See u in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for u meaning in Dutch (26.2kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jij"
},
"expansion": "jij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gij"
},
"expansion": "gij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "u"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch u",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch iu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "*izwiz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*jūz"
},
"expansion": "*jūz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yū́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yū́",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jou"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of jou",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "uwe edelheid",
"3": "",
"4": "your nobility, your gentility"
},
"expansion": "uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "U E."
},
"expansion": "U E.",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/yˈ(w)eː/"
},
"expansion": "/yˈ(w)eː/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ons"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans ons",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hun"
},
"expansion": "Dutch hun",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "Low German jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "ju",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "euch"
},
"expansion": "German euch",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally the dative and accusative form of jij/gij, from Middle Dutch u, from Old Dutch iu, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, West Germanic variant of *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jou.\nThe use as a nominative form is linked to the polite address uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”), which was shortened to U E. in writing and at times accordingly pronounced /yˈ(w)eː/. It is debated, however, whether this was the actual cause of the development or whether it merely reinforced it. Compare English you, which was originally an object form, as well as Afrikaans ons and nonstandard Dutch hun.\nCognate with West Frisian jo, Low German jo, ju, English you, German euch.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-personal pronouns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ik",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "'k",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "m'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "mijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "mijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "jij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jouw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jouwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "jouwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "jouws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "ge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ie",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "z'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "haar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "h'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "d'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "haar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "h'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "d'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "harer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haars",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "het",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "het",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "z'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"neuter",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"neuter",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "ons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "onze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "onze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "ons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "onzer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "onzes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "jullie",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "ge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hunne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hunner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "huns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "pronouns",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "u",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-personal pronouns"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Are you ready?",
"text": "Bent u klaar?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Are you still there?",
"text": "Bent u er nog?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-Xklbxol0",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, subjective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I will give it to you.",
"text": "Ik zal het aan u geven.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This won’t work for you.",
"text": "Dit zal niet werken voor u.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-Xklbxol01",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, objective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I’ll do it for thee.",
"text": "Ik doe dat wel voor u.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"thee (dialectal)."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-o0nYMO6p",
"links": [
[
"thee",
"thee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, objective) thee (dialectal)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Have you prepared that exercise?",
"text": "Hebt u die oefening gemaakt?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-Xklbxol01",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person plural, subjective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They’ll do it for you.",
"text": "Ze zullen dat wel voor u doen.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-Xklbxol01",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person plural, objective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"parents": [
"Reflexive pronouns",
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "27 2 2 3 2 2 28 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"parents": [
"Reflexive pronouns",
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Thou hast not washed thyself.",
"text": "Gij hebt u niet gewassen.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"thyself (dialectal)"
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-Mxm8aQlQ",
"links": [
[
"thyself",
"thyself"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, second-person singular) thyself (dialectal)"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"parents": [
"Reflexive pronouns",
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "27 2 2 3 2 2 28 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"parents": [
"Reflexive pronouns",
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Wash yourselves.",
"text": "Wast u eens.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"yourselves (dialectal)"
],
"id": "en-u-nl-pron-u-q600Fk",
"links": [
[
"yourselves",
"yourselves"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, second-person plural) yourselves (dialectal)"
],
"tags": [
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/y/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-u.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Nl-u.ogg/Nl-u.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nl-u.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Brabantian"
],
"word": "a"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "jou"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "U"
}
],
"word": "u"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jij"
},
"expansion": "jij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gij"
},
"expansion": "gij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "u"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch u",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch iu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "*izwiz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*jūz"
},
"expansion": "*jūz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yū́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yū́",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jou"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of jou",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "uwe edelheid",
"3": "",
"4": "your nobility, your gentility"
},
"expansion": "uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "U E."
},
"expansion": "U E.",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/yˈ(w)eː/"
},
"expansion": "/yˈ(w)eː/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ons"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans ons",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hun"
},
"expansion": "Dutch hun",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "Low German jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "ju",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "euch"
},
"expansion": "German euch",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally the dative and accusative form of jij/gij, from Middle Dutch u, from Old Dutch iu, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, West Germanic variant of *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jou.\nThe use as a nominative form is linked to the polite address uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”), which was shortened to U E. in writing and at times accordingly pronounced /yˈ(w)eː/. It is debated, however, whether this was the actual cause of the development or whether it merely reinforced it. Compare English you, which was originally an object form, as well as Afrikaans ons and nonstandard Dutch hun.\nCognate with West Frisian jo, Low German jo, ju, English you, German euch.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "U",
"tags": [
"uppercase"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "letters",
"3": "lower case",
"4": "",
"5": "upper case",
"6": "U"
},
"expansion": "u (lower case, upper case U)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "character",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "85 2 2 4 2 2 0 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 3 3 5 3 3 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 3 3 5 3 3 19 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "54 7 7 9 7 7 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 2 2 3 2 2 28 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"parents": [
"Reflexive pronouns",
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The twenty-first letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script."
],
"id": "en-u-nl-character-lTspFMmK",
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet"
]
],
"related": [
{
"sense": "Previous letter",
"word": "t"
},
{
"sense": "Next letter",
"word": "v"
}
],
"tags": [
"letter",
"lowercase"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/y/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-u.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Nl-u.ogg/Nl-u.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nl-u.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "u"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch doublets",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch letters",
"Dutch personal pronouns",
"Dutch pronouns",
"Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from West Germanic languages",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jij"
},
"expansion": "jij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gij"
},
"expansion": "gij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "u"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch u",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch iu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "*izwiz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*jūz"
},
"expansion": "*jūz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yū́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yū́",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jou"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of jou",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "uwe edelheid",
"3": "",
"4": "your nobility, your gentility"
},
"expansion": "uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "U E."
