See serf in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfage"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfdom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfhood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser- (guard)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "serf (plural serfs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "service"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servile"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servitor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servitude"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "slave"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 31 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 29 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Albanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 25 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 20 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 20 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Burmese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 21 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 27 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 25 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "59 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Erzya translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 22 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 32 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 32 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 31 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 23 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 22 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "58 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ingrian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 32 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 20 27",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "56 30 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 27 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 26 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
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{
"_dis": "55 27 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
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"name": "Terms with Old Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 24 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 21 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 28 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 20 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 30 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "52 27 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tatar translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "48 20 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 24 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tibetan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 24 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 21 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "60 27 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 20 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-yj4Wz5ba",
"links": [
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"hereditary",
"hereditary"
],
[
"class",
"class"
],
[
"attached",
"attached"
],
[
"slave",
"slave"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"owned",
"owned"
],
[
"feudal lord",
"feudal lord"
],
[
"required",
"required"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"customary",
"customary"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 52 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-s~10hDBx",
"links": [
[
"agricultural",
"agricultural"
],
[
"century",
"century"
],
[
"Europe",
"Europe"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 0 60",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 8 64",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Slaves",
"orig": "en:Slaves",
"parents": [
"Servants",
"Slavery",
"Occupations",
"Society",
"Work",
"People",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A worker unit."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-eqOtYgkf",
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"qualifier": "strategy games",
"raw_glosses": [
"(strategy games) A worker unit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peasant"
},
{
"word": "peon"
},
{
"word": "villager"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "shërbëtor"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rëmër"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qinn",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِنّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čort",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ճորտ"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónny",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прыго́нны"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónnaja",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прыго́нная"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnik",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постник"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnička",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́постничка"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kréposten séljanin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постен се́лянин"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "mre-kywan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "မြေကျွန်"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nóngnú",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "农奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevolník"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "horige"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "laat"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "lijfeigene"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕe",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "модаре"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕava",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "модарява"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "pärisori"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "maaorja"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Leibeigener"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "doulopároikos",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "δουλοπάροικος"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kollígas",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "κολλίγας"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thḗs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "θής"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thêssa",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "θῆσσα"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsamit",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צמית"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "aris",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אריס"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "jobbágy"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "krepostnoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seirfeach"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoirseach"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"familiar",
"masculine"
],
"word": "daor"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dóer"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo della gleba"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"alt": "のうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nōdo",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"alt": "こさくにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kosakunin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "小作人"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nongno",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "농노"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin"
],
"word": "colōnus"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kmet",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кмет"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zakréposten sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "закре́постен се́ланец"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kréposen sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́посен се́ланец"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rōpā"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "poroteke"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "servaunt"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leilending"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leiglending"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "liveigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sèrf"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chłop pańszczyźniany"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iobag"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "șerb"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnój",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крепостно́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnája",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крепостна́я"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolóp",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"also",
"masculine",
"pejorative"
],
"word": "холо́п"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "кме̏т"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кмѐтица"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmȅt"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kmètica"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevoľník"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tlačan"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "siervo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qol",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "кол"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "prâi",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ไพร่"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ข้าไพร่"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"english": "mnga' 'bangs",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་འབངས"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mnga' zhabs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་ཞབས"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "dud chang",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "དུད་ཆང"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bran",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"english": "bran g.yog",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན་གཡོག"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"english": "'bangs 'khor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "འབངས་འཁོར"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mi ser",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མི་སེར"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposnýj",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпосни́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposná",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кріпосна́"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kripák",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпа́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "nông nô"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 8 59",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "taeog"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɜːf/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serf.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/sɝf/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"homophone": "surf (fern–fir–fur merger)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ser- (guard)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with homophones",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f/1 syllable",
"Terms with Albanian translations",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Burmese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Erzya translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ingrian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old Irish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tatar translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Tibetan translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"en:Feudalism",
"en:People",
"en:Slaves"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "serfage"
},
{
"word": "serfdom"
},
{
"word": "serfhood"
},
{
"word": "serfish"
},
{
"word": "serfism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser- (guard)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "serf (plural serfs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "service"
},
{
"word": "servile"
},
{
"word": "servitor"
},
{
"word": "servitude"
},
{
"word": "servo"
},
{
"word": "slave"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights."
],
"links": [
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"hereditary",
"hereditary"
],
[
"class",
"class"
],
[
"attached",
"attached"
],
[
"slave",
"slave"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"owned",
"owned"
],
[
"feudal lord",
"feudal lord"
],
[
"required",
"required"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"customary",
"customary"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe."
],
"links": [
[
"agricultural",
"agricultural"
],
[
"century",
"century"
],
[
"Europe",
"Europe"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A worker unit."
],
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"qualifier": "strategy games",
"raw_glosses": [
"(strategy games) A worker unit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peasant"
},
{
"word": "peon"
},
{
"word": "villager"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɜːf/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serf.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/sɝf/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"homophone": "surf (fern–fir–fur merger)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "shërbëtor"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rëmër"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qinn",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِنّ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čort",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ճորտ"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónny",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прыго́нны"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónnaja",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прыго́нная"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnik",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постник"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnička",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́постничка"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kréposten séljanin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постен се́лянин"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "mre-kywan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "မြေကျွန်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nóngnú",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "农奴"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevolník"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "horige"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "laat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "lijfeigene"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕe",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "модаре"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕava",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "модарява"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "pärisori"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "maaorja"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Leibeigener"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "doulopároikos",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "δουλοπάροικος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kollígas",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "κολλίγας"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thḗs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "θής"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thêssa",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "θῆσσα"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsamit",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צמית"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "aris",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אריס"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "jobbágy"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "krepostnoi"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seirfeach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoirseach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"familiar",
"masculine"
],
"word": "daor"
},
{
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dóer"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo della gleba"
},
{
"alt": "のうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nōdo",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"alt": "こさくにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kosakunin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "小作人"
},
{
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nongno",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "농노"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin"
],
"word": "colōnus"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kmet",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кмет"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zakréposten sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "закре́постен се́ланец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kréposen sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́посен се́ланец"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rōpā"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "poroteke"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "servaunt"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leilending"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leiglending"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "liveigen"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "sèrf"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chłop pańszczyźniany"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmieć"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iobag"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "șerb"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnój",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крепостно́й"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnája",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крепостна́я"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolóp",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"also",
"masculine",
"pejorative"
],
"word": "холо́п"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "кме̏т"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кмѐтица"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmȅt"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kmètica"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevoľník"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tlačan"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "siervo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qol",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "кол"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "prâi",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ไพร่"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ข้าไพร่"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "mnga' 'bangs",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་འབངས"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mnga' zhabs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་ཞབས"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "dud chang",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "དུད་ཆང"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bran",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "bran g.yog",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན་གཡོག"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "'bangs 'khor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "འབངས་འཁོར"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mi ser",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མི་སེར"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposnýj",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпосни́й"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposná",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кріпосна́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kripák",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпа́к"
},
{
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "nông nô"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "taeog"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
Download raw JSONL data for serf meaning in English (14.4kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.