"zich" meaning in Dutch

See zich in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Pronoun

IPA: /zɪx/ Audio: Nl-zich.ogg
Rhymes: -ɪx Etymology: From Middle Dutch sich, from Middle High German sich, from Old High German sih, from Proto-West Germanic *sik, from Proto-Germanic *sek. Old Dutch did not have a reflexive pronoun (only rarely in early Limburgish texts), but used the normal accusative pronoun (if necessary intensified by selven, cf. English himself). Although the use of zich in Holland-based Dutch was clearly triggered by written German, this development was assisted by the fact that the south-eastern dialects of Dutch had already adopted certain High German pronoun forms in much earlier times (cf. Limburgish ich, mich, dich, zich). Etymology templates: {{inh|nl|dum|sich}} Middle Dutch sich, {{der|nl|gmh|sich}} Middle High German sich, {{der|nl|goh|sih}} Old High German sih, {{der|nl|gmw-pro|*sik}} Proto-West Germanic *sik, {{der|nl|gem-pro|*sek}} Proto-Germanic *sek, {{m|dum|selven}} selven, {{m|en|himself}} himself, {{m|li|ich}} ich, {{m|li|mich}} mich, {{m|li|dich}} dich, {{m|li|zich}} zich Head templates: {{head|nl|pronouns}} zich Inflection templates: {{nl-decl-personal pronouns}} Forms: no-table-tags [table-tags], ik [first-person, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, subjective], 'k [first-person, personal, pronoun, singular, subjective, unstressed], mij [first-person, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed], me [first-person, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, unstressed], mijn [first-person, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, stressed], m'n [first-person, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, unstressed], mijne [first-person, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun], me [first-person, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive], mijner [archaic, first-person, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun], mijns [archaic, first-person, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun], jij [personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed, subjective], je [personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, subjective, unstressed], jou [objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], je [objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], jouw [personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], je [personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], jouwe [personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], je [personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], jouwer [archaic, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], jouws [archaic, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], gij [archaic, dialectal, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed, subjective], ge [archaic, dialectal, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, subjective, unstressed], u [archaic, dialectal, objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], - [archaic, dialectal, objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], uw [archaic, dialectal, personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], - [archaic, dialectal, personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], uwe [archaic, dialectal, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], u [archaic, dialectal, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], uwer [archaic, dialectal, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], uws [archaic, dialectal, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], u [formal, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed, subjective], - [formal, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, subjective, unstressed], u [formal, objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], - [formal, objective, personal, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], uw [formal, personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, stressed], - [formal, personal, possessive, pronoun, second-person, singular, unstressed], uwe [formal, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], zich [formal, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], uwer [archaic, formal, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], uws [archaic, formal, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, second-person], hij [masculine, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, subjective, third-person], ie [masculine, personal, pronoun, singular, subjective, third-person, unstressed], hem [masculine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], 'm [masculine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], zijn [masculine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], z'n [masculine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], zijne [masculine, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zich [masculine, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, third-person], zijner [archaic, genitive, masculine, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zijns [archaic, genitive, masculine, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zij [feminine, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, subjective, third-person], ze [feminine, personal, pronoun, singular, subjective, third-person, unstressed], haar [feminine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], h'r [feminine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], 'r [feminine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], d'r [feminine, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], haar [feminine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], h'r [feminine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], 'r [feminine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], d'r [feminine, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], hare [feminine, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zich [feminine, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, third-person], harer [archaic, feminine, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], haars [archaic, feminine, genitive, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], het [neuter, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, subjective, third-person], 't [neuter, personal, pronoun, singular, subjective, third-person, unstressed], het [neuter, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], 't [neuter, objective, personal, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], zijn [neuter, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, stressed, third-person], z'n [neuter, personal, possessive, pronoun, singular, third-person, unstressed], zijne [neuter, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zich [neuter, personal, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, third-person], zijner [archaic, genitive, neuter, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zijns [archaic, genitive, neuter, personal, predicative, pronoun, third-person], wij [first-person, personal, plural, pronoun, stressed], we [first-person, personal, plural, pronoun, unstressed], ons [first-person, personal, plural, pronoun, stressed], - [first-person, personal, plural, pronoun, unstressed], onze [first-person, personal, plural, pronoun, stressed], onze [first-person, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun], ons [first-person, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive], onzer [archaic, first-person, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun], onzes [archaic, first-person, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun], jullie [personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], je [personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, unstressed], - [personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], je [personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], - [archaic, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, second-person], gij [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], ge [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, unstressed], u [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], - [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, unstressed], uw [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], uwe [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], u [archaic, dialectal, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], uwer [archaic, dialectal, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, second-person], uws [archaic, dialectal, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, second-person], u [formal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], - [formal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, unstressed], uw [formal, personal, plural, pronoun, second-person, stressed], uwe [formal, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, second-person], zich [formal, personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, second-person], uwer [archaic, formal, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, second-person], uws [archaic, formal, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, second-person], zij [personal, plural, pronoun, stressed, third-person], ze [personal, plural, pronoun, third-person, unstressed], hen [personal, plural, pronoun, stressed, third-person], hun [personal, plural, pronoun, stressed, third-person], - [personal, plural, pronoun, third-person, unstressed], hunne [personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, third-person], zich [personal, plural, possessive, predicative, pronoun, reflexive, third-person], hunner [archaic, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, third-person], huns [archaic, genitive, personal, plural, predicative, pronoun, third-person]
  1. (by extension, reflexive) Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself Tags: broadly, reflexive
    Sense id: en-zich-nl-pron-IxHCEIAy Categories (other): Dutch pronouns Disambiguation of Dutch pronouns: 31 30 38
  2. (by extension, formal, reflexive) Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun; yourself, yourselves Tags: broadly, formal, reflexive
    Sense id: en-zich-nl-pron-zvnoNMxn Categories (other): Dutch pronouns Disambiguation of Dutch pronouns: 31 30 38
  3. expresses an unintended result with many otherwise non-reflexive and ergative verbs
    Sense id: en-zich-nl-pron-CmOQB10Y Categories (other): Dutch entries with incorrect language header, Dutch pronouns Disambiguation of Dutch entries with incorrect language header: 20 22 58 Disambiguation of Dutch pronouns: 31 30 38
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Derived forms: also: Category:Dutch reflexive verbs, op zich, voor zich, zichzelf

