See fell on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for fell meaning in All languages combined (63.1kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "little strokes fell great oaks"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fellen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fellen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fellan"
},
"expansion": "Old English fellan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fiellan",
"t": "to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble"
},
"expansion": "fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fallijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fallijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallijaną",
"t": "to fell, to cause to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallaną",
"t": "to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃elh₁-",
"4": "*h₂peh₃lH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vellen",
"t": "to fell, cut down"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "fällen",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "German fällen (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fælde",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Danish fælde (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "felle",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian felle (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”), causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-.\nCognate with Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”), German fällen (“to fell”), Danish fælde (“to fell”), Norwegian felle (“to fell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "felling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "felled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "felled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (third-person singular simple present fells, present participle felling, simple past and past participle felled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2011 October 2, Aled Williams, “Swansea 2 - 0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport Wales",
"text": "Sinclair opened Swansea's account from the spot on 8 minutes after a Ryan Shawcross tackle had felled Wayne Routledge.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, page 219",
"text": "As southeast Asia's forests were felled, the rhino's habitat shrank and became fragmented.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make something fall; especially to chop down a tree."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-verb-YIfaNS7z",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"chop",
"chop"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make something fall; especially to chop down a tree."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "povaljam",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "повалям"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎbarjam",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "събарям"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kácet"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "skácet"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fælde"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "vellen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "dehaki"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fella"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kaataa"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "hakata"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abattre"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "faire tomber"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fällen"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kivág"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kidönt"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "ledönt"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "leikata"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abbattere"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "whakahinga"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"Anglian"
],
"word": "fellan"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"West-Saxon"
],
"word": "fiellan"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "andâxtan",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "انداختن"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "beh zamin zadan",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "به زمین زدن"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abater"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "derrubar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "valítʹ",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "вали́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "povalítʹ",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "повали́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "poraziť"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "talar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "cortar"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fälla"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrubáty",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "зруба́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 11 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrúbuvaty",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "зру́бувати"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016 January 17, “What Weiner Reveals About Huma Abedin”, in Vanity Fair, retrieved 2016-01-21",
"text": "This Sunday marks the debut of Weiner, a documentary that follows former congressman Anthony Weiner in his attempt to overcome a sexting scandal and run for mayor of New York City—only to be felled, somewhat inexplicably, by another sexting scandal.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1922, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Chessmen of Mars, HTML edition, The Gutenberg Project, published 2010",
"text": "Gahan, horrified, saw the latter's head topple from its body, saw the body stagger and fall to the ground. ... The creature that had felled its companion was dashing madly in the direction of the hill upon which he was hidden, it dodged one of the workers that sought to seize it. … Then it was that Gahan's eyes chanced to return to the figure of the creature the fugitive had felled.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010 September 27, Christina Passariello, “Prodos Capital, Samsung Make Final Cut for Ferré”, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26",
"text": "… could make Ferré the first major fashion label felled by the economic crisis to come out the other end of restructuring.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strike down, kill, destroy."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-verb-BperV5dD",
"links": [
[
"kill",
"kill"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To strike down, kill, destroy."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 93 3",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "fælde"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 93 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "kaataa"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 93 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "leterít"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 93 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "leüt"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 93 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zabić"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Sewing",
"orig": "en:Sewing",
"parents": [
"Crafts",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 6 8 4 0 2 10 0 3 4 4 3 5 0 2 11 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 8 4 1 3 9 1 3 4 4 4 5 1 3 10 14 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Colette Wolff, The Art of Manipulating Fabric, page 296",
"text": "To fell seam allowances, catch the lining underneath before emerging 1/4\" (6mm) ahead, and 1/8\" (3mm) to 1/4\" (6mm) into the seam allowance.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-verb-SUt9IyxS",
"links": [
[
"sewing",
"sewing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sewing) To stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"sewing",
"textiles"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 7 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sewing: to stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat",
"word": "päärmätä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 7 91",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "sewing: to stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat",
"word": "beszeg"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "fell stitch"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fellen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fellen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fellan"
},
"expansion": "Old English fellan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fiellan",
"t": "to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble"
},
"expansion": "fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fallijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fallijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallijaną",
"t": "to fell, to cause to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallaną",
"t": "to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃elh₁-",
"4": "*h₂peh₃lH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vellen",
"t": "to fell, cut down"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "fällen",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "German fällen (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fælde",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Danish fælde (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "felle",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian felle (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”), causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-.\nCognate with Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”), German fällen (“to fell”), Danish fælde (“to fell”), Norwegian felle (“to fell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A cutting-down of timber."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-axWfUziC",
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cutting-down of timber",
"word": "hakkuu"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The stitching down of a fold of cloth; specifically, the portion of a kilt, from the waist to the seat, where the pleats are stitched down."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-LL2BXE5n",
"links": [
[
"stitching",
"stitching"
],
[
"kilt",
"kilt"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Textiles",
"orig": "en:Textiles",
"parents": [
"Materials",
"Manufacturing",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 6 6 8 4 0 2 10 0 3 4 4 3 5 0 2 11 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-MjYTHfx1",
"links": [
[
"textiles",
"textiles"
],
[
"web",
"web"
],
[
"thread",
"thread"
],
[
"weft",
"weft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(textiles) The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"textiles"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fellmaker"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (skin)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "fel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "vel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fell",
