"less" meaning in English

See less in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{en-adj|-}} less (not comparable)
  1. (archaic) Lesser; smaller. Tags: archaic, not-comparable
    Sense id: en-less-en-adj-nUWkuWv7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Adverb

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{head|en|adverb|diminutive comparative}} less (diminutive comparative)
  1. comparative degree of little Tags: comparative, diminutive, form-of Form of: little
    Sense id: en-less-en-adv-RNT1HQuy Categories (other): Comparative of lang=en, English entries with incorrect language header, English entries with language name categories using raw markup, English prepositions Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 15 29 7 2 0 2 1 20 1 18 5 Disambiguation of English entries with language name categories using raw markup: 14 25 8 3 0 3 3 17 2 18 8 Disambiguation of English prepositions: 6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7
  2. Used for constructing syntactic diminutive comparatives of adjectives and adverbs. Tags: comparative, diminutive
    Sense id: en-less-en-adv-cki3y7K0
  3. To a smaller extent or degree. Tags: comparative, diminutive Translations (to a smaller extent or degree): أَقَلّ (ʔaqall) (Arabic), أقل (ʔaʔall) [Egyptian-Arabic] (Arabic), менш (mjenš) (Belarusian), moins (Bourguignon), по-ма́лко (po-málko) (Bulgarian), menys (Catalan), 更少 (gèng shǎo) (Chinese Mandarin), 不太 (bù tài) (Chinese Mandarin), 不那么 (bù nàme) (Chinese Mandarin), méně (Czech), minder (Dutch), malpli (Esperanto), vähem (Estonian), vähemmän (Finnish), moins (French), mancul (Friulian), weniger (German), 𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 (mins) (Gothic), λιγότερο (ligótero) (Greek), mwens (Haitian Creole), פָּחוֹת (pakhot) (Hebrew), न्यून (nyūn) (Hindi), अल्प (alp) (Hindi), kevésbé (Hungarian), min (Ido), minus (Interlingua), meno (Italian), ...より少ない (english: ...yori sukunai) (Japanese), それほど...ない (sorehodo... nai) (Japanese), minus (Latin), mazāk (Latvian), помалку (pomalku) (Macedonian), kurang (Malay), mouôins [Guernsey] (Norman), meins (Norman), mindre (Norwegian), کمتر (kamtar) (Persian), moins (Picard), mniej (Polish), menos (Portuguese), ме́ньше (ménʹše) (Russian), ме́нее (méneje) (Russian), мање [Cyrillic] (Serbo-Croatian), manje [Roman] (Serbo-Croatian), manj [Roman] (Serbo-Croatian), manjše [Roman] (Serbo-Croatian), menej (Slovak), manj (Slovene), menos (Spanish), lite (Swedish), mindre (Swedish), ме́нше (ménše) (Ukrainian), менш (menš) (Ukrainian), کم (kam) (Urdu)
    Sense id: en-less-en-adv-b6~lu5u2 Disambiguation of 'to a smaller extent or degree': 4 1 94
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Conjunction

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: From Middle English lesse, les, from Old English lǣs, as in þȳ lǣs þe. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse, {{m|enm|les}} les, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs}} Old English lǣs, {{m|ang|þȳ lǣs þe}} þȳ lǣs þe Head templates: {{en-con}} less
  1. (dialectal, nonstandard) unless Tags: dialectal, nonstandard
    Sense id: en-less-en-conj-yKafaXVE
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Determiner

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{head|en|determiner|head=}} less, {{en-det}} less
  1. (Now chiefly of numbers or dimensions) comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser. Tags: comparative, form-of Form of: little (extra: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser)
    Sense id: en-less-en-det-Jlgr8keo
  2. A smaller amount of; not as much. Translations (not as much): ἐλάσσων (elássōn) (Ancient Greek), أَقَلّ (ʔaqall) (Arabic), أقل (ʔaʔal) [Egyptian-Arabic] (Arabic), menys (Catalan), minder (Dutch), vähemmän (Finnish), moins (French), menos (Galician), weniger (German), 𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌶𐌰 (fawiza) (Gothic), kevesebb (Hungarian), síður (Icelandic), meno (Italian), minus (Latin), mjeńšy (Lower Sorbian), manner (Luxembourgish), wéineger (Luxembourgish), mindre (Norwegian), færre (Norwegian), menos (Portuguese), mai puțin (Romanian), ме́ньше (ménʹše) (Russian), menos (Spanish), mindre (Swedish), färre (Swedish), ме́ньше (ménʹše) (Ukrainian)
    Sense id: en-less-en-det-FZNzLxNr Disambiguation of 'not as much': 2 96 2
  3. (proscribed) Fewer; a smaller number of. Tags: proscribed
    Sense id: en-less-en-det--QR-H3u4 Categories (other): English determiners Disambiguation of English determiners: 11 19 5 1 0 3 34 3 14 9
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: fewer, lesser
Etymology number: 1

Noun

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{en-noun|-}} less (uncountable)
  1. A smaller amount or quantity. Tags: uncountable
    Sense id: en-less-en-noun-u89idbHD Categories (other): English prepositions Disambiguation of English prepositions: 6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Preposition

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{head|en|prepositions|head=}} less, {{en-prep}} less
  1. Minus; not including Translations (not including): نَاقِص (nāqiṣ) (Arabic), ناقص (naʔeṣ) [Egyptian-Arabic] (Arabic), без (bez) (Bulgarian), menys (Catalan), paitsi (Finnish), pois lukien (Finnish), lukuun ottamatta (Finnish), minus (Norwegian), fratrukket (Norwegian), menos (Portuguese), exceto (Portuguese), fora (Portuguese)
    Sense id: en-less-en-prep-Jp0JSht5 Categories (other): English prepositions Disambiguation of English prepositions: 6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Verb

IPA: /lɛs/ Audio: En-uk-less.ogg [UK], en-us-less.ogg [US] Forms: lesses [present, singular, third-person], lessing [participle, present], lessed [participle, past], lessed [past]
