"powinien" meaning in Polish

See powinien in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/
Rhymes: -iɲɛn Etymology: Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|pl|zlw-opl|powinien|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old Polish powinien, {{inh+|pl|zlw-opl|powinien}} Inherited from Old Polish powinien, {{surf|+univ|pl|po|wina<alt:winie>|-ny}} By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny, {{cog|cs|povinný}} Czech povinný Head templates: {{pl-verb|impf|def=1}} powinien impf (defective) Inflection templates: {{pl-conj-powinienem|powinien}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], powinienem [first-person, masculine, present], powinnam [feminine, first-person, present], powinnom [first-person, neuter, present], powinniśmy [first-person, present, virile], powinnyśmy [first-person, nonvirile, present], powinieneś [masculine, present, second-person], powinnaś [feminine, present, second-person], powinnoś [neuter, present, second-person], powinniście [present, second-person, virile], powinnyście [nonvirile, present, second-person], powinien [masculine, present, third-person], powinna [feminine, present, third-person], powinno [neuter, present, third-person], powinni [present, third-person, virile], powinny [nonvirile, present, third-person], powinno się [impersonal, present], powinienem był [first-person, masculine, past], powinnam była [feminine, first-person, past], powinnom było [first-person, neuter, past], powinniśmy byli [first-person, past, virile], powinnyśmy były [first-person, nonvirile, past], powinieneś był [masculine, past, second-person], powinnaś była [feminine, past, second-person], powinnoś było [neuter, past, second-person], powinniście byli [past, second-person, virile], powinnyście były [nonvirile, past, second-person], powinien był [masculine, past, third-person], powinna była [feminine, past, third-person], powinno było [neuter, past, third-person], powinni byli [past, third-person, virile], powinny były [nonvirile, past, third-person], powinno było się [impersonal, past]
  1. (intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating duty or obligation) Tags: auxiliary, defective, imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-powinien-pl-verb-pup0YeGG Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish univerbations Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 25 24 25 25 Disambiguation of Polish univerbations: 26 24 25 24
  2. (intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence) Tags: auxiliary, defective, imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-powinien-pl-verb-ZJ89Wxv4 Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish univerbations Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 25 24 25 25 Disambiguation of Polish univerbations: 26 24 25 24
  3. (intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating desirability) Tags: auxiliary, defective, imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-powinien-pl-verb-R6cy-dcs Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish univerbations Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 25 24 25 25 Disambiguation of Polish univerbations: 26 24 25 24
  4. (intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability) Tags: auxiliary, defective, imperfective, intransitive
    Sense id: en-powinien-pl-verb-eAR6~tXe Categories (other): Polish entries with incorrect language header, Polish univerbations Disambiguation of Polish entries with incorrect language header: 25 24 25 25 Disambiguation of Polish univerbations: 26 24 25 24
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: powinny [Middle, Polish] Derived forms: powinny, powinność

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for powinien meaning in Polish (7.2kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "powinny"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "powinność"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "powinien",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "powinien"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "+univ",
        "2": "pl",
        "3": "po",
        "4": "wina<alt:winie>",
        "5": "-ny"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
      "name": "surf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "povinný"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech povinný",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-conj-powinienem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinienem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "neuter",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nonvirile",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinieneś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinien",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinna",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinny",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinienem był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnam była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnom było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "neuter",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniśmy byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyśmy były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nonvirile",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinieneś był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnaś była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnoś było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniście byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyście były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinien był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinna była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinni byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinny były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno było się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "def": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "powinien impf (defective)",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "po‧wi‧nien"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "powinien"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-powinienem"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 24 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 24 25 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish univerbations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
      ],
      "id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-pup0YeGG",
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 24 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 24 25 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish univerbations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
      ],
      "id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-ZJ89Wxv4",
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 24 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 24 25 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish univerbations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating desirability)"
      ],
      "id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-R6cy-dcs",
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating desirability)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "25 24 25 25",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "26 24 25 24",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Polish univerbations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
      ],
      "id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-eAR6~tXe",
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish"
      ],
      "word": "powinny"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "pl:Ida Kurcz"
  ],
  "word": "powinien"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Polish 3-syllable words",
    "Polish defective verbs",
    "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
    "Polish imperfective verbs",
    "Polish lemmas",
    "Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
    "Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
    "Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Polish terms with audio links",
    "Polish univerbations",
    "Polish verbs",
    "Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn",
    "Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn/3 syllables"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "powinny"
    },
    {
      "word": "powinność"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "powinien",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "pl",
        "2": "zlw-opl",
        "3": "powinien"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "+univ",
        "2": "pl",
        "3": "po",
        "4": "wina<alt:winie>",
        "5": "-ny"
      },
      "expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
      "name": "surf"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "povinný"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech povinný",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "pl-conj-powinienem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinienem",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnam",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnom",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "neuter",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyśmy",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nonvirile",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinieneś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnaś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnoś",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyście",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "present",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinien",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinna",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinni",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinny",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "present",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinienem był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "masculine",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnam była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "first-person",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnom było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "neuter",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniśmy byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyśmy były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "nonvirile",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinieneś był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnaś była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnoś było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinniście byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinnyście były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinien był",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinna była",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno było",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinni byli",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "third-person",
        "virile"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinny były",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "nonvirile",
        "past",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "powinno było się",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "impersonal",
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "impf",
        "def": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "powinien impf (defective)",
      "name": "pl-verb"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "po‧wi‧nien"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "powinien"
      },
      "name": "pl-conj-powinienem"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Polish",
  "lang_code": "pl",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish auxiliary verbs",
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish auxiliary verbs",
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish auxiliary verbs",
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating desirability)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating desirability)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Polish auxiliary verbs",
        "Polish intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ought",
          "ought"
        ],
        [
          "should",
          "should"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "defective",
        "imperfective",
        "intransitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Middle",
        "Polish"
      ],
      "word": "powinny"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "pl:Ida Kurcz"
  ],
  "word": "powinien"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.