"t": "hide, skin, pelt"
},
"expansion": "fell (“hide, skin, pelt”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fellą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fellą",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel-",
"4": "*pél-no-",
"5": "skin, animal hide"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pél-no- (“skin, animal hide”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian fel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Fell"
},
"expansion": "German Fell",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pellis",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Latin pellis (“skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "plėnė",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian plėnė (“skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "плена́",
"3": "",
"4": "pelt"
},
"expansion": "Russian плена́ (plená, “pelt”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plah",
"3": "",
"4": "to cover"
},
"expansion": "Albanian plah (“to cover”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλᾱς",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλᾱς (péllās, “skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "film"
},
"expansion": "film",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felt"
},
"expansion": "felt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pell"
},
"expansion": "pell",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pelt"
},
"expansion": "pelt",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fell, fel, vel, from Old English fel, fell (“hide, skin, pelt”), from Proto-West Germanic *fell, from Proto-Germanic *fellą, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-no- (“skin, animal hide”).\nSee also West Frisian fel, Dutch vel, German Fell, Latin pellis (“skin”), Lithuanian plėnė (“skin”), Russian плена́ (plená, “pelt”), Albanian plah (“to cover”), Ancient Greek πέλλᾱς (péllās, “skin”). Related to film, felt, pell, and pelt.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An animal skin, hide, pelt."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-en:pelt",
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"hide",
"hide"
],
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:pelt"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kozina",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "козина"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "runo",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "руно"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"word": "talja"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"word": "vuota"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fell"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fäll"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I",
"text": "For he is fader of feith · fourmed ȝow alle / Bothe with fel and with face.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Human skin (now only as a metaphorical use of previous sense)."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-ixOMslcu"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Campsie Fells"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fellfield"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fell runner"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fell running"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Low Fell"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "felle",
"t": "hill, mountain"
},
"expansion": "felle (“hill, mountain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fell",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fjall",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, mountain"
},
"expansion": "fjall (“rock, mountain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "fjell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål fjell",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fjeld"
},
"expansion": "Danish fjeld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*felzą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *felzą",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fel(e)zaz"
},
"expansion": "*fel(e)zaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*falisaz"
},
"expansion": "*falisaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Felsen"
},
"expansion": "German Felsen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vels"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German vels",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "aill",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, cliff"
},
"expansion": "Irish aill (“boulder, cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλα",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, rocky ledge",
"tr": "parṣ̌a"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, rocky ledge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पाषाण",
"3": "",
"4": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fell, felle (“hill, mountain”), from Old Norse fell, fjall (“rock, mountain”), compare Norwegian Bokmål fjell 'mountain', Danish fjeld 'mountain', from Proto-Germanic *felzą, *fel(e)zaz, *falisaz (compare German Felsen 'boulder, cliff', Middle Low German vels 'hill, mountain'), from Proto-Indo-European *pels-; compare Irish aill (“boulder, cliff”), Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”), Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, rocky ledge”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone”). Doublet of fjeld.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1886, Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr, The Squire of Sandal-Side : A Pastoral Romance",
"text": "Every now and then the sea calls some farmer or shepherd, and the restless drop in his veins gives him no peace till he has found his way over the hills and fells to the port of Whitehaven, and gone back to the cradling bosom that rocked his ancestors.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1937, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit",
"text": "The dwarves of yore made mighty spells, / While hammers fell like ringing bells, / In places deep, where dark things sleep, / In hollow halls beneath the fells.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1970, James Herriot, If Only They Could Talk",
"text": "I got out and from where I stood, high at the head, I could see all of the strangely formed cleft in the hills, its steep sides grooved and furrowed by countless streams feeding the boisterous Halden Beck which tumbled over its rocky bed far below. Down there, were trees and some cultivated fields, but immediately behind me the wild country came crowding in on the bowl where the farmhouse lay. Halsten Pike, Alstang, Birnside—the huge fells with their barbarous names were very near.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Catherine Cookson, The Dwelling Place",
"text": "She didn't know at first why she stepped off the road and climbed the bank on to the fells; it wasn't until she found herself skirting a disused quarry that she realised where she was making for, and when she reached the place she stood and gazed at it. It was a hollow within an outcrop of rock, not large enough to call a cave but deep enough to shelter eight people from the rain, and with room to spare.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rocky ridge or chain of mountains."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-en:ridge",
"links": [
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic outside Northern England",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A rocky ridge or chain of mountains."
],
"senseid": [
"en:ridge"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skalist sklon",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скалист склон"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "tunturi"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "kukkula"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "mäki"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fell"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjall"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjell"
},
{
"_dis1": "96 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjäll"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1612, Michael Drayton, Poly-Olbion, song 11 p. 174",
"text": "As over Holt and Heath, as thorough Frith and Fell;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1948 March and April, O. S. Nock, “Scottish Night Mails of the L.M.S.R.—2”, in Railway Magazine, page 77",
"text": "The night continued beautifully clear and fine, and as we came into the fell country the outlines of the hills showed up dark against the starlit sky.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57",
"text": "And there are few better ways to enjoy the rugged bleakness of the fells than from a nice warm train, especially when the weather's constantly changing as the day slips away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 June 29, Metro, London, page 15, column 3",
"text": "An artist dubbed the Borrowdale Banksy has created this slate work on a Lake District fell after past efforts were vandalised.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A wild field or upland moor."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-JygW0gcL",
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic outside Northern England",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A wild field or upland moor."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 99",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wild field or upland moor",
"word": "hed"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fell",
"t": "strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry"
},
"expansion": "fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English *fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*felo"
},
"expansion": "*felo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*fæle",
"t": "cruel, savage, fierce"
},
"expansion": "*fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wælfel",
"3": "wælfel",
"gloss": "bloodthirsty"
},
"expansion": "wælfel (“bloodthirsty”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ealfelu",
"3": "ealfelo",
"gloss": "evil, baleful"
},
"expansion": "ealfelo (“evil, baleful”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ælfæle",
"3": "ælfæle",
"gloss": "very dire"
},
"expansion": "ælfæle (“very dire”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fali"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fali",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falu"
},
"expansion": "*falu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*faluz",
"t": "wicked, cruel, terrifying"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pol-",
"t": "to pour, flow, swim, fly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fal",
"t": "cruel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fal (“cruel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "fel",
"t": "wrathful, cruel, bad, base"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fell",
"t": "rash, swift"
},
"expansion": "German Low German fell (“rash, swift”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fæl",
"t": "disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim"
},
"expansion": "Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vālant",
