See powinien in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "powinny"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "powinność"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
"5": "-ny"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "powinienem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"masculine",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnam",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnom",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"neuter",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniśmy",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyśmy",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "powinieneś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnaś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnoś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniście",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyście",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinien",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno się",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"impersonal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "powinienem był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"masculine",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnam była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnom było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"neuter",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniśmy byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyśmy były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "powinieneś był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnaś była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnoś było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniście byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyście były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinien był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinna była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinni byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno było się",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"impersonal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "impf",
"def": "1"
},
"expansion": "powinien impf (defective)",
"name": "pl-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-pup0YeGG",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-ZJ89Wxv4",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating desirability)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-R6cy-dcs",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating desirability)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-eAR6~tXe",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating owing debt)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-verb-36LwK37T",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary, Middle Polish) ought; should (indicating owing debt)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz"
],
"word": "powinien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
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},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "powinniejszy",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "napowinniejszy",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"mpcomp": "powinniejszy",
"mpsup": "napowinniejszy"
},
"expansion": "powinien (Middle Polish comparative powinniejszy, Middle Polish superlative napowinniejszy)",
"name": "pl-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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],
"glosses": [
"ought (having a duty or obligation)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-9kIOYBf-",
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) ought (having a duty or obligation)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "zobowiązany"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"applicable, due, rightful"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-~BInxApt",
"links": [
[
"applicable",
"applicable"
],
[
"due",
"due"
],
[
"rightful",
"rightful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) applicable, due, rightful"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obowiązujący"
},
{
"word": "należny"
},
{
"word": "słuszny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 9 11 10 7 9 6 9 4 4 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 10 12 12 6 10 5 10 4 4 4 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish univerbations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fixed, sure"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-YaJAWqS~",
"links": [
[
"fixed",
"fixed"
],
[
"sure",
"sure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) fixed, sure"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "nieruchomy"
},
{
"word": "pewny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 9 11 10 7 9 6 9 4 4 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 10 12 12 6 10 5 10 4 4 4 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish univerbations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"subordinate, subservient"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-fsF3Xl8x",
"links": [
[
"subordinate",
"subordinate"
],
[
"subservient",
"subservient"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) subordinate, subservient"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "poddany"
},
{
"word": "podległy"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 9 11 10 7 9 6 9 4 4 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 10 12 12 6 10 5 10 4 4 4 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish univerbations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"needed, necessary"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-27FIAZGU",
"links": [
[
"needed",
"needed"
],
[
"necessary",
"necessary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) needed, necessary"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "konieczny"
},
{
"word": "potrzebny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"loyal, obedient, obliging (ready to serve)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-6bFwlebD",
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
],
[
"obedient",
"obedient"
],
[
"obliging",
"obliging"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) loyal, obedient, obliging (ready to serve)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "posłuszny"
},
{
"word": "usłużny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 9 11 10 7 9 6 9 4 4 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"grateful, indebted"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-iUmWV8fg",
"links": [
[
"grateful",
"grateful"
],
[
"indebted",
"indebted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) grateful, indebted"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "wdzięczny"
},
{
"word": "zawdzięczający"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"close (being in close personal relationships, especially those of kinship or affinity)"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-adj-eHv9G2i2",
"links": [
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) close (being in close personal relationships, especially those of kinship or affinity)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"word": "powinien"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
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},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "powinna",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"f": "powinna"
},
"expansion": "powinien m pers (female equivalent powinna)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Polish",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 3 7 8 8 9 8 9 8 5 8 4 4 5 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 2 7 8 8 9 9 7 8 6 9 5 5 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 8 9 11 10 7 9 6 9 4 4 4 4 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 9 10 12 12 6 10 5 10 4 4 4 4 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish univerbations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"relative, kinsman; friend, devoted person"
],
"id": "en-powinien-pl-noun-gNKqYwFZ",
"links": [
[
"relative",
"relative"
],
[
"kinsman",
"kinsman"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"devoted",
"devoted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nominalized, Middle Polish) relative, kinsman; friend, devoted person"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"masculine",
"noun-from-verb",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"word": "powinien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish adjectives",
"Polish defective verbs",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish imperfective verbs",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish univerbations",
"Polish verbs",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "powinny"
},
{
"word": "powinność"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
