See serf on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for serf meaning in All languages combined (27.8kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfage"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfdom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfhood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "serfism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser- (guard)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "serf (plural serfs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "service"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servile"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servitor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servitude"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "slave"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "53 31 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 14 19",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-yj4Wz5ba",
"links": [
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"attached",
"attached"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"owned",
"owned"
],
[
"feudal lord",
"feudal lord"
],
[
"required",
"required"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"customary",
"customary"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-s~10hDBx",
"links": [
[
"agricultural",
"agricultural"
],
[
"century",
"century"
],
[
"Europe",
"Europe"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 20 48",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 18 59",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Slaves",
"orig": "en:Slaves",
"parents": [
"Servants",
"Slavery",
"Occupations",
"Society",
"Work",
"People",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Human",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A worker unit."
],
"id": "en-serf-en-noun-eqOtYgkf",
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"qualifier": "strategy games",
"raw_glosses": [
"(strategy games) A worker unit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peasant"
},
{
"word": "peon"
},
{
"word": "villager"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "shërbëtor"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rëmër"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qinn",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِنّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čort",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ճորտ"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónny",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прыго́нны"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónnaja",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прыго́нная"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnik",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постник"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnička",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́постничка"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kréposten séljanin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постен се́лянин"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "mre-kywan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "မြေကျွန်"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nóngnú",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "农奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevolník"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "horige"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "laat"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "lijfeigene"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕe",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "модаре"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕava",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "модарява"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "pärisori"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "maaorja"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Leibeigener"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "doulopároikos",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "δουλοπάροικος"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kollígas",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "κολλίγας"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thḗs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "θής"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thêssa",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "θῆσσα"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsamit",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צמית"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "aris",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אריס"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "jobbágy"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seirfeach"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoirseach"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"familiar",
"masculine"
],
"word": "daor"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dóer"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo della gleba"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"alt": "のうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nōdo",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"alt": "こさくにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kosakunin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "小作人"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nongno",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "농노"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kmet",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кмет"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zakréposten sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "закре́постен се́ланец"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kréposen sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́посен се́ланец"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rōpā"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "poroteke"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "servaunt"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leilending"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leiglending"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "liveigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chłop pańszczyźniany"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iobag"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "șerb"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnój",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крепостно́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnája",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крепостна́я"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolóp",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"also",
"masculine",
"pejorative"
],
"word": "холо́п"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "кме̏т"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кмѐтица"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmȅt"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kmètica"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevoľník"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tlačan"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "siervo"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qol",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "кол"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "prâi",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ไพร่"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ข้าไพร่"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"english": "mnga' 'bangs",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་འབངས"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mnga' zhabs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་ཞབས"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "dud chang",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "དུད་ཆང"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bran",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"english": "bran g.yog",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན་གཡོག"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"english": "'bangs 'khor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "འབངས་འཁོར"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mi ser",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མི་སེར"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposnýj",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпосни́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposná",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кріпосна́"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kripák",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпа́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "nông nô"
},
{
"_dis1": "32 6 62",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "taeog"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɜːf/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɝf/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"homophone": "surf (in accents with the fern-fir-fur merger)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serf.wav",
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}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin servus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "serva",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "serva"
},
"expansion": "serf m (plural serfs, feminine serva)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "servitud"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan countable nouns",
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan masculine nouns",
"Catalan nouns",
"Catalan terms derived from Latin",
"Catalan terms inherited from Latin",
"Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation",
"ca:Feudalism"
],
"glosses": [
"serf"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈserf]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈseɾf]",
"tags": [
"Valencian"
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serven",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "serfje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "-ven",
"3": "serfje"
},
"expansion": "serf m (plural serven, diminutive serfje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine nouns",
"Dutch nouns",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch terms derived from Latin",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old French",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch"
],
"glosses": [
"a serf (semifree peasant obliged to remain on the lord's land and to perform extensive chores for him)"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "horige"
},
{
"word": "laat"
},
{
"word": "lijfeigene"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ser- (guard)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)f/1 syllable",
"en:Feudalism",
"en:People",
"en:Slaves"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "serfage"
},
{
"word": "serfdom"
},
{
"word": "serfhood"
},
{
"word": "serfish"
},
{
"word": "serfism"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser- (guard)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle English serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "serf (plural serfs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "service"
},
{
"word": "servile"
},
{
"word": "servitor"
},
{
"word": "servitude"
},
{
"word": "servo"
},
{
"word": "slave"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights."