"t": "imp"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German vālant (“imp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felon"
},
"expansion": "felon",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”), from Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”). See felon.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "feller",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "fellest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "fell (comparative feller, superlative fellest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 27 29 25 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "one fell swoop",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1862, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
"text": "[…] but if it be solitary with the position of an incisor, will it even then bear out Professor Owen's hypothesis, that Thylacoleo, which he infers to have been one of “the fellest and most destructive of predatory beasts, […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1892, James Yoxall, chapter 5, in The Lonely Pyramid",
"text": "The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom. Whirling wreaths and columns of burning wind, rushed around and over them.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a strong and cruel nature; eager and unsparing; grim; fierce; ruthless; savage."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-adj-XHfuKZWv",
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"eager",
"eager"
],
[
"unsparing",
"unsparing"
],
[
"grim",
"grim"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
],
[
"ruthless",
"ruthless"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 8 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a strong and cruel nature",
"word": "hirveä"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 8 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a strong and cruel nature",
"word": "grym"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 27 29 25 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent"
],
"id": "en-fell-en-adj-Hm8CZYeA",
"links": [
[
"fiery",
"fiery"
],
[
"biting",
"biting"
],
[
"keen",
"keen"
],
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"pungent",
"pungent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal, Scotland) Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 87 1 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent",
"word": "ärhäkkä"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 27 29 25 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Very large; huge."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-adj-SD3A6NnL",
"links": [
[
"large",
"large"
],
[
"huge",
"huge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal, Scotland) Very large; huge."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 99 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "very large; huge",
"word": "suunnaton"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 27 29 25 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eager; earnest; intent."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-adj-f9lFJIKo",
"links": [
[
"Eager",
"eager"
],
[
"earnest",
"earnest"
],
[
"intent",
"intent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Eager; earnest; intent."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 6 0 84",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "eager; earnest; intent",
"word": "sitoutunut"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fell",
"t": "strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry"
},
"expansion": "fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English *fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*felo"
},
"expansion": "*felo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*fæle",
"t": "cruel, savage, fierce"
},
"expansion": "*fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wælfel",
"3": "wælfel",
"gloss": "bloodthirsty"
},
"expansion": "wælfel (“bloodthirsty”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ealfelu",
"3": "ealfelo",
"gloss": "evil, baleful"
},
"expansion": "ealfelo (“evil, baleful”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ælfæle",
"3": "ælfæle",
"gloss": "very dire"
},
"expansion": "ælfæle (“very dire”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fali"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fali",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falu"
},
"expansion": "*falu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*faluz",
"t": "wicked, cruel, terrifying"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pol-",
"t": "to pour, flow, swim, fly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fal",
"t": "cruel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fal (“cruel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "fel",
"t": "wrathful, cruel, bad, base"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fell",
"t": "rash, swift"
},
"expansion": "German Low German fell (“rash, swift”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fæl",
"t": "disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim"
},
"expansion": "Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vālant",
"t": "imp"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German vālant (“imp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felon"
},
"expansion": "felon",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”), from Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”). See felon.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more fell",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most fell",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (comparative more fell, superlative most fell)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "fellness"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Sharply; fiercely."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-adv-MYJ7oJAR",
"links": [
[
"Sharply",
"sharply"
],
[
"fiercely",
"fiercely"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fel",
"4": "",
"5": "gall, poison, bitterness"
},
"expansion": "Latin fel (“gall, poison, bitterness”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps from Latin fel (“gall, poison, bitterness”), or more probably from the adjective above.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "fell (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Anger; gall; melancholy."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-JMavvKfI",
"links": [
[
"Anger",
"anger#Noun"
],
[
"gall",
"gall#Noun"
],
[
"melancholy",
"melancholy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, rare) Anger; gall; melancholy."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 6,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Mining",
"orig": "en:Mining",
"parents": [
"Industries",
"Business",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The finer portions of ore, which go through the meshes when the ore is sorted by sifting."
],
"id": "en-fell-en-noun-dzP2Hgzh",
"links": [
[
"mining",
"mining#Noun"
],
[
"ore",
"ore"
],
[
"mesh",
"mesh"
],
[
"sift",
"sift"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mining) The finer portions of ore, which go through the meshes when the ore is sorted by sifting."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"mining"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 7,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 6 6 8 4 0 2 10 0 3 4 4 3 5 0 2 11 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 6 7 4 0 2 8 0 3 4 4 5 5 1 2 8 21 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 8 6 4 0 2 7 0 3 5 5 5 7 1 2 7 17 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 3 5 6 5 2 0 1 6 0 2 4 4 2 4 0 1 6 13 10 1 8 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 8 4 1 3 9 1 3 4 4 4 5 1 3 10 14 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fall"
}
],
"glosses": [
"simple past of fall"
],
"id": "en-fell-en-verb-tA7Dbv11",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 6 6 8 4 0 2 10 0 3 4 4 3 5 0 2 11 13 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 5 8 4 1 3 9 1 3 4 4 4 5 1 3 10 14 14",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Geography",
"orig": "en:Geography",
"parents": [
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 6 4 10 2 0 9 7 0 10 2 2 6 2 0 8 9 9 9",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Kilts",
"orig": "en:Kilts",
"parents": [
"Clothing",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1650, Micheel Sandivogius, translated by J. F., A New Light of Alchymie: Taken Out of the Fountaine of Nature, and Manuall Experience […], London: Richard Cotes, page 121",
"text": "For I have heard that my Enemies have fell into that ſnare which they laid for mee. They which would have taken away my life have loſt their own;[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1796, Thomas Bennett, The Life and Remarkable Conversion of T. Bennett, Etc. [Written by Himself.], London, page 31",
"text": "I ſhould have fell overboard, or been killed by the enemy ; for having ſo many things to carry along with me, which I knew not how to uſe[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013 October 3, John McGahern, Collected Stories, Faber & Faber, page 147",
"text": "And when it got to ten past I said you must have fell in with company, but I was beginning to get worried.' 'You know I never fall in with company,' he protested irritably. 'I always leave the Royal at ten to, never a minute more nor less.'",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fall"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of fall"
],
"id": "en-fell-en-verb-1Jqz3T9u",
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(now colloquial) past participle of fall"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*spesla"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *spesla",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*spelsa"
},
"expansion": "*spelsa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-",
"4": "",
"5": "rock, boulder"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels- (“rock, boulder”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*spel-",
"3": "",
"4": "to cleave, break"
},
"expansion": "*spel- (“to cleave, break”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Palatium"
},
"expansion": "Latin Palatium",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, rocky ledge",
"tr": "parša"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parša, “rock, rocky ledge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλα",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Felsen",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, cliff"
},
"expansion": "German Felsen (“boulder, cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Albanian *spesla, metathesized form of *spelsa, from Proto-Indo-European *pels- (“rock, boulder”), variant of *spel- (“to cleave, break”). Compare Latin hydronym Pelso, Latin Palatium, Pashto پرښه (parša, “rock, rocky ledge”), Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”), German Felsen (“boulder, cliff”). Mostly dialectal, used in Gheg Albanian.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "adverb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "sq-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fellë"
}
],
"glosses": [
"deep, shallow"
],
"id": "en-fell-sq-adv-Uw~h0J-X",
"links": [
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"shallow",
"shallow"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "fyell"
}