Rhymes: -ɛs Etymology: Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”). Determiner and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”). Verb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner. Noun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|les}} Middle English les, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣs|t=smaller, less}} Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisiz}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*leys-|t=to shrink, grow thin, be gentle}} Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”), {{cog|ofs|lēs|t=less}} Old Frisian lēs (“less”), {{cog|osx|lēs|t=less}} Old Saxon lēs (“less”), {{der|en|ine-pro|*leh₂is-}} Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-, {{cog|lt|liesas|t=lean}} Lithuanian liesas (“lean”), {{inh|en|enm|lees}} Middle English lees, {{m|enm|lesse}} lesse, {{m|enm|leasse}} leasse, {{m|enm|lasse}} lasse, {{inh|en|ang|lǣssa|t=less}} Old English lǣssa (“less”), {{inh|en|gem-pro|*laisizan-}} Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, {{der|en|gem-pro|*laisiz|t=smaller, lesser, fewer, lower}} Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”), {{cog|ofs|lessa|t=less}} Old Frisian lessa (“less”), {{inh|en|enm|lessen}} Middle English lessen, {{inh|en|enm|lesse}} Middle English lesse Head templates: {{en-verb}} less (third-person singular simple present lesses, present participle lessing, simple past and past participle lessed)
  1. (archaic) To make less; to lessen. Tags: archaic Translations (to make less): verringern (German), verkleinern (German)
    Sense id: en-less-en-verb-Slu-i-ZC Derived forms: all the less, could care less, could not care less, couldn't care less, deuce less, in less than no time, less and less, less is a bore, less is more, less so, less than, less than no time, less-than-stellar, less than stellar, less than three, less than truckload, more or less, much less, nevertheless, no less, no more no less, none the less, road less traveled, road less travelled, say less, twice as less, very less
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for less meaning in English (45.8kB)

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "more"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "adverb",
        "3": "diminutive comparative"
      },
      "expansion": "less (diminutive comparative)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Comparative of lang=en",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "15 29 7 2 0 2 1 20 1 18 5",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "14 25 8 3 0 3 3 17 2 18 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "I slept even less last night than I did the night before.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I like him less each time I see him.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "little"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "comparative degree of little"
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-adv-RNT1HQuy",
      "links": [
        [
          "little",
          "little#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive",
        "form-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Randal is less welcome than Rachel but as her spouse we should invite them both.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "This gadget is less useful than I expected.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I'm not any less happy for being on my own.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1957, Lester Del Rey, Rockets Through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe",
          "text": "This section of space is much less empty than that between the stars, […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times",
          "text": "That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3",
          "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used for constructing syntactic diminutive comparatives of adjectives and adverbs."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-adv-cki3y7K0",
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The grammar book was less than (that is, not at all) helpful.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "That this is a positive one makes it no less a stereotype, and therefore unacceptable.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To a smaller extent or degree."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-adv-b6~lu5u2",
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ʔaqall",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "أَقَلّ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "arz",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ʔaʔall",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Egyptian-Arabic"
          ],
          "word": "أقل"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "mjenš",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "менш"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "roa-brg",
          "lang": "Bourguignon",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "moins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "po-málko",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "по-ма́лко"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "menys"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "gèng shǎo",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "更少"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "bù tài",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "不太"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "bù nàme",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "不那么"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "méně"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "minder"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "malpli"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "vähem"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "vähemmän"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "moins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "fur",
          "lang": "Friulian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mancul"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "weniger"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "got",
          "lang": "Gothic",
          "roman": "mins",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "ligótero",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "λιγότερο"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ht",
          "lang": "Haitian Creole",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mwens"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "pakhot",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "פָּחוֹת"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "nyūn",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "न्यून"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "alp",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "अल्प"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "kevésbé"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "min"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "minus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "meno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ja",
