [future, indicative, plural, second-person], devrez [future, indicative, plural, second-person], devront [future, indicative, plural, third-person], devroie [conditional, first-person, singular], devreie [conditional, first-person, singular], devroies [conditional, second-person, singular], devreies [conditional, second-person, singular], devroit [conditional, singular, third-person], devreit [conditional, singular, third-person], devriiens [conditional, first-person, plural], devriens [conditional, first-person, plural], devriiez [conditional, plural, second-person], devriez [conditional, plural, second-person], devroient [conditional, plural, third-person], devreient [conditional, plural, third-person], present tense of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, perfect, present], imperfect tense of avoir + past participle [indicative, multiword-construction, pluperfect], preterite tense of avoir + past participle [anterior, indicative, multiword-construction, past], future tense of avoir + past participle [future, indicative, multiword-construction, perfect], conditional tense of avoir + past participle [conditional, multiword-construction, perfect], doie [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], doive [first-person, present, singular, subjunctive], doies [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], doives [present, second-person, singular, subjunctive], doie [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], doive [present, singular, subjunctive, third-person], doiiens [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], doions [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], devons [first-person, plural, present, subjunctive], doiiez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], devez [plural, present, second-person, subjunctive], doient [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], doivent [plural, present, subjunctive, third-person], deüsse [first-person, imperfect, singular, subjunctive], deüsses [imperfect, second-person, singular, subjunctive], deüst [imperfect, singular, subjunctive, third-person], deüssons [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], deüssiens [first-person, imperfect, plural, subjunctive], deüssoiz [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], deüssez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], deüssiez [imperfect, plural, second-person, subjunctive], deüssent [imperfect, plural, subjunctive, third-person], present subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, past, subjunctive], imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle [multiword-construction, pluperfect, subjunctive], - [imperative, second-person, singular], - [first-person, imperative, plural], - [imperative, plural, second-person]
  1. (modal) to have to; must Tags: modal
    Sense id: en-devoir-fro-verb-HrFUWqYt
  2. to owe
    Sense id: en-devoir-fro-verb-PjW-u7hu
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: deveir [archaic, dialectal], deoir [verb]

