See commence on Wiktionary
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “to begin”",
"word": "cease"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “to begin”",
"word": "stop"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "commenceable"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commencen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commencen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "comencier",
"4": "comencer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman comencer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*cominitiāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *cominitiāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "com-"
},
"expansion": "Latin com-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commencen, comencen (also as contracted comsen, cumsen), from Anglo-Norman comencer, from Vulgar Latin *cominitiāre, formed from Latin com- + initiō (whence English initiate).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commences",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "commencing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "commenced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "commenced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commence (third-person singular simple present commences, present participle commencing, simple past and past participle commenced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "commencement"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1601, William Shakespeare, The Phoenix and the Turtle:",
"text": "Here the anthem doth commence:",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1770, Oliver Goldsmith, “The Deserted Village”, in The Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Goldsmith, London: W. Griffin, published 1775, page 164:",
"text": "His heaven commences ere the world be past!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 4, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:",
"text": "He commenced dressing at top by donning his beaver hat, a very tall one, by the by, and then—still minus his trowsers—he hunted up his boots.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Then he commenced to talk, really talk. and inside of two flaps of a herring's fin he had me mesmerized, like Eben Holt's boy at the town hall show. He talked about the ills of humanity, and the glories of health and Nature and service and land knows what all.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin, start."
],
"id": "en-commence-en-verb-3rcfkcNM",
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"start",
"start"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To begin, start."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1976 December 11, Thom Willenbecher, quoting Jean O'Leary, “Women's Caucus Quits Gay Academic Union”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 24, page 1:",
"text": "The speeches commenced three days of workshops, seminars, and cultural activities.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin, start."
],
"id": "en-commence-en-verb-3rcfkcNM1",
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"start",
"start"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To begin, start."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, page 126:",
"text": "[…] he furnish’d me with a Gun, Cartouch-box, and Powder-horn, &c. and thus accouter’d I commenc’d Soldier.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a Manly Character, London: Taylor & Hessey, Prudential Aphorisms, Aphorism 15, page 48:",
"text": "When we are wearied of the trouble of prosecuting crimes at the bar, we commence judges ourselves […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin to be, or to act as."
],
"id": "en-commence-en-verb-~qBV6hXY",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To begin to be, or to act as."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 11 10 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
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},
{
"_dis": "16 16 14 54",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "12 12 10 65",
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{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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{
"_dis": "10 10 8 72",
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{
"_dis": "7 7 6 80",
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{
"_dis": "16 16 15 52",
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{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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{
"_dis": "16 16 15 53",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "9 9 8 73",
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{
"_dis": "13 13 11 62",
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{
"_dis": "16 16 14 54",
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},
{
"_dis": "11 11 10 68",
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"name": "Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "9 9 8 73",
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},
{
"_dis": "9 9 8 74",
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"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "13 13 12 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "13 13 12 62",
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"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "8 8 7 78",
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"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
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{
"_dis": "9 9 8 74",
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{
"_dis": "13 13 11 63",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 8 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "13 13 12 62",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
"kind": "other",
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},
{
"_dis": "14 14 13 59",
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{
"_dis": "9 9 8 73",
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{
"_dis": "10 10 8 72",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "9 9 8 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "10 10 9 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1655, Thomas Fuller, “The Seventh Century”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI), page 75:",
"text": "[…] I question whether the Formality of Commencing was used in that Age: inclining rather to the negative, that such Distinction of Graduates was then unknown […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1861, George John Gray, Athenae Cantabrigienses: 1586-1609, page 272:",
"text": "[…] was admitted a minor fellow of his college 4 Oct. 1591, a major fellow 11 March 1591-2, and commenced M.A. in 1592.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To take a degree at a university."