          "english": "...yori sukunai",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "...より少ない"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "sorehodo... nai",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "それほど...ない"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "minus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mazāk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "pomalku",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "помалку"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "kurang"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "nrf",
          "lang": "Norman",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Guernsey"
          ],
          "word": "mouôins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "nrf",
          "lang": "Norman",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "meins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "kamtar",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "کمتر"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "pcd",
          "lang": "Picard",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "moins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mniej"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "ménʹše",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "ме́ньше"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "méneje",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "ме́нее"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic"
          ],
          "word": "мање"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Roman"
          ],
          "word": "manje"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Roman"
          ],
          "word": "manj"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "tags": [
            "Roman"
          ],
          "word": "manjše"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "menej"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "manj"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "lite"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "mindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "ménše",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "ме́нше"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "menš",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "менш"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "4 1 94",
          "code": "ur",
          "lang": "Urdu",
          "roman": "kam",
          "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
          "word": "کم"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "more"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "determiner",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-det"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "det",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "fewer"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "lesser"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 141",
          "text": "Those Rattels are somewhat like the chape of a Rapier, but lesse, which they take from the taile of a snake.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1711, The Spectator, number 126",
          "text": "We are likewise ready to maintain with the hazard of all that is near and dear to us, that six is less than seven in all times and all places […].",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1885, Edward James Reed, A Treatise on the Stability of Ships",
          "text": "It is also easy to see that the straight line, representing the locus of centres of buoyancy for a rectangular section, must lie at a less inclination to the base (i.e., to the horizontal) than a line representing the locus of such centres for a parabolic section […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser",
          "word": "little"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-det-Jlgr8keo",
      "links": [
        [
          "little",
          "little#English"
        ],
        [
          "smaller",
          "smaller"
        ],
        [
          "lesser",
          "lesser"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "Now chiefly of numbers or dimensions",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Now chiefly of numbers or dimensions) comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "form-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "No less than eight pints of beer.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I have less tea than coffee.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "You have even less sense than an inanimate object.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7",
          "text": "Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A smaller amount of; not as much."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-det-FZNzLxNr",
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ʔaqall",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "أَقَلّ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "arz",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ʔaʔal",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "tags": [
            "Egyptian-Arabic"
          ],
          "word": "أقل"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "menys"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "minder"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "vähemmän"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "moins"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "weniger"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "got",
          "lang": "Gothic",
          "roman": "fawiza",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌶𐌰"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "kevesebb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "síður"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "meno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "minus"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "lb",
          "lang": "Luxembourgish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "manner"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "lb",