Download JSON data for zich meaning in Dutch (19.7kB)

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "also: Category:Dutch reflexive verbs"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "op zich"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "voor zich"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "zichzelf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "dum",
        "3": "sich"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch sich",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "sich"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German sich",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "sih"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German sih",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*sik"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sik",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*sek"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sek",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "selven"
      },
      "expansion": "selven",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "himself"
      },
      "expansion": "himself",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "ich"
      },
      "expansion": "ich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "mich"
      },
      "expansion": "mich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "dich"
      },
      "expansion": "dich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "zich"
      },
      "expansion": "zich",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch sich, from Middle High German sich, from Old High German sih, from Proto-West Germanic *sik, from Proto-Germanic *sek. Old Dutch did not have a reflexive pronoun (only rarely in early Limburgish texts), but used the normal accusative pronoun (if necessary intensified by selven, cf. English himself). Although the use of zich in Holland-based Dutch was clearly triggered by written German, this development was assisted by the fact that the south-eastern dialects of Dutch had already adopted certain High German pronoun forms in much earlier times (cf. Limburgish ich, mich, dich, zich).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nl-decl-personal pronouns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'k",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "m'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jou",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'m",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "z'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haar",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "d'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haar",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "d'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hare",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haars",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "het",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'t",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "het",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'t",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "z'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "we",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ons",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ons",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onzer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onzes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jullie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hunne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hunner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "huns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "pronouns"
      },
      "expansion": "zich",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "zich"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "nl-decl-personal pronouns"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 30 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He washes himself.",
          "text": "Hij wast zich."
        },
        {
          "english": "He washes his face.",
          "text": "Hij wast zich het gezicht."
        },
        {
          "english": "Every man for himself.",
          "text": "Ieder voor zich."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself"
      ],
      "id": "en-zich-nl-pron-IxHCEIAy",
      "links": [
        [
          "himself",
          "himself"
        ],
        [
          "herself",
          "herself"
        ],
        [
          "itself",
          "itself"
        ],
        [
          "themselves",
          "themselves"
        ],
        [
          "oneself",
          "oneself"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension, reflexive) Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "31 30 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Did you hit yourself in the dark?",
          "text": "Sloeg u zich in het donker?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "You can shave here.",
          "text": "U kunt zich hier scheren.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Aren't you mistaken?",
          "text": "Vergist u zich niet?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun; yourself, yourselves"
      ],
      "id": "en-zich-nl-pron-zvnoNMxn",
      "links": [
        [
          "yourself",
          "yourself"
        ],
        [
          "yourselves",
          "yourselves"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension, formal, reflexive) Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun; yourself, yourselves"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "formal",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "20 22 58",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "31 30 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Dutch pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He fell and this resulted in an accident.",
          "text": "Hij viel zich een ongeluk"
        },
        {
          "english": "He laughed so severely that it left him a hunchback.",
          "text": "Hij lachte zich een bult"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "expresses an unintended result with many otherwise non-reflexive and ergative verbs"
      ],
      "id": "en-zich-nl-pron-CmOQB10Y"
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/zɪx/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪx"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-zich.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Nl-zich.ogg/Nl-zich.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Nl-zich.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "nl:zich"
  ],
  "word": "zich"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
    "Dutch lemmas",
    "Dutch pronouns",
    "Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
    "Dutch terms derived from Middle High German",
    "Dutch terms derived from Old High German",
    "Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
    "Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
    "Dutch terms with audio links",
    "Rhymes:Dutch/ɪx",
    "Rhymes:Dutch/ɪx/1 syllable"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "also: Category:Dutch reflexive verbs"
    },
    {
      "word": "op zich"
    },
    {
      "word": "voor zich"
    },
    {
      "word": "zichzelf"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "dum",
        "3": "sich"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Dutch sich",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gmh",
        "3": "sich"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle High German sich",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "goh",
        "3": "sih"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German sih",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*sik"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sik",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*sek"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sek",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "dum",
        "2": "selven"
      },
      "expansion": "selven",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "himself"
      },
      "expansion": "himself",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "ich"
      },
      "expansion": "ich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "mich"
      },
      "expansion": "mich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "dich"
      },
      "expansion": "dich",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "zich"
      },