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "fjall",
"t": "mountain"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "is-decl-noun-n-s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellið",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellið",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellinu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellunum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fells",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellsins",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fella",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellanna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "fell",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "fells",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell n (genitive singular fells, nominative plural fell)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "fells",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "fell n (genitive singular fells, nominative plural fell)",
"name": "is-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "e",
"3": "ll"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-n-s"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n-s",
"accp": "fell",
"accpd": "fellin",
"accs": "fell",
"accsd": "fellið",
"datp": "fellum",
"datpd": "fellunum",
"dats": "felli",
"datsd": "fellinu",
"def": "{{{def}}}",
"genp": "fella",
"genpd": "fellanna",
"gens": "fells",
"gensd": "fellsins",
"indef": "{{{indef}}}",
"nomp": "fell",
"nompd": "fellin",
"noms": "fell",
"nomsd": "fellið",
"pl": "{{{pl}}}",
"sg": "{{{sg}}}"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-base"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n-s",
"accp": "fell",
"accpd": "fellin",
"accs": "fell",
"accsd": "fellið",
"datp": "fellum",
"datpd": "fellunum",
"dats": "felli",
"datsd": "fellinu",
"genp": "fella",
"genpd": "fellanna",
"gens": "fells",
"gensd": "fellsins",
"nomp": "fell",
"nompd": "fellin",
"noms": "fell",
"nomsd": "fellið"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-base/sgpl"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"isolated hill, isolated mountain"
],
"id": "en-fell-is-noun-PJsztOOq",
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛtl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛtl"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "fjall",
"t": "mountain"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "falla"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present indicative active of falla"
],
"id": "en-fell-is-verb-R9Ha8-pH",
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛtl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛtl"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{3}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "good",
"word": "fele"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of fele (“good”)"
],
"id": "en-fell-enm-adj-eEXbnN2d",
"links": [
[
"fele",
"fele#Middle_English:_good"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "fille"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of fille"
],
"id": "en-fell-enm-noun-GbklqVyK",
"links": [
[
"fille",
"fille#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "felle"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative of felle"
],
"id": "en-fell-nb-verb-STPd~2g4",
"links": [
[
"felle",
"felle#Norwegian Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "falle"
}
],
"glosses": [
"present of falle"
],
"id": "en-fell-nn-verb-BGU52E~~",
"links": [
[
"falle",
"falle#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"present"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fella"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative of fella"
],
"id": "en-fell-nn-verb-yzBHj2oj",
"links": [
[
"fella",
"fella#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Old High German vel",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *fell, whence also Old High German vel.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "fell n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "fell n",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fell"
],
"id": "en-fell-ang-noun-asrDTaHJ",
"links": [
[
"fell",
"fell#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"skin"
],
"id": "en-fell-ang-noun-KgBw0BS8",
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fell/"
},
{
"ipa": "[feɫ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fel"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of falla:",
"first-person singular present/past active indicative"
],
"id": "en-fell-non-verb-YNizv-Ls",
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Old Norse"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of falla:",
"third-person singular past active indicative"
],
"id": "en-fell-non-verb-iZb6jxGP",
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Old Norse"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fell"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "felle",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: felle, fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: felle, fell"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Scots: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: fell"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "English: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: fell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: fel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: vel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: vel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: vel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: vel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-jdt",
"2": "vääl"
},
"expansion": "Jersey Dutch: vääl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jersey Dutch: vääl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "vel",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: vel, fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: vel, fel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: pel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: pel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vël"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: vël",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: vël"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Fell"
},
"expansion": "German: Fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Fell"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fellą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fellą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *fellą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*fell n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fell",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fillijan"
},
{
"word": "fillīn"
}
],
"glosses": [
"skin, hide"
],
"id": "en-fell-gmw-pro-noun-IjQkin8A",
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"hide",
"hide"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fellë"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "sqj-pro",
"3": "*spesla"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian *spesla",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*spelsa"
},
"expansion": "*spelsa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-",
"4": "",
"5": "rock, boulder"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels- (“rock, boulder”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*spel-",
"3": "",
"4": "to cleave, break"
},
"expansion": "*spel- (“to cleave, break”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Palatium"
},
"expansion": "Latin Palatium",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, rocky ledge",
"tr": "parša"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parša, “rock, rocky ledge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλα",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Felsen",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, cliff"
},
"expansion": "German Felsen (“boulder, cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Albanian *spesla, metathesized form of *spelsa, from Proto-Indo-European *pels- (“rock, boulder”), variant of *spel- (“to cleave, break”). Compare Latin hydronym Pelso, Latin Palatium, Pashto پرښه (parša, “rock, rocky ledge”), Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”), German Felsen (“boulder, cliff”). Mostly dialectal, used in Gheg Albanian.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "adverb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "sq-adv"
}
],
"lang": "Albanian",
"lang_code": "sq",
"pos": "adv",
"related": [
{
"word": "fyell"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Albanian adverbs",
"Albanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Albanian lemmas",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Albanian",
"Albanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"glosses": [
"deep, shallow"
],
"links": [
[
"deep",
"deep"
],
[
"shallow",
"shallow"
]
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"English verbs",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "little strokes fell great oaks"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fellen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fellen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fellan"
},
"expansion": "Old English fellan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fiellan",
"t": "to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble"
},
"expansion": "fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fallijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fallijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallijaną",
"t": "to fell, to cause to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallaną",
"t": "to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃elh₁-",
"4": "*h₂peh₃lH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vellen",
"t": "to fell, cut down"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "fällen",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "German fällen (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fælde",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Danish fælde (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "felle",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian felle (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”), causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-.\nCognate with Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”), German fällen (“to fell”), Danish fælde (“to fell”), Norwegian felle (“to fell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "felling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "felled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "felled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (third-person singular simple present fells, present participle felling, simple past and past participle felled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2011 October 2, Aled Williams, “Swansea 2 - 0 Stoke”, in BBC Sport Wales",
"text": "Sinclair opened Swansea's account from the spot on 8 minutes after a Ryan Shawcross tackle had felled Wayne Routledge.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, Elizabeth Kolbert, The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History, Picador, page 219",
"text": "As southeast Asia's forests were felled, the rhino's habitat shrank and became fragmented.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make something fall; especially to chop down a tree."