          "lang": "Luxembourgish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "wéineger"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "mindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "mai puțin"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "ménʹše",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "ме́ньше"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "dsb",
          "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "mjeńšy"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "mindre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "ménʹše",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "ме́ньше"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "grc",
          "lang": "Ancient Greek",
          "roman": "elássōn",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "ἐλάσσων"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "færre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "2 96 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "not as much",
          "word": "färre"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 19 5 1 0 3 34 3 14 9",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English determiners",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "There are less people here now.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Now there are three less green bottles hanging on the wall.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1681, John Houghton, A Collection For the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, page 263",
          "text": "... on his land he will have less manure, less corn, and less people; ...",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1952 September 7, Thomas M Pryor, New York Times",
          "text": "This is not a happy situation as far as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employes is concerned because it means less jobs for the union's members here at home.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam, published 2011, page 555",
          "text": "No less than four standard-bearers went before them, carrying huge crimson banners emblazoned with the golden lion.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003 December 16, Timandra Harkness, The Guardian",
          "text": "Although my hosts, G S Aviation, can teach you to fly in Wiltshire, an intensive week at their French airfield means less problems with the weather, cheap but good living, and complete removal from any distractions.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Fewer; a smaller number of."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-det--QR-H3u4",
      "links": [
        [
          "Fewer",
          "fewer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(proscribed) Fewer; a smaller number of."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "proscribed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "plus"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prepositions",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "It should then tax all of that as personal income, less the proportion of the car's annual mileage demonstrably clocked up on company business.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Minus; not including"
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-prep-Jp0JSht5",
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "nāqiṣ",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "نَاقِص"
        },
        {
          "code": "arz",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "naʔeṣ",
          "sense": "not including",
          "tags": [
            "Egyptian-Arabic"
          ],
          "word": "ناقص"
        },
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "bez",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "без"
        },
        {
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "menys"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "paitsi"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "pois lukien"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "lukuun ottamatta"
        },
        {
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "minus"
        },
        {
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "fratrukket"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "menos"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "exceto"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "not including",
          "word": "fora"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lesses",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less (third-person singular simple present lesses, present participle lessing, simple past and past participle lessed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "all the less"
        },
        {
          "word": "could care less"
        },
        {
          "word": "could not care less"
        },
        {
          "word": "couldn't care less"
        },
        {
          "word": "deuce less"
        },
        {
          "word": "in less than no time"
        },
        {
          "word": "less and less"
        },
        {
          "word": "less is a bore"
        },
        {
          "word": "less is more"
        },
        {
          "word": "less so"
        },
        {
          "word": "less than"
        },
        {
          "word": "less than no time"
        },
        {
          "word": "less-than-stellar"
        },
        {
          "word": "less than stellar"
        },
        {
          "word": "less than three"
        },
        {
          "word": "less than truckload"
        },
        {
          "word": "more or less"
        },
        {
          "word": "much less"
        },
        {
          "word": "nevertheless"
        },
        {
          "word": "no less"
        },
        {
          "word": "no more no less"
        },
        {
          "word": "none the less"
        },
        {
          "word": "road less traveled"
        },
        {
          "word": "road less travelled"
        },
        {
          "word": "say less"
        },
        {
          "word": "twice as less"
        },
        {
          "word": "very less"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1386-90, Gower, Confessio Amantis\nWhat he will make lesse, he lesseth."