      "expansion": "zich",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch sich, from Middle High German sich, from Old High German sih, from Proto-West Germanic *sik, from Proto-Germanic *sek. Old Dutch did not have a reflexive pronoun (only rarely in early Limburgish texts), but used the normal accusative pronoun (if necessary intensified by selven, cf. English himself). Although the use of zich in Holland-based Dutch was clearly triggered by written German, this development was assisted by the fact that the south-eastern dialects of Dutch had already adopted certain High German pronoun forms in much earlier times (cf. Limburgish ich, mich, dich, zich).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "no-table-tags",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "nl-decl-personal pronouns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ik",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'k",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "m'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "me",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "mijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jou",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jouws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "singular",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hem",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'m",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "z'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "masculine",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haar",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "d'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haar",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "h'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "d'r",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hare",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "harer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "haars",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "feminine",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "het",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "subjective",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'t",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "subjective",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "het",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "'t",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "objective",
        "personal",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijn",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "z'n",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "pronoun",
        "singular",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zijns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "neuter",
        "personal",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "wij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "we",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ons",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ons",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onzer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "onzes",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "first-person",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "jullie",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "je",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "gij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ge",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "dialectal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "u",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uw",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person",
        "stressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwe",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "formal",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uwer",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "uws",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "formal",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "second-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zij",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ze",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hen",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hun",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "stressed",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person",
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hunne",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "zich",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "possessive",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "reflexive",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hunner",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "huns",
      "source": "inflection",
      "tags": [
        "archaic",
        "genitive",
        "personal",
        "plural",
        "predicative",
        "pronoun",
        "third-person"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "pronouns"
      },
      "expansion": "zich",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "hyphenation": [
    "zich"
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "name": "nl-decl-personal pronouns"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Dutch",
  "lang_code": "nl",
  "pos": "pron",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch reflexive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He washes himself.",
          "text": "Hij wast zich."
        },
        {
          "english": "He washes his face.",
          "text": "Hij wast zich het gezicht."
        },
        {
          "english": "Every man for himself.",
          "text": "Ieder voor zich."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "himself",
          "himself"
        ],
        [
          "herself",
          "herself"
        ],
        [
          "itself",
          "itself"
        ],
        [
          "themselves",
          "themselves"
        ],
        [
          "oneself",
          "oneself"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension, reflexive) Third person singular and plural reflexive pronoun; himself, herself, itself, themselves, oneself"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Dutch formal terms",
        "Dutch reflexive verbs",
        "Dutch terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Did you hit yourself in the dark?",
          "text": "Sloeg u zich in het donker?",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "You can shave here.",
          "text": "U kunt zich hier scheren.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "english": "Aren't you mistaken?",
          "text": "Vergist u zich niet?",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun; yourself, yourselves"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "yourself",
          "yourself"
        ],
        [
          "yourselves",
          "yourselves"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(by extension, formal, reflexive) Second person singular and plural formal reflexive pronoun; yourself, yourselves"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "broadly",
        "formal",
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "He fell and this resulted in an accident.",
          "text": "Hij viel zich een ongeluk"
        },
        {
          "english": "He laughed so severely that it left him a hunchback.",
          "text": "Hij lachte zich een bult"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "expresses an unintended result with many otherwise non-reflexive and ergative verbs"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/zɪx/"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɪx"
    },
    {
      "audio": "Nl-zich.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Nl-zich.ogg/Nl-zich.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Nl-zich.ogg",
      "text": "Audio"
    }
  ],
  "wikipedia": [
    "nl:zich"
  ],
  "word": "zich"
}

{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 1st person",
  "path": [
    "zich"
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  "trace": ""
}

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  "trace": ""
}

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    "zich"
  ],
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  "title": "zich",
  "trace": ""
}

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  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
  "msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 3rd person neuter",
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    "zich"
  ],
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}

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  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
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}

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  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
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{
  "called_from": "inflection/2466",
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  "path": [
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  "section": "Dutch",
  "subsection": "pronoun",
  "title": "zich",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.