See ruga on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga",
"4": "",
"5": "a crease in the face, wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rugae"
},
"expansion": "ruga (plural rugae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "en:Anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "en:Animal body parts",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Anatomy"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Plant anatomy",
"orig": "en:Plant anatomy",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "rugate"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
41,
46
]
],
"ref": "1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:",
"text": "Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
49,
53
]
],
"ref": "1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:",
"text": "the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fold, crease or wrinkle."
],
"id": "en-ruga-en-noun-n6IqSmTc",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle."
],
"tags": [
"plural-normally"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "crease, wrinkle",
"word": "poimu"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹuː.ɡə/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruga.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/En-us-ruga.ogg/En-us-ruga.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/En-us-ruga.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːɡə"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rúga",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaagí",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rúga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"absolutive"
]
},
{
"form": "rúga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "rugí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"l-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"k-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"t-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgah",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"h-case"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aa",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"head": "rúga"
},
"expansion": "rúga m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rúga",
"g": "m",
"gpl": "f",
"pl": "rugaagí"
},
"expansion": "rúga m (plural rugaagí f)",
"name": "aa-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga",
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Afar",
"lang_code": "aa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Afar entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "aa",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "aa:Baby animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "aa",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "aa:Bovines",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "rugáytu"
}
],
"glosses": [
"male calf"
],
"id": "en-ruga-aa-noun-IwuQGBcH",
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"calf",
"calf"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾʊɡʌ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɾʊˈɡʌ]"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugá",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaagí",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"absolutive"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rugál",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"l-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugák",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"k-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugát",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"t-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugáh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"h-case"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aa",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f",
"head": "rugá"
},
"expansion": "rugá f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rugá",
"g": "f",
"gpl": "f",
"pl": "rugaagí"
},
"expansion": "rugá f (plural rugaagí f)",
"name": "aa-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga",
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Afar",
"lang_code": "aa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Afar entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "aa",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "aa:Baby animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "aa",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "aa:Bovines",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 88",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "aa",
"name": "Female animals",
"orig": "aa:Female animals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"female calf"
],
"id": "en-ruga-aa-noun-iFd3wzlC",
"links": [
[
"female",
"female"
],
[
"calf",
"calf"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾʊɡʌ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɾʊˈɡʌ]"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugues",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugues)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "wrinkle",
"word": "arruga"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)"
],
"id": "en-ruga-ca-noun-hNoI3jSs",
"links": [
[
"arruga",
"arruga#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈru.ɣə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈru.ɣa]",
"tags": [
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Latin ruga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewp-",
"4": "",
"5": "to become encrusted"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rughe",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rughe)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rù‧ga"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rugoso"
}
],
"glosses": [
"wrinkle, line"
],
"id": "en-ruga-it-noun-tmSeBT91",
"links": [
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"line",
"line"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈru.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "kũruga",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ki",
"2": "verb",
"3": "infinitive",
"4": "kũruga"
},
"expansion": "ruga (infinitive kũruga)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kikuyu",
"lang_code": "ki",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Kikuyu entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"class-1"
],
"word": "mũrugi"
},
{
"word": "kũrugĩra"
},
{
"word": "mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to cook"
],
"id": "en-ruga-ki-verb-qUY3OFDp",
"links": [
[
"cook",
"cook"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɾuɣa/"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "corrūgis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "rūgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkano-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "rugã",
"3": "arugã",
"der2": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruga",
"3": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Italian: ruga, rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: ruga, rua"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "rrugë",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: rrugë",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: rrugë"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "rùa"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: rùa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: rùa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ruga",
"3": "rua",
"4": "arruga",
"der3": "1"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "Old French: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "French: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "Norman: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "rua",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua\nGalician: rúa\nPortuguese: rua",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua\nGalician: rúa\nPortuguese: rua"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: rua"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: rua"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "rúa"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: rúa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: rúa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "rūgidus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruvido"
},
"expansion": "Italian: ruvido",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: ruvido"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "rùvid"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: rùvid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: rùvid"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: ruga"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*rougā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *rougā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁roug-h₂-",
"t": "wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "street"
},
"expansion": "“street”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be \"to belch\" → \"to undulate\" → \"to be rugged\" → \"crease, wrinkle\". Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”). For the development to “street”, compare also rupta via (literally “path made by force”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūga",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgārum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūga<1>"
},
"expansion": "rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūga<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 39 39 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "43 14 34 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a crease in the face, wrinkle"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-ruga-la-noun-3vnJc1YY",
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"plural-normally"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 39 39 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-ruga-la-noun-Mk8sVYCx",