        },
        {
          "text": "c. 1650, Patrick Gordon of Ruthven, A short Abridgement of Britane's Distemper, from the yeares of God 1639 to 1649, printed 1844 for the Spalding Club\nSom of the wiser sort, divining upon this vission, attrebute to the pen-knyves the lenth of tym before this should com to pass, and it hath been observed by sindrie that the earles of that hous befor wer the richest in the kingdom, having treasure and store besyde them, but ever since the addittion of this so great a revenue, they have lessed the stock by heavie burdens of debt and ingagment."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1816, \"Joseph Wharton\" [obituary notice], Poulson's Advertiser, quoted in Genealogy of the Wharton Family of Philadelphia: 1664 to 1880, Anne Hollingsworth Wharton (1880)",
          "text": "The protracted term of life, and the lingering illness through which this gentleman had passed, had neither impaired the original vigour of his mind, nor lessed the uncommon warmth of his affections."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1852, Charles Heavysege, The revolt of Tartarus, a poem, page 116",
          "text": "Soon as I lessed the tree of this, it waned — Less cause, gave less effect",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1886, Horace Eaton Walker, The Lady of Dardale and Other Poems, page 74",
          "text": "The scattered beauties thro' the air, Have lessed the woe, the dread, the care;",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To make less; to lessen."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-verb-Slu-i-ZC",
      "links": [
        [
          "lessen",
          "lessen"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) To make less; to lessen."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to make less",
          "word": "verringern"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "to make less",
          "word": "verkleinern"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "less (not comparable)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1886, Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped",
          "text": "This he said, thinking that Alan would be pleased; but the Highlandman’s vanity was ready to startle at a less matter than that.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Lesser; smaller."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-adj-nUWkuWv7",
      "links": [
        [
          "Lesser",
          "lesser"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) Lesser; smaller."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "not-comparable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "less (uncountable)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "6 20 9 2 5 5 10 11 24 7",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English prepositions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Less is better.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I have less to do today than yesterday.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A smaller amount or quantity."
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-noun-u89idbHD",
      "links": [
        [
          "smaller",
          "smaller"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "les",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "þȳ lǣs þe"
      },
      "expansion": "þȳ lǣs þe",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English lesse, les, from Old English lǣs, as in þȳ lǣs þe.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-con"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "unless"
      ],
      "id": "en-less-en-conj-yKafaXVE",
      "links": [
        [
          "unless",
          "unless"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dialectal, nonstandard) unless"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dialectal",
        "nonstandard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "more"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "adverb",
        "3": "diminutive comparative"
      },
      "expansion": "less (diminutive comparative)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Comparative of lang=en",
        "English comparative adverbs",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "I slept even less last night than I did the night before.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I like him less each time I see him.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "word": "little"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "comparative degree of little"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "little",
          "little#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive",
        "form-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Randal is less welcome than Rachel but as her spouse we should invite them both.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "This gadget is less useful than I expected.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I'm not any less happy for being on my own.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1957, Lester Del Rey, Rockets Through Space: The Story of Man's Preparations to Explore the Universe",
          "text": "This section of space is much less empty than that between the stars, […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012 November 7, Matt Bai, “Winning a Second Term, Obama Will Confront Familiar Headwinds”, in New York Times",
          "text": "That brief moment after the election four years ago, when many Americans thought Mr. Obama’s election would presage a new, less fractious political era, now seems very much a thing of the past.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3",
          "text": "In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used for constructing syntactic diminutive comparatives of adjectives and adverbs."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "The grammar book was less than (that is, not at all) helpful.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "That this is a positive one makes it no less a stereotype, and therefore unacceptable.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To a smaller extent or degree."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "diminutive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaqall",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "أَقَلّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "arz",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaʔall",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Egyptian-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "أقل"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "mjenš",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "менш"
    },
    {
      "code": "roa-brg",
