See servile in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "arrogant"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "bossy"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "servility"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser- (guard)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "servyle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English servyle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "servil"
},
"expansion": "Old French servil",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "servīlis"
},
"expansion": "Latin servīlis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English servyle, from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis, from servus (“slave”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more servile",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most servile",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "servile (comparative more servile, superlative most servile)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "obedient"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "ingratiating"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "parasitical"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "sycophantic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "crawling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "cringing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "crouching"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "fawning"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "groveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "prostrate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "sneaking"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "sniveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "cajoling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "coaxing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "wheedling"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "serve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "servant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "slave"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "BDSM"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "sadomasochism"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "sycophant"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2021, Ed Vulliamy, The Guardian:",
"text": "British “subjects” (not citizens, note) are just that: gleefully servile to the monarchy’s institutionalised inequality...",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Excessively eager to please; obsequious."
],
"id": "en-servile-en-adj-HtlyDIgJ",
"links": [
[
"obsequious",
"obsequious"
]
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "arrogant"
},
{
"word": "authoritarian"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 28 28 8 19 4 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Slavery",
"orig": "en:Slavery",
"parents": [
"Society",
"Work",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "servile flattery servile obedience",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1699 – 1703, Alexander Pope, “The First Book of Statius His Thebais”, in The Works of Mr. Alexander Pope, volume I, London: […] W[illiam] Bowyer, for Bernard Lintot, […], published 1717, →OCLC:",
"text": "Even fortune rules no more, O servile land!",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slavish or submissive."
],
"id": "en-servile-en-adj-bFN5jXEd",
"links": [
[
"Slavish",
"slavish"
],
[
"submissive",
"submissive#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abject"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "arrogant"
},
{
"word": "authoritarian"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 28 28 8 19 4 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Slavery",
"orig": "en:Slavery",
"parents": [
"Society",
"Work",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slavish or submissive.",
"Of or pertaining to a slave."
],
"id": "en-servile-en-adj-bJS0Ejak",
"links": [
[
"Slavish",
"slavish"
],
[
"submissive",
"submissive#Adjective"
],
[
"slave",
"slave#Noun"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "abject"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "robski",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "робски"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "orja-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "servile"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "sklavisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dorei no",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "奴隷の"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "servyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "slugarnic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rábskij",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "ра́бский"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 1 99 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "slav-"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "en:Grammar",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a servile letter",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not belonging to the original root."
],
"id": "en-servile-en-adj-WEBkAUUa",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) Not belonging to the original root."
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Grammar",
"orig": "en:Grammar",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 11 11 24 34 12 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 11 11 18 42 9 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 9 9 22 46 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 6 28 49 5 2",
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"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 16 16 15 35 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 35 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 13 13 16 43 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 35 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 12 12 17 41 7 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 17 36 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 11 17 47 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 11 17 47 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 11 17 47 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 10 10 18 40 10 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 13 13 16 39 8 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 18 16 29 7 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 6 6 13 68 4 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 34 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 20 20 15 28 7 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 16 16 16 35 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 11 17 47 7 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 11 17 48 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 15 15 17 37 6 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 28 28 8 19 4 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Slavery",
"orig": "en:Slavery",
"parents": [
"Society",
"Work",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel, like the e in tune."
],
"id": "en-servile-en-adj-NsvilKvE",
"links": [
[
"grammar",
"grammar"
],
[
"sounded",
"sounded"
],
[
"lengthen",
"lengthen"
],
[
"vowel",
"vowel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(grammar) Not sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel, like the e in tune."
],
"topics": [
"grammar",
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈsɜː(ɹ)ˌvaɪl/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-servile.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsəɹ.vəl/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsəɹˌvaɪl/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "abject"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "servile"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "slavish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "submissive"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:servile",
"word": "subservient"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "cʻac",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "ցած"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "servilen",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "сервилен"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "rabolepen",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "раболепен"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dīsānxiàsì",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "低三下四"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "alamainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "orjallinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "orjamainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "sklavisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "unterwürfig"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "hündisch"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "doulikós",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "δουλικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "moghach"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "uiríseal"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servile"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "adulatore"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "leccapiedi"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hikutsu na",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "卑屈な"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "humilis"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "obnoxius"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "vernīlis"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "serviable"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servisable"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "dommbleed"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "lokajski"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "niewolniczy"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "uniżony"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podobostrástnyj",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "подобостра́стный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rabolépnyj",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "раболе́пный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolópskij",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "холо́пский"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "devot"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 47 47 0 1",
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"word": "sniveling"
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"masculine"
],
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"code": "ro",
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"word": "slugarnic"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
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"word": "ра́бский"
},
{
"code": "es",
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"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "servil"
},
{
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"sense": "of or pertaining to a slave",
"word": "slav-"
},
{
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "ցած"
},
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"word": "сервилен"
},
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"word": "раболепен"
},
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"code": "cmn",
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"word": "低三下四"
},
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{
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"masculine"
],
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"code": "de",
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},
{
"code": "de",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "unterwürfig"
},
{
"code": "de",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "servil"
},
{
"code": "de",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "hündisch"
},
{
"code": "el",
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"word": "δουλικός"
},
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"code": "ga",
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"word": "moghach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
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"word": "uiríseal"
},
{
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"code": "it",
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],
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{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
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},
{
"code": "ja",
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"roman": "hikutsu na",
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"word": "卑屈な"
},
{
"code": "la",
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"word": "humilis"
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{
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"word": "obnoxius"
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{
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"word": "vernīlis"
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"word": "serviable"
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{
"code": "enm",
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{
"code": "pdt",
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{
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{
"code": "pl",
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"word": "niewolniczy"
},
{
"code": "pl",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "uniżony"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
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"word": "servil"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "podobostrástnyj",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "подобостра́стный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "rabolépnyj",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "раболе́пный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolópskij",
"sense": "slavish or submissive",
"word": "холо́пский"
},
{
"code": "es",
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"sense": "slavish or submissive",
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"code": "sv",
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"word": "devot"
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{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-servile.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-servile.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsəɹ.vəl/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈsəɹˌvaɪl/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
}
],
"word": "servile"
}
Download raw JSONL data for servile meaning in English (14.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-10 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (df33d17 and 4ed51a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.