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall"
],
[
"chop",
"chop"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make something fall; especially to chop down a tree."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2016 January 17, “What Weiner Reveals About Huma Abedin”, in Vanity Fair, retrieved 2016-01-21",
"text": "This Sunday marks the debut of Weiner, a documentary that follows former congressman Anthony Weiner in his attempt to overcome a sexting scandal and run for mayor of New York City—only to be felled, somewhat inexplicably, by another sexting scandal.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1922, Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Chessmen of Mars, HTML edition, The Gutenberg Project, published 2010",
"text": "Gahan, horrified, saw the latter's head topple from its body, saw the body stagger and fall to the ground. ... The creature that had felled its companion was dashing madly in the direction of the hill upon which he was hidden, it dodged one of the workers that sought to seize it. … Then it was that Gahan's eyes chanced to return to the figure of the creature the fugitive had felled.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010 September 27, Christina Passariello, “Prodos Capital, Samsung Make Final Cut for Ferré”, in Wall Street Journal, retrieved 2012-08-26",
"text": "… could make Ferré the first major fashion label felled by the economic crisis to come out the other end of restructuring.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To strike down, kill, destroy."
],
"links": [
[
"kill",
"kill"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To strike down, kill, destroy."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Sewing"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Colette Wolff, The Art of Manipulating Fabric, page 296",
"text": "To fell seam allowances, catch the lining underneath before emerging 1/4\" (6mm) ahead, and 1/8\" (3mm) to 1/4\" (6mm) into the seam allowance.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat."
],
"links": [
[
"sewing",
"sewing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sewing) To stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"sewing",
"textiles"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "povaljam",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "повалям"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "sǎbarjam",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "събарям"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kácet"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "skácet"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fælde"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "vellen"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "dehaki"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kaataa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "hakata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abattre"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "faire tomber"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fällen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kivág"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "kidönt"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "ledönt"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "leikata"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abbattere"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "whakahinga"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"Anglian"
],
"word": "fellan"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"West-Saxon"
],
"word": "fiellan"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "andâxtan",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "انداختن"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "beh zamin zadan",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "به زمین زدن"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "abater"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "derrubar"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "valítʹ",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "вали́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "povalítʹ",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "повали́ть"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "poraziť"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "talar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "cortar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"word": "fälla"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrubáty",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "зруба́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "zrúbuvaty",
"sense": "to make something fall",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "зру́бувати"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "fælde"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "kaataa"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "leterít"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"word": "leüt"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to strike down, kill, destroy",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "zabić"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sewing: to stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat",
"word": "päärmätä"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "sewing: to stitch down a protruding flap of fabric, as a seam allowance, or pleat",
"word": "beszeg"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"English verbs",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fell stitch"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fellen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fellen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fellan"
},
"expansion": "Old English fellan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fiellan",
"t": "to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble"
},
"expansion": "fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fallijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fallijan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallijaną",
"t": "to fell, to cause to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fallaną",
"t": "to fall"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃elh₁-",
"4": "*h₂peh₃lH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vellen",
"t": "to fell, cut down"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "fällen",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "German fällen (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fælde",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Danish fælde (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "felle",
"t": "to fell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian felle (“to fell”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fellen, from Old English fellan, fiellan (“to cause to fall, strike down, fell, cut down, throw down, defeat, destroy, kill, tumble, cause to stumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną (“to fell, to cause to fall”), causative of Proto-Germanic *fallaną (“to fall”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂peh₃lH-.\nCognate with Dutch vellen (“to fell, cut down”), German fällen (“to fell”), Danish fælde (“to fell”), Norwegian felle (“to fell”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A cutting-down of timber."
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The stitching down of a fold of cloth; specifically, the portion of a kilt, from the waist to the seat, where the pleats are stitched down."
],
"links": [
[
"stitching",
"stitching"
],
[
"kilt",
"kilt"
],
[
"pleat",
"pleat"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Textiles"
],
"glosses": [
"The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft."
