"serfdom" meaning in All languages combined

See serfdom on Wiktionary

Noun [English]

Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav [UK] Forms: serfdoms [plural]
Etymology: serf + -dom Etymology templates: {{suffix|en|serf|dom}} serf + -dom Head templates: {{en-noun|-|s}} serfdom (usually uncountable, plural serfdoms)
  1. The state of being a serf. Tags: uncountable, usually Categories (topical): Slavery Translations (state of being a serf): servitud [feminine] (Catalan), 農奴身份 (Chinese Mandarin), 农奴身份 (nóngnú shēnfen) (Chinese Mandarin), livegenskab [neuter] (Danish), lijfeigenschap [feminine] (Dutch), pärisorjus (Estonian), maaorjuus (Finnish), servage [masculine] (French), Leibeigenschaft [feminine] (German), Eigenbehörigkeit [feminine] (German), jobbágyság (Hungarian), seirfeachas [masculine] (Irish), daoirse [familiar, feminine] (Irish), servitù [feminine] (Italian), baudžiava [feminine] (Lithuanian), rōpātanga (Maori), pańszczyzna [feminine] (Polish), servidão [feminine] (Portuguese), крепостни́чество (krepostníčestvo) [neuter] (Russian), ра́бство (rábstvo) [neuter] (Russian), нево́ля (nevólja) [feminine] (Russian), servidumbre [feminine] (Spanish), livegenskap [common-gender] (Swedish), träldom [common-gender] (Swedish), кріпацтво (kripactvo) [neuter] (Ukrainian), кріпаччина (kripaččyna) [feminine] (Ukrainian), taeogaeth [feminine] (Welsh)
    Sense id: en-serfdom-en-noun-C8ntGn8R Disambiguation of Slavery: 70 30 Disambiguation of 'state of being a serf': 88 12
  2. The feudal system that includes serfs. Tags: uncountable, usually Translations (feudal system): крепостничество (krepostničestvo) [neuter] (Bulgarian), 農奴制 (Chinese Mandarin), 农奴制 (nóngnúzhì) (Chinese Mandarin), nevolnictví [neuter] (Czech), livegenskab [neuter] (Danish), horigheid [feminine] (Dutch), модаречи (modaŕeči) (Erzya), pärisorjus (Estonian), maaorjuus (Finnish), servage [masculine] (French), Leibeigenschaft [feminine] (German), Eigenbehörigkeit [feminine] (German), jobbágyság (Hungarian), seirfeachas [masculine] (Irish), daoirse [familiar, feminine] (Irish), servitù della gleba [feminine] (Italian), 農奴制 (nōdosei) (alt: のうどせい) (Japanese), livegenskap (Norwegian), servidão [feminine] (Portuguese), крепостно́е пра́во (krepostnóje právo) [neuter] (Russian), кмѐтство [Cyrillic, neuter] (Serbo-Croatian), kmètstvo [Roman, neuter] (Serbo-Croatian), servidumbre [feminine] (Spanish), livegenskap [common-gender] (Swedish), кріпосне право (kriposne pravo) [neuter] (Ukrainian), кріпацтво (kripactvo) [neuter] (Ukrainian), кріпаччина (kripaččyna) [feminine] (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-serfdom-en-noun-KeU4lRR3 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English terms suffixed with -dom Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 39 61 Disambiguation of English terms suffixed with -dom: 36 64 Disambiguation of 'feudal system': 15 85
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: serfage, serfhood Related terms: servitude

Inflected forms

Download JSON data for serfdom meaning in All languages combined (8.9kB)