"5": "-ny"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "powinienem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"masculine",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnam",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnom",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"neuter",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniśmy",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyśmy",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "powinieneś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnaś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnoś",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniście",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyście",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinien",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinna",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno się",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"impersonal",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "powinienem był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"masculine",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnam była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnom było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"neuter",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniśmy byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyśmy były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "powinieneś był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnaś była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnoś było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "powinniście byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinnyście były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinien był",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinna była",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno było",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinni byli",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny były",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"nonvirile",
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "powinno było się",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"impersonal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "impf",
"def": "1"
},
"expansion": "powinien impf (defective)",
"name": "pl-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish auxiliary verbs",
"Polish intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating duty or obligation)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish auxiliary verbs",
"Polish intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating advisability or prudence)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish auxiliary verbs",
"Polish intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating desirability)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating desirability)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish auxiliary verbs",
"Polish intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary) ought; should (indicating likelihood or probability)"
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish",
"Polish auxiliary verbs",
"Polish intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"ought; should (indicating owing debt)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
],
[
"should",
"should"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, auxiliary, Middle Polish) ought; should (indicating owing debt)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pl:Ida Kurcz"
],
"word": "powinien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish adjectives",
"Polish defective verbs",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish imperfective verbs",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish univerbations",
"Polish verbs",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
"5": "-ny"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "powinniejszy",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "napowinniejszy",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"mpcomp": "powinniejszy",
"mpsup": "napowinniejszy"
},
"expansion": "powinien (Middle Polish comparative powinniejszy, Middle Polish superlative napowinniejszy)",
"name": "pl-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"ought (having a duty or obligation)"
],
"links": [
[
"ought",
"ought"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) ought (having a duty or obligation)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "zobowiązany"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"applicable, due, rightful"
],
"links": [
[
"applicable",
"applicable"
],
[
"due",
"due"
],
[
"rightful",
"rightful"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) applicable, due, rightful"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "obowiązujący"
},
{
"word": "należny"
},
{
"word": "słuszny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"fixed, sure"
],
"links": [
[
"fixed",
"fixed"
],
[
"sure",
"sure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) fixed, sure"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "nieruchomy"
},
{
"word": "pewny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"subordinate, subservient"
],
"links": [
[
"subordinate",
"subordinate"
],
[
"subservient",
"subservient"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) subordinate, subservient"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "poddany"
},
{
"word": "podległy"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"needed, necessary"
],
"links": [
[
"needed",
"needed"
],
[
"necessary",
"necessary"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) needed, necessary"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "konieczny"
},
{
"word": "potrzebny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"loyal, obedient, obliging (ready to serve)"
],
"links": [
[
"loyal",
"loyal"
],
[
"obedient",
"obedient"
],
[
"obliging",
"obliging"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) loyal, obedient, obliging (ready to serve)"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "posłuszny"
},
{
"word": "usłużny"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"grateful, indebted"
],
"links": [
[
"grateful",
"grateful"
],
[
"indebted",
"indebted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) grateful, indebted"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "wdzięczny"
},
{
"word": "zawdzięczający"
}
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish"
],
"glosses": [
"close (being in close personal relationships, especially those of kinship or affinity)"
],
"links": [
[
"close",
"close"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Middle Polish) close (being in close personal relationships, especially those of kinship or affinity)"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"word": "powinien"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 3-syllable words",
"Polish adjectives",
"Polish defective verbs",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish imperfective verbs",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish masculine nouns",
"Polish nouns",
"Polish personal nouns",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Polish univerbations",
"Polish verbs",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn",
"Rhymes:Polish/iɲɛn/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "powinien"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+univ",
"2": "pl",
"3": "po",
"4": "wina<alt:winie>",
"5": "-ny"
},
"expansion": "By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "povinný"
},
"expansion": "Czech povinný",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish powinien. By surface analysis, univerbation of po + winie + -ny. Compare Czech povinný.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "powinna",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "powinny",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "powinień",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr",
"f": "powinna"
},
"expansion": "powinien m pers (female equivalent powinna)",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"po‧wi‧nien"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Polish",
"Polish nominalized adjectives"
],
"glosses": [
"relative, kinsman; friend, devoted person"
],
"links": [
[
"relative",
"relative"
],
[
"kinsman",
"kinsman"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"devoted",
"devoted"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nominalized, Middle Polish) relative, kinsman; friend, devoted person"
],
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish",
"masculine",
"noun-from-verb",
"person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/pɔˈvi.ɲɛn/",
"tags": [
"Middle",
"Polish"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-iɲɛn"
}
],
"word": "powinien"
}
Download raw JSONL data for powinien meaning in Polish (13.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.