],
"links": [
[
"textiles",
"textiles"
],
[
"web",
"web"
],
[
"thread",
"thread"
],
[
"weft",
"weft"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(textiles) The end of a web, formed by the last thread of the weft."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"manufacturing",
"textiles"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cutting-down of timber",
"word": "hakkuu"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (skin)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fellmaker"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (skin)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "fel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "vel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fell",
"t": "hide, skin, pelt"
},
"expansion": "fell (“hide, skin, pelt”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fellą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fellą",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel-",
"4": "*pél-no-",
"5": "skin, animal hide"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pél-no- (“skin, animal hide”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian fel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vel",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Fell"
},
"expansion": "German Fell",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pellis",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Latin pellis (“skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "plėnė",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian plėnė (“skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "плена́",
"3": "",
"4": "pelt"
},
"expansion": "Russian плена́ (plená, “pelt”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "plah",
"3": "",
"4": "to cover"
},
"expansion": "Albanian plah (“to cover”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλᾱς",
"3": "",
"4": "skin"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλᾱς (péllās, “skin”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "film"
},
"expansion": "film",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felt"
},
"expansion": "felt",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pell"
},
"expansion": "pell",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pelt"
},
"expansion": "pelt",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fell, fel, vel, from Old English fel, fell (“hide, skin, pelt”), from Proto-West Germanic *fell, from Proto-Germanic *fellą, from Proto-Indo-European *pél-no- (“skin, animal hide”).\nSee also West Frisian fel, Dutch vel, German Fell, Latin pellis (“skin”), Lithuanian plėnė (“skin”), Russian плена́ (plená, “pelt”), Albanian plah (“to cover”), Ancient Greek πέλλᾱς (péllās, “skin”). Related to film, felt, pell, and pelt.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An animal skin, hide, pelt."
],
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"hide",
"hide"
],
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:pelt"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I",
"text": "For he is fader of feith · fourmed ȝow alle / Bothe with fel and with face.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Human skin (now only as a metaphorical use of previous sense)."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kozina",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "козина"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "runo",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "руно"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"word": "talja"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"word": "vuota"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fell"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "animal hide",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "fäll"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Campsie Fells"
},
{
"word": "fellfield"
},
{
"word": "fell runner"
},
{
"word": "fell running"
},
{
"word": "Low Fell"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "felle",
"t": "hill, mountain"
},
"expansion": "felle (“hill, mountain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fell",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "fjall",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, mountain"
},
"expansion": "fjall (“rock, mountain”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "fjell"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål fjell",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fjeld"
},
"expansion": "Danish fjeld",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*felzą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *felzą",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fel(e)zaz"
},
"expansion": "*fel(e)zaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*falisaz"
},
"expansion": "*falisaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Felsen"
},
"expansion": "German Felsen",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vels"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German vels",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pels-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pels-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "aill",
"3": "",
"4": "boulder, cliff"
},
"expansion": "Irish aill (“boulder, cliff”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέλλα",
"t": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "پرښه",
"3": "",
"4": "rock, rocky ledge",
"tr": "parṣ̌a"
},
"expansion": "Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, rocky ledge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पाषाण",
"3": "",
"4": "stone"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fell, felle (“hill, mountain”), from Old Norse fell, fjall (“rock, mountain”), compare Norwegian Bokmål fjell 'mountain', Danish fjeld 'mountain', from Proto-Germanic *felzą, *fel(e)zaz, *falisaz (compare German Felsen 'boulder, cliff', Middle Low German vels 'hill, mountain'), from Proto-Indo-European *pels-; compare Irish aill (“boulder, cliff”), Ancient Greek πέλλα (pélla, “stone”), Pashto پرښه (parṣ̌a, “rock, rocky ledge”), Sanskrit पाषाण (pāṣāṇa, “stone”). Doublet of fjeld.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (plural fells)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Northern England English",
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1886, Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr, The Squire of Sandal-Side : A Pastoral Romance",
"text": "Every now and then the sea calls some farmer or shepherd, and the restless drop in his veins gives him no peace till he has found his way over the hills and fells to the port of Whitehaven, and gone back to the cradling bosom that rocked his ancestors.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1937, J.R.R. Tolkien, The Hobbit",
"text": "The dwarves of yore made mighty spells, / While hammers fell like ringing bells, / In places deep, where dark things sleep, / In hollow halls beneath the fells.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1970, James Herriot, If Only They Could Talk",
"text": "I got out and from where I stood, high at the head, I could see all of the strangely formed cleft in the hills, its steep sides grooved and furrowed by countless streams feeding the boisterous Halden Beck which tumbled over its rocky bed far below. Down there, were trees and some cultivated fields, but immediately behind me the wild country came crowding in on the bowl where the farmhouse lay. Halsten Pike, Alstang, Birnside—the huge fells with their barbarous names were very near.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Catherine Cookson, The Dwelling Place",
"text": "She didn't know at first why she stepped off the road and climbed the bank on to the fells; it wasn't until she found herself skirting a disused quarry that she realised where she was making for, and when she reached the place she stood and gazed at it. It was a hollow within an outcrop of rock, not large enough to call a cave but deep enough to shelter eight people from the rain, and with room to spare.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rocky ridge or chain of mountains."
],
"links": [
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic outside Northern England",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A rocky ridge or chain of mountains."
],
"senseid": [
"en:ridge"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Northern England English",
"Scottish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1612, Michael Drayton, Poly-Olbion, song 11 p. 174",
"text": "As over Holt and Heath, as thorough Frith and Fell;",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1948 March and April, O. S. Nock, “Scottish Night Mails of the L.M.S.R.—2”, in Railway Magazine, page 77",
"text": "The night continued beautifully clear and fine, and as we came into the fell country the outlines of the hills showed up dark against the starlit sky.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2022 November 2, Paul Bigland, “New trains, old trains, and splendid scenery”, in RAIL, number 969, page 57",
"text": "And there are few better ways to enjoy the rugged bleakness of the fells than from a nice warm train, especially when the weather's constantly changing as the day slips away.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 June 29, Metro, London, page 15, column 3",
"text": "An artist dubbed the Borrowdale Banksy has created this slate work on a Lake District fell after past efforts were vandalised.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A wild field or upland moor."