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "serf",
        "3": "dom"
      },
      "expansion": "serf + -dom",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "serf + -dom",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "serfdoms",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-",
        "2": "s"
      },
      "expansion": "serfdom (usually uncountable, plural serfdoms)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "servitude"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "70 30",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Slavery",
          "orig": "en:Slavery",
          "parents": [
            "Society",
            "Work",
            "All topics",
            "Human activity",
            "Fundamental",
            "Human behaviour",
            "Human"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The state of being a serf."
      ],
      "id": "en-serfdom-en-noun-C8ntGn8R",
      "links": [
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable",
        "usually"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servitud"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "農奴身份"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "nóngnú shēnfen",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "农奴身份"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "livegenskab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "lijfeigenschap"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "pärisorjus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "maaorjuus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "servage"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Leibeigenschaft"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Eigenbehörigkeit"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "jobbágyság"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "seirfeachas"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "familiar",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "daoirse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servitù"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "baudžiava"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "word": "rōpātanga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "pańszczyzna"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servidão"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "krepostníčestvo",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "крепостни́чество"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "rábstvo",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "ра́бство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "nevólja",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "нево́ля"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servidumbre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "livegenskap"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "träldom"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "kripactvo",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "кріпацтво"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "kripaččyna",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "кріпаччина"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "88 12",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "state of being a serf",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "taeogaeth"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "39 61",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "36 64",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms suffixed with -dom",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The feudal system that includes serfs."
      ],
      "id": "en-serfdom-en-noun-KeU4lRR3",
      "links": [
        [
          "feudal",
          "feudal"
        ],
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable",
        "usually"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "krepostničestvo",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "крепостничество"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "農奴制"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "nóngnúzhì",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "农奴制"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nevolnictví"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "livegenskab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "horigheid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "myv",
          "lang": "Erzya",
          "roman": "modaŕeči",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "модаречи"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "pärisorjus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "maaorjuus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "servage"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Leibeigenschaft"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "Eigenbehörigkeit"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "jobbágyság"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "seirfeachas"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "familiar",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "daoirse"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servitù della gleba"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "alt": "のうどせい",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "nōdosei",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "農奴制"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "word": "livegenskap"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servidão"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "krepostnóje právo",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "крепостно́е пра́во"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "кмѐтство"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "kmètstvo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "servidumbre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "common-gender"
          ],
          "word": "livegenskap"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "kriposne pravo",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "кріпосне право"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "kripactvo",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "кріпацтво"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "15 85",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "kripaččyna",
          "sense": "feudal system",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "кріпаччина"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav.mp3",
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      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "serfage"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "serfhood"
    }
  ],
  "word": "serfdom"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms suffixed with -dom",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "en:Slavery"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
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        "2": "serf",
        "3": "dom"
      },
      "expansion": "serf + -dom",
      "name": "suffix"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "serf + -dom",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "serfdoms",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-",
        "2": "s"
      },
      "expansion": "serfdom (usually uncountable, plural serfdoms)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "servitude"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The state of being a serf."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable",
        "usually"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The feudal system that includes serfs."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "feudal",
          "feudal"
        ],
        [
          "serf",
          "serf"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable",
        "usually"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-serfdom.wav.mp3",
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      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "serfage"
    },
    {
      "word": "serfhood"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servitud"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "農奴身份"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "nóngnú shēnfen",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "农奴身份"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "livegenskab"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "lijfeigenschap"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "pärisorjus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "maaorjuus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "servage"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Leibeigenschaft"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Eigenbehörigkeit"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "jobbágyság"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "seirfeachas"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "familiar",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "daoirse"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servitù"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "baudžiava"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "word": "rōpātanga"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "pańszczyzna"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servidão"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "krepostníčestvo",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "крепостни́чество"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "rábstvo",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "ра́бство"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "nevólja",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "нево́ля"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servidumbre"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "livegenskap"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "träldom"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "kripactvo",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "кріпацтво"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "kripaččyna",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "кріпаччина"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "state of being a serf",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "taeogaeth"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "krepostničestvo",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "крепостничество"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "農奴制"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "nóngnúzhì",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "农奴制"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nevolnictví"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "livegenskab"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "horigheid"
    },
    {
      "code": "myv",
      "lang": "Erzya",
      "roman": "modaŕeči",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "модаречи"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "pärisorjus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "maaorjuus"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "servage"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Leibeigenschaft"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "Eigenbehörigkeit"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "jobbágyság"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "seirfeachas"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "familiar",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "daoirse"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servitù della gleba"
    },
    {
      "alt": "のうどせい",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "nōdosei",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "農奴制"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "word": "livegenskap"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servidão"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "krepostnóje právo",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "крепостно́е пра́во"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "кмѐтство"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "kmètstvo"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "servidumbre"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "common-gender"
      ],
      "word": "livegenskap"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "kriposne pravo",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "кріпосне право"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "kripactvo",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "кріпацтво"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "kripaččyna",
      "sense": "feudal system",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "кріпаччина"
    }
  ],
  "word": "serfdom"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.