},
"expansion": "U E.",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/yˈ(w)eː/"
},
"expansion": "/yˈ(w)eː/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ons"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans ons",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hun"
},
"expansion": "Dutch hun",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "Low German jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "ju",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "euch"
},
"expansion": "German euch",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally the dative and accusative form of jij/gij, from Middle Dutch u, from Old Dutch iu, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, West Germanic variant of *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jou.\nThe use as a nominative form is linked to the polite address uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”), which was shortened to U E. in writing and at times accordingly pronounced /yˈ(w)eː/. It is debated, however, whether this was the actual cause of the development or whether it merely reinforced it. Compare English you, which was originally an object form, as well as Afrikaans ons and nonstandard Dutch hun.\nCognate with West Frisian jo, Low German jo, ju, English you, German euch.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-personal pronouns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ik",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "'k",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "m'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "mijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "mijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "mijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "jij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jouw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "jouwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "jouwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "jouws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "ge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"singular",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ie",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'m",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "z'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "haar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "h'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "d'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "haar",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "h'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "d'r",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "harer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haars",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "het",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"subjective",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"subjective",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "het",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "'t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"objective",
"personal",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "z'n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"singular",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "zijne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"personal",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"neuter",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zijns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"neuter",
"personal",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "wij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "ons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "onze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "onze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "ons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "onzer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "onzes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"first-person",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun"
]
},
{
"form": "jullie",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "je",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "gij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "ge",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "u",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uw",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"second-person",
"stressed"
]
},
{
"form": "uwe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uwer",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "uws",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"formal",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zij",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ze",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hen",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"stressed",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"pronoun",
"third-person",
"unstressed"
]
},
{
"form": "hunne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "zich",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"possessive",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hunner",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "huns",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"genitive",
"personal",
"plural",
"predicative",
"pronoun",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "pronouns",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "u",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-personal pronouns"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Are you ready?",
"text": "Bent u klaar?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Are you still there?",
"text": "Bent u er nog?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, subjective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I will give it to you.",
"text": "Ik zal het aan u geven.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This won’t work for you.",
"text": "Dit zal niet werken voor u.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, objective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I’ll do it for thee.",
"text": "Ik doe dat wel voor u.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"thee (dialectal)."
],
"links": [
[
"thee",
"thee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person singular, objective) thee (dialectal)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Have you prepared that exercise?",
"text": "Hebt u die oefening gemaakt?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person plural, subjective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"personal",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjective"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "They’ll do it for you.",
"text": "Ze zullen dat wel voor u doen.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"you (polite)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal, second-person plural, objective) you (polite)."
],
"tags": [
"objective",
"personal",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Thou hast not washed thyself.",
"text": "Gij hebt u niet gewassen.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"thyself (dialectal)"
],
"links": [
[
"thyself",
"thyself"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, second-person singular) thyself (dialectal)"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Wash yourselves.",
"text": "Wast u eens.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"yourselves (dialectal)"
],
"links": [
[
"yourselves",
"yourselves"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, second-person plural) yourselves (dialectal)"
],
"tags": [
"plural",
"reflexive",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/y/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-u.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Nl-u.ogg/Nl-u.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nl-u.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Brabantian"
],
"word": "a"
},
{
"word": "jou"
},
{
"word": "U"
}
],
"word": "u"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch doublets",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch letters",
"Dutch personal pronouns",
"Dutch pronouns",
"Dutch reflexive pronouns",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from West Germanic languages",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Dutch terms with audio links",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jij"
},
"expansion": "jij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gij"
},
"expansion": "gij",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "u"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch u",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "iu"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch iu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "West Germanic",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "*izwiz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*jūz"
},
"expansion": "*jūz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yū́"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yū́",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jou"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of jou",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "uwe edelheid",
"3": "",
"4": "your nobility, your gentility"
},
"expansion": "uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "U E."
},
"expansion": "U E.",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/yˈ(w)eː/"
},
"expansion": "/yˈ(w)eː/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ons"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans ons",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hun"
},
"expansion": "Dutch hun",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "Low German jo",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ju"
},
"expansion": "ju",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "English you",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "euch"
},
"expansion": "German euch",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Originally the dative and accusative form of jij/gij, from Middle Dutch u, from Old Dutch iu, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, West Germanic variant of *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. Doublet of jou.\nThe use as a nominative form is linked to the polite address uwe edelheid (“your nobility, your gentility”), which was shortened to U E. in writing and at times accordingly pronounced /yˈ(w)eː/. It is debated, however, whether this was the actual cause of the development or whether it merely reinforced it. Compare English you, which was originally an object form, as well as Afrikaans ons and nonstandard Dutch hun.\nCognate with West Frisian jo, Low German jo, ju, English you, German euch.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "U",
"tags": [
"uppercase"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "letters",
"3": "lower case",
"4": "",
"5": "upper case",
"6": "U"
},
"expansion": "u (lower case, upper case U)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "character",
"related": [
{
"sense": "Previous letter",
"word": "t"
},
{
"sense": "Next letter",
"word": "v"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The twenty-first letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script."
],
"links": [
[
"letter",
"letter"
],
[
"alphabet",
"alphabet"
]
],
"tags": [
"letter",
"lowercase"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/y/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-u.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Nl-u.ogg/Nl-u.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Nl-u.ogg",
"text": "audio"
}
],
"word": "u"
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 1st person",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person archaic or regiolectal",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person formal",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 3rd person masculine",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 3rd person feminine",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 3rd person neuter",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 1st person",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person archaic or regiolectal",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 2nd person formal",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/2466",
"msg": "accepted heuristic header: table cell identified as header and given candidate status, AND the cleaned text is in LANGUAGES_WITH_CELLS_AS_HEADERS[Dutch]; cleaned text: 3rd person",
"path": [
"u"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "u",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.