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 39 39 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind",
"a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt))"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-ruga-la-noun-F0HmiY~u",
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
],
[
"female",
"female"
],
[
"screw",
"screw"
],
[
"nut",
"nut"
]
],
"qualifier": "transferred sense",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind",
"a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt))"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Early Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a street"
],
"head_nr": 1,
"id": "en-ruga-la-noun--PbKYK2c",
"links": [
[
"street",
"street"
],
[
"Joan Coromines",
"w:Joan Coromines"
],
[
"José A[ntonio] Pascual",
"w:José Antonio Pascual"
],
[
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"w:Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Early Medieval Latin) a street"
],
"tags": [
"Early",
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈruː.ɡa]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈruː.ɡa]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"de:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik"
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "rugać"
},
"expansion": "Deverbal from rugać",
"name": "deverbal"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Deverbal from rugać.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rudze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugę",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rudze",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f",
"name": "pl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish deverbals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"scolding, slating (criticism)"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pl-noun-EWITIKxI",
"links": [
[
"scolding",
"scolding"
],
[
"slating",
"slating"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)"
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "rugać"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "rugnąć"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zrugać"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reprymenda"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈru.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugać"
}
],
"glosses": [
"third-person singular present of rugać"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pl-verb-OP1p3Pz4",
"links": [
[
"rugać",
"rugać#Polish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈru.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Latin ruga",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "rua",
"t1": "street"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of rua (“street”)",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rugoso"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"wrinkle"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pt-noun-0ark-1ur",
"links": [
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crease"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pt-noun-u63rQX7E",
"links": [
[
"crease",
"crease"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡɐ]",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡɐ]",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Rio-de-Janeiro"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈχu.ɡɐ]",
"tags": [
"Rio-de-Janeiro"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡa/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡa]",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʁu.ɣɐ]",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 24 3 8 2 9 1 3 24 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 4 4 0 1 2 2 2 29 2 9 1 10 0 2 29 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 13 66 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pt-verb-3Oj~pAeH",
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-ruga-pt-verb--wUlCKzD",
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Portuguese"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rugare"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "rogo",
"4": "rogāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin rogāre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃roǵ-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "a ruga 1st conjugation",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugat",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "conjugation-1",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-conj-a",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a ruga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rugând",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "rugat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "rog",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rogi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugăm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugam",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugam",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugau",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugai",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugași",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugă",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugarăm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugarăți",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugară",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugasem",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaseși",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugase",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaserăm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaserăți",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaseră",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "să rog",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să rogi",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să roage",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "să rugăm",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să roage",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nu ruga",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "nu rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"negative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roagă",
"2": "rugat"
},
"expansion": "a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat) 1st conjugation",
"name": "ro-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rug",
"1s": "rog",
"2s": "rogi",
"3p": "roagă",
"3s": "roagă",
"3sub": "roage"
},
"name": "ro-conj-a"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rugăciune"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rugăminte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "rugător"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "mă rog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "te rog"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "vă rog"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 9 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 26 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian verbs in 1st conjugation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.",
"text": "Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to ask politely, to say please"
],
"id": "en-ruga-ro-verb-XC1NKG2W",
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"please",
"please"
]
],
"qualifier": "transitive or (obsolete) reflexive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive or (obsolete) reflexive) to ask politely, to say please"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "37 26 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian verbs in 1st conjugation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ro",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "ro:Religion",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to pray"
],
"id": "en-ruga-ro-verb-fAQ9Uxpe",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "dat/:la<to>"
},
"expansion": "[with dative or la ‘to’]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
],
"words": [
"la",
"‘to’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"pray",
"pray"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive) to pray [with dative or la ‘to’]"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "45 9 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "37 26 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian verbs in 1st conjugation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
6,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"english": "He is begging his classmates to give him the homework.",
"text": "Se roagă de colegi să îi dea tema.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
45,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
50,
53
]
],
"english": "I cannot pay off my debt now; I will have to beg the creditors to grant me an extension.",
"text": "Nu pot să îmi achit datoria acum; va trebui să mă rog de creditori să mă amâne.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg"
],
"id": "en-ruga-ro-verb-gjW9IvNO",
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":de<of>"
},
"expansion": "[with de ‘of’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"de",
"‘of’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"beg",
"beg"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, informal) to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg [with de ‘of’]"
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Filosoful-ruga.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-ruga.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūga",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin rūga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "berruca",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ferruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruca",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "verruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruda",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rua",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "rugas",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "rugas"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "sc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"street"