],
"links": [
[
"field",
"field"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic outside Northern England",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic outside Northern England, Scotland) A wild field or upland moor."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skalist sklon",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "скалист склон"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "tunturi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "kukkula"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"word": "mäki"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fell"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjall"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjell"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rocky ridge",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "fjäll"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "wild field or upland moor",
"word": "hed"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English causative verbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fell",
"t": "strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry"
},
"expansion": "fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English *fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*felo"
},
"expansion": "*felo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*fæle",
"t": "cruel, savage, fierce"
},
"expansion": "*fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wælfel",
"3": "wælfel",
"gloss": "bloodthirsty"
},
"expansion": "wælfel (“bloodthirsty”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ealfelu",
"3": "ealfelo",
"gloss": "evil, baleful"
},
"expansion": "ealfelo (“evil, baleful”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ælfæle",
"3": "ælfæle",
"gloss": "very dire"
},
"expansion": "ælfæle (“very dire”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fali"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fali",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falu"
},
"expansion": "*falu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*faluz",
"t": "wicked, cruel, terrifying"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pol-",
"t": "to pour, flow, swim, fly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fal",
"t": "cruel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fal (“cruel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "fel",
"t": "wrathful, cruel, bad, base"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fell",
"t": "rash, swift"
},
"expansion": "German Low German fell (“rash, swift”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fæl",
"t": "disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim"
},
"expansion": "Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vālant",
"t": "imp"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German vālant (“imp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felon"
},
"expansion": "felon",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”), from Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”). See felon.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "feller",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "fellest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "fell (comparative feller, superlative fellest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "one fell swoop",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1862, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London",
"text": "[…] but if it be solitary with the position of an incisor, will it even then bear out Professor Owen's hypothesis, that Thylacoleo, which he infers to have been one of “the fellest and most destructive of predatory beasts, […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1892, James Yoxall, chapter 5, in The Lonely Pyramid",
"text": "The desert storm was riding in its strength; the travellers lay beneath the mastery of the fell simoom. Whirling wreaths and columns of burning wind, rushed around and over them.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a strong and cruel nature; eager and unsparing; grim; fierce; ruthless; savage."
],
"links": [
[
"strong",
"strong"
],
[
"cruel",
"cruel"
],
[
"eager",
"eager"
],
[
"unsparing",
"unsparing"
],
[
"grim",
"grim"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
],
[
"ruthless",
"ruthless"
],
[
"savage",
"savage"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent"
],
"links": [
[
"fiery",
"fiery"
],
[
"biting",
"biting"
],
[
"keen",
"keen"
],
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"pungent",
"pungent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal, Scotland) Strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent"
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"UK",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dialectal terms",
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Very large; huge."
],
"links": [
[
"large",
"large"
],
[
"huge",
"huge"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK dialectal, Scotland) Very large; huge."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"UK",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Eager; earnest; intent."
],
"links": [
[
"Eager",
"eager"
],
[
"earnest",
"earnest"
],
[
"intent",
"intent"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Eager; earnest; intent."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "of a strong and cruel nature",
"word": "hirveä"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "of a strong and cruel nature",
"word": "grym"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "strong and fiery; biting; keen; sharp; pungent",
"word": "ärhäkkä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "very large; huge",
"word": "suunnaton"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "eager; earnest; intent",
"word": "sitoutunut"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English causative verbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old English links with redundant target parameters",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fellness"
}
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fell",
"t": "strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry"
},
"expansion": "fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*fel"
},
"expansion": "Old English *fel",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*felo"
},
"expansion": "*felo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*fæle",
"t": "cruel, savage, fierce"
},
"expansion": "*fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "wælfel",
"3": "wælfel",
"gloss": "bloodthirsty"
},
"expansion": "wælfel (“bloodthirsty”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ealfelu",
"3": "ealfelo",
"gloss": "evil, baleful"
},
"expansion": "ealfelo (“evil, baleful”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ælfæle",
"3": "ælfæle",
"gloss": "very dire"
},
"expansion": "ælfæle (“very dire”)",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fali"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fali",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*falu"
},
"expansion": "*falu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*faluz",
"t": "wicked, cruel, terrifying"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pol-",
"t": "to pour, flow, swim, fly"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fal",
"t": "cruel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian fal (“cruel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "fel",
"t": "wrathful, cruel, bad, base"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "fell",
"t": "rash, swift"
},
"expansion": "German Low German fell (“rash, swift”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fæl",
"t": "disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim"
},
"expansion": "Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vālant",
"t": "imp"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German vālant (“imp”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "felon"
},
"expansion": "felon",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English fel, fell (“strong, fierce, terrible, cruel, angry”), from Old English *fel, *felo, *fæle (“cruel, savage, fierce”) (only in compounds, wælfel (“bloodthirsty”), ealfelo (“evil, baleful”), ælfæle (“very dire”), etc.), from Proto-West Germanic *fali, *falu, from Proto-Germanic *faluz (“wicked, cruel, terrifying”), from Proto-Indo-European *pol- (“to pour, flow, swim, fly”). Cognate with Old Frisian fal (“cruel”), Middle Dutch fel (“wrathful, cruel, bad, base”), German Low German fell (“rash, swift”), Danish fæl (“disgusting, hideous, ghastly, grim”). Compare also Middle High German vālant (“imp”). See felon.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more fell",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most fell",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell (comparative more fell, superlative most fell)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Sharply; fiercely."
],
"links": [
[
"Sharply",
"sharply"
],
[
"fiercely",
"fiercely"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "fel",
"4": "",
"5": "gall, poison, bitterness"
},
"expansion": "Latin fel (“gall, poison, bitterness”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Perhaps from Latin fel (“gall, poison, bitterness”), or more probably from the adjective above.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "fell (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Anger; gall; melancholy."
],
"links": [
[
"Anger",
"anger#Noun"
],
[
"gall",
"gall#Noun"
],
[
"melancholy",
"melancholy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, rare) Anger; gall; melancholy."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"rare",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English lemmas",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with unknown or uncertain plurals",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"en:Mining"
],
"glosses": [
"The finer portions of ore, which go through the meshes when the ore is sorted by sifting."
],
"links": [
[
"mining",
"mining#Noun"
],
[
"ore",
"ore"
],
[
"mesh",
"mesh"
],
[
"sift",
"sift"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(mining) The finer portions of ore, which go through the meshes when the ore is sorted by sifting."