],
"id": "en-commence-en-verb-rqMBzVGK",
"links": [
[
"degree",
"degree"
],
[
"university",
"university"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, intransitive, dated) To take a degree at a university."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dated",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmɛns/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛns"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "39 39 22 0",
"sense": "to begin",
"word": "initiate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "sksel",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "սկսել"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "başlamaq"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačynácʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "пачына́ць"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačácʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пача́ць"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačynácca",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "пачына́цца"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačácca",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пача́цца"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "započvam",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "започвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "començar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "開始"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kāishǐ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "开始"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynde"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "aanvangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "komenciĝi"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "aloittaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "commencer"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comezar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "dac̣q̇eba",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "დაწყება"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "anfangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "beginnen"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "archízo",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "αρχίζω"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "komanse"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "elkezd"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comenciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "cominciare"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hajimaru",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "始まる"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hajimeru",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "始める"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynne"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "påbegynne"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "Aagaaz Kardan",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "آغاز کردن"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "poczać"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "poczynać"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "começar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "începe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "načinátʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "начина́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "načinátʹsja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "начина́ться"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "pričeti"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "pričenjati"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comenzar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "empezar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "iniciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "principiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "börja"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynna"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "magsimula"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "başlamak"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "başlatmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počynáty",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "почина́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počáty",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "поча́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počynátysja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "почина́тися"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 45 10 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počátysja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "поча́тися"
}
],
"word": "commence"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "commence",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 5 4 24 35 27",
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"Entry maintenance"
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}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commencer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of commencer:",
"first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"id": "en-commence-fr-verb-LNhqf~oK",
"links": [
[
"commencer",
"commencer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commencer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of commencer:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-commence-fr-verb-BiBdNg~s",
"links": [
[
"commencer",
"commencer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt-commence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "commence"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lou",
"2": "fr",
"3": "commencer",
"4": "",
"5": "to commence"
},
"expansion": "French commencer (“to commence”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ht",
"2": "kòmanse"
},
"expansion": "Haitian Creole kòmanse",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French commencer (“to commence”), compare Haitian Creole kòmanse.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lou",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "commence",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Louisiana Creole",
"lang_code": "lou",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Louisiana Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to begin, commence"
],
"id": "en-commence-lou-verb-gVU0VkNQ",
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"commence",
"commence"
]
]
}
],
"word": "commence"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “to begin”",
"word": "cease"
},
{
"sense": "antonym(s) of “to begin”",
"word": "stop"
}
],
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English raising verbs",
"English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɛns",
"Rhymes:English/ɛns/2 syllables",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "commenceable"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "commencen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English commencen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "comencier",
"4": "comencer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman comencer",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*cominitiāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *cominitiāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "com-"
},
"expansion": "Latin com-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English commencen, comencen (also as contracted comsen, cumsen), from Anglo-Norman comencer, from Vulgar Latin *cominitiāre, formed from Latin com- + initiō (whence English initiate).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "commences",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "commencing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "commenced",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "commenced",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "commence (third-person singular simple present commences, present participle commencing, simple past and past participle commenced)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "commencement"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1601, William Shakespeare, The Phoenix and the Turtle:",
"text": "Here the anthem doth commence:",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1770, Oliver Goldsmith, “The Deserted Village”, in The Miscellaneous Works of Oliver Goldsmith, London: W. Griffin, published 1775, page 164:",
"text": "His heaven commences ere the world be past!",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1851 November 14, Herman Melville, chapter 4, in Moby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers; London: Richard Bentley, →OCLC:",
"text": "He commenced dressing at top by donning his beaver hat, a very tall one, by the by, and then—still minus his trowsers—he hunted up his boots.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1913, Joseph C[rosby] Lincoln, chapter IV, in Mr. Pratt’s Patients, New York, N.Y., London: D[aniel] Appleton and Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Then he commenced to talk, really talk. and inside of two flaps of a herring's fin he had me mesmerized, like Eben Holt's boy at the town hall show. He talked about the ills of humanity, and the glories of health and Nature and service and land knows what all.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin, start."
],
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"start",
"start"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To begin, start."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1976 December 11, Thom Willenbecher, quoting Jean O'Leary, “Women's Caucus Quits Gay Academic Union”, in Gay Community News, volume 4, number 24, page 1:",
"text": "The speeches commenced three days of workshops, seminars, and cultural activities.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin, start."