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "debeo",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fro-conj-devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir deu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en devant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dui",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dut",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deümes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüstes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "durent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devra",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doives",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüsse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüsses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssoiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fro-conj-devoir"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "aux": "",
        "ei": "",
        "imp": "-",
        "old": "",
        "pastp": "deu",
        "prefix": "",
        "pres": "dev",
        "pres1s": "doi",
        "press": "doiv",
        "pret": "d",
        "prettype": "strong-u",
        "refl": "",
        "repl": "",
        "sub": "doi",
        "sub2": "dev",
        "subier": "yes",
        "subs2": "doiv"
      },
      "name": "fro-conj-iii"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to have to; must"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fro-verb-HrFUWqYt",
      "links": [
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(modal) to have to; must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "modal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fro-verb-PjW-u7hu",
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
      "note": "late"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
      "note": "late",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "deveir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "deoir"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-ang",
            "2": "devair"
          },
          "expansion": "Angevin: devair",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Angevin: devair"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-gal",
            "2": "devair"
          },
          "expansion": "Gallo: devair",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gallo: devair"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-lor",
            "2": "devor"
          },
          "expansion": "Lorrain: devor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lorrain: devor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "debvoir"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: debvoir",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: debvoir (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nrf",
            "2": "deveir"
          },
          "expansion": "Norman: deveir",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norman: deveir"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pcd",
            "2": "dvoér"
          },
          "expansion": "Picard: dvoér",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Picard: dvoér"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wa",
            "2": "diveur"
          },
          "expansion": "Walloon: diveur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Walloon: diveur"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "debeo",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "devoir oblique singular or",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "oblique",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)",
      "name": "fro-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "debt"
      ],
      "id": "en-devoir-fro-noun-ZS11-br7",
      "links": [
        [
          "debt",
          "debt"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
      "note": "late"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
      "note": "late",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "deveir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "deoir"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French irregular verbs",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French masculine nouns",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Old French terms derived from Latin",
    "Old French terms inherited from Latin",
    "Old French third group verbs",
    "Old French verbs",
    "Old French verbs ending in -oir",
    "Old French verbs with stem alternations",
    "Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "debeo",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "fro-conj-devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "avoir deu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "en devant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gerund of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "gerund",
        "multiword-construction"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devant",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deu",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doi",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dois",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deviez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deveient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dui",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüs",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "dut",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "preterite",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deümes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüstes",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "durent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "preterite",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrai",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devras",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devra",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devrez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devront",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreit",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "first-person",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devriez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devroient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devreient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "plural",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "preterite tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "anterior",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "future tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "future",
        "indicative",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "conditional tense of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "conditional",
        "multiword-construction",
        "perfect"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doies",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doives",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doie",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doive",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doiiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doions",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doiiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doient",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "doivent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüsse",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüsses",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüst",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssons",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssiens",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssoiz",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssiez",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "second-person",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "deüssent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "plural",
        "subjunctive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "present subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "past",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "multiword-construction",
        "pluperfect",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "imperative",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "second-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "fro-conj-devoir"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "aux": "",
        "ei": "",
        "imp": "-",
        "old": "",
        "pastp": "deu",
        "prefix": "",
        "pres": "dev",
        "pres1s": "doi",
        "press": "doiv",
        "pret": "d",
        "prettype": "strong-u",
        "refl": "",
        "repl": "",
        "sub": "doi",
        "sub2": "dev",
        "subier": "yes",
        "subs2": "doiv"
      },
      "name": "fro-conj-iii"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to have to; must"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "have to",
          "have to"
        ],
        [
          "must",
          "must"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(modal) to have to; must"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "modal"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "to owe"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "owe",
          "owe"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
      "note": "late"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
      "note": "late",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "deveir"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "deoir"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
    "Old French irregular verbs",
    "Old French lemmas",
    "Old French masculine nouns",
    "Old French nouns",
    "Old French terms derived from Latin",
    "Old French terms inherited from Latin",
    "Old French third group verbs",
    "Old French verbs",
    "Old French verbs ending in -oir",
    "Old French verbs with stem alternations",
    "Old French verbs with strong-u preterite",
    "Pages with 4 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-ang",
            "2": "devair"
          },
          "expansion": "Angevin: devair",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Angevin: devair"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-gal",
            "2": "devair"
          },
          "expansion": "Gallo: devair",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Gallo: devair"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "roa-lor",
            "2": "devor"
          },
          "expansion": "Lorrain: devor",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Lorrain: devor"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "frm",
            "2": "debvoir"
          },
          "expansion": "Middle French: debvoir",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {},
          "expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
          "name": "see desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Middle French: debvoir (see there for further descendants)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "nrf",
            "2": "deveir"
          },
          "expansion": "Norman: deveir",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Norman: deveir"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "pcd",
            "2": "dvoér"
          },
          "expansion": "Picard: dvoér",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Picard: dvoér"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "wa",
            "2": "diveur"
          },
          "expansion": "Walloon: diveur",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Walloon: diveur"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "debeo",
        "4": "dēbēre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin dēbēre",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Latin dēbēre.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "devoir oblique singular or",
      "tags": [
        "canonical",
        "masculine"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "oblique",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoirs",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "devoir",
      "tags": [
        "nominative",
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "m"
      },
      "expansion": "devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)",
      "name": "fro-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Old French",
  "lang_code": "fro",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "debt"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "debt",
          "debt"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvoi̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvei̯ɾ/",
      "note": "classical",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈvo̯ɛɾ/",
      "note": "late"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/dəˈveɾ/",
      "note": "late",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal"
      ],
      "word": "deveir"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "verb"
      ],
      "word": "deoir"
    }
  ],
  "word": "devoir"
}

Download raw JSONL data for devoir meaning in Old French (13.3kB)

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2457",
  "msg": "rejected heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, BUT the cleaned text is not in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Old French]; cleaned text: deu",
  "path": [
    "devoir"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "verb",
  "title": "devoir",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
  "msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'devoir oblique singular or', originally 'devoir oblique singular or m'",
  "path": [
    "devoir"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "devoir",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
  "msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'devoir oblique singular or', originally 'devoir oblique singular or m'",
  "path": [
    "devoir"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "devoir",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
  "msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'devoir oblique singular or' in 'devoir oblique singular, m (oblique plural devoirs, nominative singular devoirs, nominative plural devoir)'",
  "path": [
    "devoir"
  ],
  "section": "Old French",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "devoir",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Old French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.