      "lang": "Bourguignon",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "moins"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "po-málko",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "по-ма́лко"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "menys"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "gèng shǎo",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "更少"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "bù tài",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "不太"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "bù nàme",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "不那么"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "méně"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "minder"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "malpli"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "vähem"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "vähemmän"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "moins"
    },
    {
      "code": "fur",
      "lang": "Friulian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mancul"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "weniger"
    },
    {
      "code": "got",
      "lang": "Gothic",
      "roman": "mins",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "ligótero",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "λιγότερο"
    },
    {
      "code": "ht",
      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mwens"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "pakhot",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "פָּחוֹת"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "nyūn",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "न्यून"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "alp",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "अल्प"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "kevésbé"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "min"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "minus"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "meno"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "english": "...yori sukunai",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "...より少ない"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "sorehodo... nai",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "それほど...ない"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "minus"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mazāk"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "pomalku",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "помалку"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "kurang"
    },
    {
      "code": "nrf",
      "lang": "Norman",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Guernsey"
      ],
      "word": "mouôins"
    },
    {
      "code": "nrf",
      "lang": "Norman",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "meins"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "kamtar",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "کمتر"
    },
    {
      "code": "pcd",
      "lang": "Picard",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "moins"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mniej"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "ménʹše",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "ме́ньше"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "méneje",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "ме́нее"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ],
      "word": "мање"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Roman"
      ],
      "word": "manje"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Roman"
      ],
      "word": "manj"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "tags": [
        "Roman"
      ],
      "word": "manjše"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "menej"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "manj"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "lite"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "mindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "ménše",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "ме́нше"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "menš",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "менш"
    },
    {
      "code": "ur",
      "lang": "Urdu",
      "roman": "kam",
      "sense": "to a smaller extent or degree",
      "word": "کم"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "more"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "determiner",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-det"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "det",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "fewer"
    },
    {
      "word": "lesser"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English comparative adjectives",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, Kupperman, published 1988, page 141",
          "text": "Those Rattels are somewhat like the chape of a Rapier, but lesse, which they take from the taile of a snake.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1711, The Spectator, number 126",
          "text": "We are likewise ready to maintain with the hazard of all that is near and dear to us, that six is less than seven in all times and all places […].",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1885, Edward James Reed, A Treatise on the Stability of Ships",
          "text": "It is also easy to see that the straight line, representing the locus of centres of buoyancy for a rectangular section, must lie at a less inclination to the base (i.e., to the horizontal) than a line representing the locus of such centres for a parabolic section […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "form_of": [
        {
          "extra": "more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser",
          "word": "little"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "little",
          "little#English"
        ],
        [
          "smaller",
          "smaller"
        ],
        [
          "lesser",
          "lesser"
        ]
      ],
      "qualifier": "Now chiefly of numbers or dimensions",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Now chiefly of numbers or dimensions) comparative form of little: more little; of inferior size, degree or extent; smaller, lesser."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "comparative",
        "form-of"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "No less than eight pints of beer.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I have less tea than coffee.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "You have even less sense than an inanimate object.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2013 May-June, William E. Conner, “An Acoustic Arms Race”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3, pages 206–7",
          "text": "Earless ghost swift moths become “invisible” to echolocating bats by forming mating clusters close (less than half a meter) above vegetation and effectively blending into the clutter of echoes that the bat receives from the leaves and stems around them.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A smaller amount of; not as much."