],
"id": "en-ruga-sc-noun-YAjCb0RS",
"links": [
[
"street",
"street"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "la",
"3": "eruca"
},
"expansion": "Latin eruca",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin eruca.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rua",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "rugas",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "rugas"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "sc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 87",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Sardinian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"caterpillar"
],
"id": "en-ruga-sc-noun-uv~fN6pd",
"links": [
[
"caterpillar",
"caterpillar"
]
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mamaruga"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "maniposa"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "babbaliscu"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cabagasu"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mariavolavola"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 3 24 3 8 2 9 1 3 24 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 1 4 4 0 1 2 2 2 29 2 9 1 10 0 2 29 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-ruga-es-verb-3Oj~pAeH",
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-ruga-es-verb--wUlCKzD",
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*ruka",
"id": "resin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *ruka",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *ruka",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "vep-decl-kuva",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive-instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive-instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugikš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaspäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugišpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaha",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugal",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugil",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugale",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugile",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugata",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruganke",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidenke",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugadme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"prolative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prolative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruganno",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-i",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidenno",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-i",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugannoks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-ii",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidennoks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-ii",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugannopäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"egressive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidennopäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"egressive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugahasai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-i"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-i"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugassai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-iii"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-iii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugahapäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-i",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-i",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-ii",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-ii",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "nouns",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "vep-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruga"
},
"name": "vep-decl-kuva"
}
],
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 12 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Veps entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Veps kuva-type nominals",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"resin"
],
"id": "en-ruga-vep-noun--7yE-~kO",
"links": [
[
"resin",
"resin"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Afar entries with incorrect language header",
"Afar feminine nouns",
"Afar lemmas",
"Afar masculine nouns",
"Afar nouns",
"Afar terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"aa:Baby animals",
"aa:Bovines",
"aa:Female animals"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"diminutive"
],
"word": "rugáytu"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "rúga",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaagí",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rúga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"absolutive"
]
},
{
"form": "rúga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "rugí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgal",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"l-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgak",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"k-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgat",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"t-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rúgah",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"h-case"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aa",
"2": "noun",
"g": "m",
"head": "rúga"
},
"expansion": "rúga m",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rúga",
"g": "m",
"gpl": "f",
"pl": "rugaagí"
},
"expansion": "rúga m (plural rugaagí f)",
"name": "aa-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga",
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Afar",
"lang_code": "aa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"male calf"
],
"links": [
[
"male",
"male"
],
[
"calf",
"calf"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾʊɡʌ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɾʊˈɡʌ]"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Afar entries with incorrect language header",
"Afar feminine nouns",
"Afar lemmas",
"Afar masculine nouns",
"Afar nouns",
"Afar terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"aa:Baby animals",
"aa:Bovines",
"aa:Female animals"
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugá",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaagí",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"absolutive"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"subjective"
]
},
{
"form": "rugá",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "l-self",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rugál",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"l-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugák",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"k-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugát",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"t-case"
]
},
{
"form": "rugáh",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"h-case"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "aa",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f",
"head": "rugá"
},
"expansion": "rugá f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rugá",
"g": "f",
"gpl": "f",
"pl": "rugaagí"
},
"expansion": "rugá f (plural rugaagí f)",
"name": "aa-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ru‧ga",
"ru‧ga"
],
"lang": "Afar",
"lang_code": "aa",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"female calf"
],
"links": [
[
"female",
"female"
],
[
"calf",
"calf"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈruɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾʊɡʌ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɾʊˈɡʌ]"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugues",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugues)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "wrinkle",
"word": "arruga"
}
],
"categories": [
"Catalan countable nouns",
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan feminine nouns",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan nouns",
"Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)"
],
"links": [
[
"arruga",
"arruga#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈru.ɣə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈru.ɣa]",
"tags": [
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "rugate"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga",
"4": "",
"5": "a crease in the face, wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugae",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rugae"
},
"expansion": "ruga (plural rugae)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with quotations",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"Rhymes:English/uːɡə",
"Rhymes:English/uːɡə/2 syllables",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"en:Anatomy",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Botany",
"en:Plant anatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
41,
46
]
],
"ref": "1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:",
"text": "Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
49,
53
]
],
"ref": "1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:",
"text": "the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A fold, crease or wrinkle."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle."