],
"links": [
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"attached",
"attached"
],
[
"land",
"land"
],
[
"owned",
"owned"
],
[
"feudal lord",
"feudal lord"
],
[
"required",
"required"
],
[
"perform",
"perform"
],
[
"labour",
"labour"
],
[
"legal",
"legal"
],
[
"customary",
"customary"
],
[
"right",
"right"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe."
],
"links": [
[
"agricultural",
"agricultural"
],
[
"century",
"century"
],
[
"Europe",
"Europe"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A worker unit."
],
"links": [
[
"worker",
"worker"
]
],
"qualifier": "strategy games",
"raw_glosses": [
"(strategy games) A worker unit."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "peasant"
},
{
"word": "peon"
},
{
"word": "villager"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɜːf/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɝf/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"homophone": "surf (in accents with the fern-fir-fur merger)"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)f"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serf.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serf.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "shërbëtor"
},
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rëmër"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "qinn",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "قِنّ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "čort",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ճորտ"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónny",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прыго́нны"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pryhónnaja",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прыго́нная"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnik",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постник"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "krépostnička",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кре́постничка"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kréposten séljanin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́постен се́лянин"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "mre-kywan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "မြေကျွန်"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nóngnú",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "农奴"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevolník"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "horige"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "laat"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "lijfeigene"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕe",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "модаре"
},
{
"code": "myv",
"lang": "Erzya",
"roman": "modaŕava",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "модарява"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "pärisori"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "maaorja"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "serf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Leibeigener"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "doulopároikos",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "δουλοπάροικος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "kollígas",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"historical",
"masculine"
],
"word": "κολλίγας"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thḗs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "θής"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "thêssa",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "θῆσσα"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsamit",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "צמית"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "aris",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אריס"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "jobbágy"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "seirfeach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoirseach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"familiar",
"masculine"
],
"word": "daor"
},
{
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dóer"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo della gleba"
},
{
"alt": "のうど",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nōdo",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "農奴"
},
{
"alt": "こさくにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kosakunin",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "小作人"
},
{
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "nongno",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "농노"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kmet",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кмет"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "zakréposten sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "закре́постен се́ланец"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "kréposen sélanec",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кре́посен се́ланец"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "rōpā"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "poroteke"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "servaunt"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leilending"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "leiglending"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "liveigen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "chłop pańszczyźniany"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmieć"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "servo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "iobag"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "șerb"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnój",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "крепостно́й"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "krepostnája",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "крепостна́я"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xolóp",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"also",
"masculine",
"pejorative"
],
"word": "холо́п"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "кме̏т"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кмѐтица"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "kmȅt"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kmètica"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nevoľník"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tlačan"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "siervo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "livegen"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "qol",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "кол"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "prâi",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ไพร่"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "ข้าไพร่"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "mnga' 'bangs",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་འབངས"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mnga' zhabs",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མངའ་ཞབས"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "dud chang",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "དུད་ཆང"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "bran",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "bran g.yog",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "བྲན་གཡོག"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"english": "'bangs 'khor",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "འབངས་འཁོར"
},
{
"code": "bo",
"lang": "Tibetan",
"roman": "mi ser",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "མི་སེར"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposnýj",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпосни́й"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kriposná",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "кріпосна́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "kripák",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кріпа́к"
},
{
"alt": "農奴",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "nông nô"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "semifree peasant",
"word": "taeog"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjectives",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Etruscan",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links",
"French terms with homophones"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "serf",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French serf",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser-wo-",
"t": "guardian"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo- (“guardian”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo- (“guardian”), or perhaps of Etruscan origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "serve",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"f": "serve"
},