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English proscribed terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "There are less people here now.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Now there are three less green bottles hanging on the wall.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1681, John Houghton, A Collection For the Improvement of Husbandry and Trade, page 263",
          "text": "... on his land he will have less manure, less corn, and less people; ...",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1952 September 7, Thomas M Pryor, New York Times",
          "text": "This is not a happy situation as far as the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employes is concerned because it means less jobs for the union's members here at home.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1999, George R.R. Martin, A Clash of Kings, Bantam, published 2011, page 555",
          "text": "No less than four standard-bearers went before them, carrying huge crimson banners emblazoned with the golden lion.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2003 December 16, Timandra Harkness, The Guardian",
          "text": "Although my hosts, G S Aviation, can teach you to fly in Wiltshire, an intensive week at their French airfield means less problems with the weather, cheap but good living, and complete removal from any distractions.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Fewer; a smaller number of."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Fewer",
          "fewer"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(proscribed) Fewer; a smaller number of."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "proscribed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaqall",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "أَقَلّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "arz",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaʔal",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "tags": [
        "Egyptian-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "أقل"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "menys"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "minder"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "vähemmän"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "moins"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "weniger"
    },
    {
      "code": "got",
      "lang": "Gothic",
      "roman": "fawiza",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌶𐌰"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "kevesebb"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "síður"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "meno"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "minus"
    },
    {
      "code": "lb",
      "lang": "Luxembourgish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "manner"
    },
    {
      "code": "lb",
      "lang": "Luxembourgish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "wéineger"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "mindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "mai puțin"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "ménʹše",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "ме́ньше"
    },
    {
      "code": "dsb",
      "lang": "Lower Sorbian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "mjeńšy"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "mindre"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "ménʹše",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "ме́ньше"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaqall",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "أَقَلّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "arz",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ʔaʔal",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "tags": [
        "Egyptian-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "أقل"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "minder"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "vähemmän"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "weniger"
    },
    {
      "code": "got",
      "lang": "Gothic",
      "roman": "fawiza",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "𐍆𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌶𐌰"
    },
    {
      "code": "grc",
      "lang": "Ancient Greek",
      "roman": "elássōn",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "ἐλάσσων"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "kevesebb"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "færre"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "ménʹše",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "ме́ньше"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "färre"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "ménʹše",
      "sense": "not as much",
      "word": "ме́ньше"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "word": "plus"
    }
  ],
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "prepositions",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-prep"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "prep",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "It should then tax all of that as personal income, less the proportion of the car's annual mileage demonstrably clocked up on company business.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Minus; not including"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "nāqiṣ",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "نَاقِص"
    },
    {
      "code": "arz",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "naʔeṣ",
      "sense": "not including",
      "tags": [
        "Egyptian-Arabic"
      ],
      "word": "ناقص"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "bez",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "без"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "menys"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "paitsi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "pois lukien"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "lukuun ottamatta"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "minus"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "fratrukket"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "menos"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "exceto"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "not including",
      "word": "fora"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "all the less"
    },
    {
      "word": "could care less"
    },
    {
      "word": "could not care less"
    },
    {
      "word": "couldn't care less"
    },
    {
      "word": "deuce less"
    },
    {
      "word": "in less than no time"
    },
    {
      "word": "less and less"
    },
    {
      "word": "less is a bore"
    },
    {
      "word": "less is more"
    },
    {
      "word": "less so"
    },
    {
      "word": "less than"
    },
    {
      "word": "less than no time"
    },
    {
      "word": "less-than-stellar"
    },
    {
      "word": "less than stellar"
    },
    {
      "word": "less than three"
    },
    {
      "word": "less than truckload"
    },
    {
      "word": "more or less"
    },
    {
      "word": "much less"
    },
    {
      "word": "nevertheless"
    },
    {
      "word": "no less"
    },
    {
      "word": "no more no less"
    },
    {
      "word": "none the less"
    },
    {
      "word": "road less traveled"
    },
    {
      "word": "road less travelled"
    },
    {
      "word": "say less"
    },
    {
      "word": "twice as less"
    },
    {
      "word": "very less"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "lesses",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessing",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "lessed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less (third-person singular simple present lesses, present participle lessing, simple past and past participle lessed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with archaic senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "1386-90, Gower, Confessio Amantis\nWhat he will make lesse, he lesseth."
        },
        {
          "text": "c. 1650, Patrick Gordon of Ruthven, A short Abridgement of Britane's Distemper, from the yeares of God 1639 to 1649, printed 1844 for the Spalding Club\nSom of the wiser sort, divining upon this vission, attrebute to the pen-knyves the lenth of tym before this should com to pass, and it hath been observed by sindrie that the earles of that hous befor wer the richest in the kingdom, having treasure and store besyde them, but ever since the addittion of this so great a revenue, they have lessed the stock by heavie burdens of debt and ingagment."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1816, \"Joseph Wharton\" [obituary notice], Poulson's Advertiser, quoted in Genealogy of the Wharton Family of Philadelphia: 1664 to 1880, Anne Hollingsworth Wharton (1880)",
          "text": "The protracted term of life, and the lingering illness through which this gentleman had passed, had neither impaired the original vigour of his mind, nor lessed the uncommon warmth of his affections."