],
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"start",
"start"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To begin, start."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1743, Robert Drury, The Pleasant, and Surprizing Adventures of Mr. Robert Drury, during his Fifteen Years Captivity on the Island of Madagascar, London, page 126:",
"text": "[…] he furnish’d me with a Gun, Cartouch-box, and Powder-horn, &c. and thus accouter’d I commenc’d Soldier.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1825, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a Manly Character, London: Taylor & Hessey, Prudential Aphorisms, Aphorism 15, page 48:",
"text": "When we are wearied of the trouble of prosecuting crimes at the bar, we commence judges ourselves […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To begin to be, or to act as."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To begin to be, or to act as."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English dated terms",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1655, Thomas Fuller, “The Seventh Century”, in The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=I to XI), page 75:",
"text": "[…] I question whether the Formality of Commencing was used in that Age: inclining rather to the negative, that such Distinction of Graduates was then unknown […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1861, George John Gray, Athenae Cantabrigienses: 1586-1609, page 272:",
"text": "[…] was admitted a minor fellow of his college 4 Oct. 1591, a major fellow 11 March 1591-2, and commenced M.A. in 1592.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To take a degree at a university."
],
"links": [
[
"degree",
"degree"
],
[
"university",
"university"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(UK, intransitive, dated) To take a degree at a university."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"dated",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈmɛns/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-commence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-commence.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛns"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "to begin",
"word": "initiate"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "sksel",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "սկսել"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "başlamaq"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačynácʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "пачына́ць"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačácʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пача́ць"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačynácca",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "пачына́цца"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pačácca",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пача́цца"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "započvam",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "започвам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "començar"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "開始"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "kāishǐ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "开始"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynde"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "aanvangen"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "komenciĝi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "aloittaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "commencer"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comezar"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "dac̣q̇eba",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "დაწყება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "anfangen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "beginnen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "archízo",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "αρχίζω"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "komanse"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "elkezd"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comenciar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "cominciare"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hajimaru",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "始まる"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "hajimeru",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "始める"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynne"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "påbegynne"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "Aagaaz Kardan",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "آغاز کردن"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "poczać"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "poczynać"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "começar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "începe"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "načinátʹ",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "начина́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "načinátʹsja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "начина́ться"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "pričeti"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "pričenjati"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "comenzar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "empezar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "iniciar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "principiar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "börja"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "begynna"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "begin, start",
"word": "magsimula"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "başlamak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "başlatmak"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počynáty",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"transitive"
],
"word": "почина́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počáty",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "поча́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počynátysja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"intransitive"
],
"word": "почина́тися"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "počátysja",
"sense": "begin, start",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "поча́тися"
}
],
"word": "commence"
}
{
"categories": [
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French non-lemma forms",
"French verb forms",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "commence",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commencer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of commencer:",
"first/third-person singular present indicative/subjunctive"
],
"links": [
[
"commencer",
"commencer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "commencer"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of commencer:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"commencer",
"commencer#French"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Pamputt-commence.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Pamputt-commence.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "commence"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lou",
"2": "fr",
"3": "commencer",
"4": "",
"5": "to commence"
},
"expansion": "French commencer (“to commence”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ht",
"2": "kòmanse"
},
"expansion": "Haitian Creole kòmanse",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French commencer (“to commence”), compare Haitian Creole kòmanse.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lou",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "commence",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Louisiana Creole",
"lang_code": "lou",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Louisiana Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"Louisiana Creole lemmas",
"Louisiana Creole terms derived from French",
"Louisiana Creole terms inherited from French",
"Louisiana Creole verbs",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"to begin, commence"
],
"links": [
[
"begin",
"begin"
],
[
"commence",
"commence"
]
]
}
],
"word": "commence"
}
Download raw JSONL data for commence meaning in All languages combined (14.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.