],
"topics": [
"business",
"mining"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English causative verbs",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English irregular simple past forms",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl",
"Rhymes:English/ɛl/1 syllable",
"en:Geography",
"en:Kilts"
],
"etymology_number": 7,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fall"
}
],
"glosses": [
"simple past of fall"
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"past"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English colloquialisms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1650, Micheel Sandivogius, translated by J. F., A New Light of Alchymie: Taken Out of the Fountaine of Nature, and Manuall Experience […], London: Richard Cotes, page 121",
"text": "For I have heard that my Enemies have fell into that ſnare which they laid for mee. They which would have taken away my life have loſt their own;[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1796, Thomas Bennett, The Life and Remarkable Conversion of T. Bennett, Etc. [Written by Himself.], London, page 31",
"text": "I ſhould have fell overboard, or been killed by the enemy ; for having ſo many things to carry along with me, which I knew not how to uſe[…]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2013 October 3, John McGahern, Collected Stories, Faber & Faber, page 147",
"text": "And when it got to ten past I said you must have fell in with company, but I was beginning to get worried.' 'You know I never fall in with company,' he protested irritably. 'I always leave the Royal at ten to, never a minute more nor less.'",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fall"
}
],
"glosses": [
"past participle of fall"
],
"links": [
[
"fall",
"fall#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(now colloquial) past participle of fall"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"form-of",
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-fell.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg/En-us-fell.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/En-us-fell.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic 1-syllable words",
"Icelandic countable nouns",
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic lemmas",
"Icelandic neuter nouns",
"Icelandic non-lemma forms",
"Icelandic nouns",
"Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse",
"Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Icelandic verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛtl",
"Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛtl/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "fjall",
"t": "mountain"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fells",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "is-decl-noun-n-s",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellið",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellið",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellin",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellinu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellunum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fells",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellsins",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fella",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellanna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"10": "",
"11": "nominative plural",
"12": "fell",
"13": "",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "genitive singular",
"4": "fells",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell n (genitive singular fells, nominative plural fell)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "fells",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "fell n (genitive singular fells, nominative plural fell)",
"name": "is-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "e",
"3": "ll"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-n-s"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n-s",
"accp": "fell",
"accpd": "fellin",
"accs": "fell",
"accsd": "fellið",
"datp": "fellum",
"datpd": "fellunum",
"dats": "felli",
"datsd": "fellinu",
"def": "{{{def}}}",
"genp": "fella",
"genpd": "fellanna",
"gens": "fells",
"gensd": "fellsins",
"indef": "{{{indef}}}",
"nomp": "fell",
"nompd": "fellin",
"noms": "fell",
"nomsd": "fellið",
"pl": "{{{pl}}}",
"sg": "{{{sg}}}"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-base"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n-s",
"accp": "fell",
"accpd": "fellin",
"accs": "fell",
"accsd": "fellið",
"datp": "fellum",
"datpd": "fellunum",
"dats": "felli",
"datsd": "fellinu",
"genp": "fella",
"genpd": "fellanna",
"gens": "fells",
"gensd": "fellsins",
"nomp": "fell",
"nompd": "fellin",
"noms": "fell",
"nomsd": "fellið"
},
"name": "is-decl-noun-base/sgpl"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"isolated hill, isolated mountain"
],
"links": [
[
"isolated",
"isolated"
],
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛtl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛtl"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic 1-syllable words",
"Icelandic countable nouns",
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic lemmas",
"Icelandic neuter nouns",
"Icelandic non-lemma forms",
"Icelandic nouns",
"Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse",
"Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Icelandic verb forms",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms",
"Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛtl",
"Rhymes:Icelandic/ɛtl/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "fjall",
"t": "mountain"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse fjall (“mountain”)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "falla"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first-person singular present indicative active of falla"
],
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fɛtl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛtl"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjectives",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "{{{1}}}",
"5": "",
"6": "{{{2}}}",
"7": "",
"8": "{{{3}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "enm-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "good",
"word": "fele"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of fele (“good”)"
],
"links": [
[
"fele",
"fele#Middle_English:_good"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "fille"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of fille"
],
"links": [
[
"fille",
"fille#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms",
"Norwegian Bokmål verb forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "felle"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative of felle"
],
"links": [
[
"felle",
"felle#Norwegian Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "falle"
}
],
"glosses": [
"present of falle"
],
"links": [
[
"falle",
"falle#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"present"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "fella"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative of fella"
],
"links": [
[
"fella",
"fella#Norwegian Nynorsk"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English neuter nouns",
"Old English nouns",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fell"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fell",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Old High German vel",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *fell, whence also Old High German vel.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "n",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "fell n",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "fell n",
"name": "ang-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"fell"
],
"links": [
[
"fell",
"fell#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"skin"
],
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/fell/"
},
{
"ipa": "[feɫ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "fel"
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse non-lemma forms",
"Old Norse verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "fell",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of falla:",
"first-person singular present/past active indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Old Norse"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of falla:",
"third-person singular past active indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"falla",
"falla#Old Norse"
]
],
"tags": [
"active",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "fillijan"
},
{
"word": "fillīn"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fell"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "felle",
"3": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: felle, fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: felle, fell"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "Scots: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: fell"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fell"
},
"expansion": "English: fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: fell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: fel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: vel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: vel"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: vel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "vel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: vel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: vel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-jdt",
"2": "vääl"
},
"expansion": "Jersey Dutch: vääl",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Jersey Dutch: vääl"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "vel",
"3": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: vel, fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: vel, fel"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: pel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: pel"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fel"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: fel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: fel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "vël"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: vël",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: vël"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Fell"
},
"expansion": "German: Fell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: Fell"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fellą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fellą",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *fellą.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-adj",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellanā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fell",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellumē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fellē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "felleʀō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fellum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "noun",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "*fell n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fell",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic a-stem adjectives",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic neuter nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"gmw-pro:Hides",
"gmw-pro:Skin"
],
"glosses": [
"skin, hide"
],
"links": [
[
"skin",
"skin"
],
[
"hide",
"hide"
]
],
"tags": [
"neuter",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fell"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Icelandic]; cleaned text: n-s",
"path": [
"fell"
],
"section": "Icelandic",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "fell",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.