        },
        {
          "ref": "1852, Charles Heavysege, The revolt of Tartarus, a poem, page 116",
          "text": "Soon as I lessed the tree of this, it waned — Less cause, gave less effect",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1886, Horace Eaton Walker, The Lady of Dardale and Other Poems, page 74",
          "text": "The scattered beauties thro' the air, Have lessed the woe, the dread, the care;",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To make less; to lessen."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "lessen",
          "lessen"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) To make less; to lessen."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to make less",
      "word": "verringern"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "to make less",
      "word": "verkleinern"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "less (not comparable)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with archaic senses",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1886, Robert Louis Stevenson, Kidnapped",
          "text": "This he said, thinking that Alan would be pleased; but the Highlandman’s vanity was ready to startle at a less matter than that.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Lesser; smaller."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Lesser",
          "lesser"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) Lesser; smaller."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "not-comparable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adverbs",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English determiners",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English prepositions",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "English uncomparable adjectives",
    "English uncountable nouns",
    "English verbs",
    "Requests for review of Dutch translations",
    "Requests for review of French translations",
    "Requests for review of German translations",
    "Requests for review of Ido translations",
    "Requests for review of Japanese translations",
    "Requests for review of Korean translations",
    "Requests for review of Mandarin translations",
    "Requests for review of Romanian translations",
    "Requests for review of Vietnamese translations",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs",
        "t": "smaller, less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leys-",
        "t": "to shrink, grow thin, be gentle"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "osx",
        "2": "lēs",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon lēs (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*leh₂is-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "liesas",
        "t": "lean"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian liesas (“lean”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lees"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lees",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "lesse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "leasse"
      },
      "expansion": "leasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "lasse"
      },
      "expansion": "lasse",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣssa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣssa (“less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisizan-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisizan-",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laisiz",
        "t": "smaller, lesser, fewer, lower"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "lessa",
        "t": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian lessa (“less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lessen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lessen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Adverb From Middle English les, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣs (“smaller, less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisiz, from Proto-Indo-European *leys- (“to shrink, grow thin, be gentle”). Cognate with Old Frisian lēs (“less”), Old Saxon lēs (“less”). According to Kroonen (2013), from a northern Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *leh₂is- or *leh₃is-, which he connects to Lithuanian liesas (“lean”).\nDeterminer and preposition from Middle English lees, lesse, leasse, lasse, from Old English lǣssa (“less”), from Proto-Germanic *laisizan-, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”) (see above). Cognate with Old Frisian lessa (“less”).\nVerb from Middle English lessen, from the determiner.\nNoun from Middle English lesse, from the determiner.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "less (uncountable)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Less is better.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I have less to do today than yesterday.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A smaller amount or quantity."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "smaller",
          "smaller"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 1-syllable words",
    "English conjunctions",
    "English degree adverbs",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
    "English lemmas",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "English terms with audio links",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs",
    "Rhymes:English/ɛs/1 syllable"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "lesse"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lesse",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "les"
      },
      "expansion": "les",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣs",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "þȳ lǣs þe"
      },
      "expansion": "þȳ lǣs þe",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English lesse, les, from Old English lǣs, as in þȳ lǣs þe.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "en-con"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English nonstandard terms"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "unless"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "unless",
          "unless"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(dialectal, nonstandard) unless"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dialectal",
        "nonstandard"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/lɛs/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɛs"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg/En-uk-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-uk-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us-less.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-less.ogg/En-us-less.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/En-us-less.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "less"
  ],
  "word": "less"
}

{
  "called_from": "page/2517",
  "msg": "UNIMPLEMENTED parse_translation_template: trans-top-see {1: 'smaller number of', 2: 'fewer'}",
  "path": [
    "less",
    "trans-top-see"
  ],
  "section": "English",
  "subsection": "determiner",
  "title": "less",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.