"expansion": "serf m (plural serfs, feminine serve)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a serf (semifree peasant obliged to remain on the lord's land and to perform extensive chores for him)"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɛʁf/",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɛʁ/",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"homophone": "serfs (general)"
},
{
"homophone": "cerf"
},
{
"homophone": "cerfs (some speakers)"
},
{
"homophone": "serre"
},
{
"homophone": "serrent"
},
{
"homophone": "serres"
},
{
"homophone": "sers"
},
{
"homophone": "sert (rare form only)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-DSwissK-serf.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjectives",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French masculine nouns",
"French nouns",
"French terms derived from Etruscan",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Middle French",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Middle French",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links",
"French terms with homophones"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "serf",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle French serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "frm",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle French serf",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus",
"t": "slave, serf, servant"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ser-wo-",
"t": "guardian"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo- (“guardian”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "ett",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Etruscan",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French serf, from Old French serf, from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”), from Proto-Indo-European *ser-wo- (“guardian”), or perhaps of Etruscan origin.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serve",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "serves",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"f": "serve"
},
"expansion": "serf (feminine serve, masculine plural serfs, feminine plural serves)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "sergent"
},
{
"word": "servant"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "service"
},
{
"word": "servile"
},
{
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "servir"
},
{
"word": "servitude"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"being or like a serf, semifree"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɛʁf/",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/sɛʁ/",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"homophone": "serfs (general)"
},
{
"homophone": "cerf"
},
{
"homophone": "cerfs (some speakers)"
},
{
"homophone": "serre"
},
{
"homophone": "serrent"
},
{
"homophone": "serres"
},
{
"homophone": "sers"
},
{
"homophone": "sert (rare form only)"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-DSwissK-serf.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-DSwissK-serf.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mfe",
"2": "fr",
"3": "cerf"
},
"expansion": "French cerf",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French cerf.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mfe",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "serf",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Mauritian Creole",
"lang_code": "mfe",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mauritian Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"Mauritian Creole entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Mauritian Creole lemmas",
"Mauritian Creole nouns",
"Mauritian Creole terms derived from French",
"mfe:Mammals"
],
"glosses": [
"deer"
],
"links": [
[
"deer",
"deer"
]
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "serf"
},
"expansion": "French: serf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: serf"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Old French serf",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French serf.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serfs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"10": "{{{f}}}",
"11": "",
"12": "{{{f}}}s",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "serfs",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{pl2}}}",
"9": "",
"f1accel-form": "p",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "serf m (plural serfs)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "serf m (plural serfs)",
"name": "frm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle French countable nouns",
"Middle French entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle French lemmas",
"Middle French masculine nouns",
"Middle French nouns",
"Middle French terms derived from Old French",
"Middle French terms inherited from Old French"
],
"glosses": [
"serf (semifree peasant)"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "ar",
"3": "صرف",
"t": "expense",
"tr": "ṣarf"
},
"expansion": "Arabic صرف (ṣarf, “expense”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Arabic صرف (ṣarf, “expense”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "serf f",
"name": "kmr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"lang_code": "kmr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Northern Kurdish 1-syllable words",
"Northern Kurdish entries with incorrect language header",
"Northern Kurdish feminine nouns",
"Northern Kurdish lemmas",
"Northern Kurdish nouns",
"Northern Kurdish terms borrowed from Arabic",
"Northern Kurdish terms derived from Arabic",
"Northern Kurdish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"expense, cost"
],
"links": [
[
"expense",
"expense"
],
[
"cost",
"cost"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sɛɾf/"
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French masculine nouns",
"Old French non-lemma forms",
"Old French nouns",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French verb forms"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "serf"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: serf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: serf"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "serf"
},
"expansion": "French: serf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: serf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "serf",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: serf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: serf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "servus"
},
"expansion": "Latin servus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin servus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "serf oblique singular or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "sers",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "sers",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "serf",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m"
},
"expansion": "serf oblique singular, m (oblique plural sers, nominative singular sers, nominative plural serf)",
"name": "fro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"serf (semifree peasant)"
],
"links": [
[
"serf",
"serf#English"
]
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French non-lemma forms",
"Old French verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "servir"
},
"expansion": "servir",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See servir",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "serf",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "servir"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present indicative of servir"
],
"links": [
[
"servir",
"servir#Old French"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crs",
"2": "fr",
"3": "cerf"
},
"expansion": "French cerf",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French cerf.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "crs",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "serf",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Seychellois Creole",
"lang_code": "crs",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Seychellois Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"Seychellois Creole lemmas",
"Seychellois Creole nouns",
"Seychellois Creole terms derived from French"
],
"glosses": [
"deer"
],
"links": [
[
"deer",
"deer"
]
]
}
],
"word": "serf"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'serf oblique singular or', originally 'serf oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"serf"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "serf",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old French: 'serf oblique singular or', originally 'serf oblique singular or m'",
"path": [
"serf"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "serf",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'canonical']: 'serf oblique singular or' in 'serf oblique singular, m (oblique plural sers, nominative singular sers, nominative plural serf)'",
"path": [
"serf"
],
"section": "Old French",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "serf",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.