],
"tags": [
"plural-normally"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɹuː.ɡə/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-ruga.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/En-us-ruga.ogg/En-us-ruga.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/En-us-ruga.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uːɡə"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "crease, wrinkle",
"word": "poimu"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "rugoso"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Latin ruga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*krewp-",
"4": "",
"5": "to become encrusted"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rughe",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rughe)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"rù‧ga"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Italian 2-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian feminine nouns",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Italian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Italian terms inherited from Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Italian/uɡa",
"Rhymes:Italian/uɡa/2 syllables"
],
"glosses": [
"wrinkle, line"
],
"links": [
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"line",
"line"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈru.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"class-1"
],
"word": "mũrugi"
},
{
"word": "kũrugĩra"
},
{
"word": "mũndũ ũtathiaga oigaga no nyina ũrugaga wega"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "kũruga",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ki",
"2": "verb",
"3": "infinitive",
"4": "kũruga"
},
"expansion": "ruga (infinitive kũruga)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Kikuyu",
"lang_code": "ki",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Kikuyu entries with incorrect language header",
"Kikuyu lemmas",
"Kikuyu verbs",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"to cook"
],
"links": [
[
"cook",
"cook"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɾuɣa/"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for quotations in Latin"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "corrūgis"
},
{
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "rūgō"
},
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "rūgōsus"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Insular Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Balkano-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "rugã",
"3": "arugã",
"der2": "1"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: rugã, ⇒ arugã"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Italo-Dalmatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruga",
"3": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Italian: ruga, rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: ruga, rua"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "ruga"
},
"expansion": "Venetan: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Venetan: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "rrugë",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Albanian: rrugë",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Albanian: rrugë"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "rùa"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: rùa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: rùa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Gallo-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "ruga",
"3": "rua",
"4": "arruga",
"der3": "1"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: ruga, rua, ⇒ arruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "Old French: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "French: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "rue"
},
"expansion": "Norman: rue",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Norman: rue"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "rua",
"bor": "1",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": "→? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua\nGalician: rúa\nPortuguese: rua",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→? Old Galician-Portuguese: rua\nGalician: rúa\nPortuguese: rua"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: rua"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Ibero-Romance:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osp",
"2": "rua"
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish: rua",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Spanish: rua"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "rúa"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: rúa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: rúa"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "VL.",
"2": "rūgidus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "ruvido"
},
"expansion": "Italian: ruvido",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: ruvido"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "rùvid"
},
"expansion": "Piedmontese: rùvid",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Piedmontese: rùvid"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Borrowings:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Portuguese: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Portuguese: ruga"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "ruga",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: ruga",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: ruga"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*rougā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *rougā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁roug-h₂-",
"t": "wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "street"
},
"expansion": "“street”",
"name": "m-g"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be \"to belch\" → \"to undulate\" → \"to be rugged\" → \"crease, wrinkle\". Compare ructo (“I belch, bring up noisily”). For the development to “street”, compare also rupta via (literally “path made by force”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūga",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"head_nr": 1,
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgārum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgae",
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"dative",
"singular"
]
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{
"form": "rūgīs",
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"dative",
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]
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{
"form": "rūgam",
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"accusative",
"singular"
]
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{
"form": "rūgās",
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"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgā",
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"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūgīs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūga",
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"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
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{
"form": "rūgae",
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"plural",
"vocative"
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{
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{
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"a crease in the face, wrinkle"
],
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[
"crease",
"crease"
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[
"face",
"face"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
]
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],
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"declension-1",
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},
{
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[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
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[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
]
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],
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]
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{
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],
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[
"crease",
"crease"
],
[
"fold",
"fold"
],
[
"plait",
"plait"
],
[
"wrinkle",
"wrinkle"
],
[
"corrugation",
"corrugation"
],
[
"female",
"female"
],
[
"screw",
"screw"
],
[
"nut",
"nut"
]
],
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"(transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind",
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],
"tags": [
"declension-1"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Early Medieval Latin",
"Medieval Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"a street"
],
"head_nr": 1,
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[
"street",
"street"
],
[
"Joan Coromines",
"w:Joan Coromines"
],
[
"José A[ntonio] Pascual",
"w:José Antonio Pascual"
],
[
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"w:Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico"
]
],
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"(Early Medieval Latin) a street"
],
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"Early",
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"declension-1"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "[ˈruː.ɡa]",
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"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈruː.ɡa]",
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}
],
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"Brill Publishers",
"de:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik"
],
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}
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"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish non-lemma forms",
"Polish nouns",
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"Polish verb forms",
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"Rhymes:Polish/uɡa/2 syllables"
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"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
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{
"form": "rudze",
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"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugę",
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"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
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"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugami",
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"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rudze",
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"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugo",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugi",
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"vocative"
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{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "rugnąć"
},
{
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "zrugać"
}
],
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{
"categories": [
"Polish colloquialisms"
],
"glosses": [
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],
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[
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"scolding"
],
[
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"slating"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
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],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "reprymenda"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"feminine"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈru.ɡa/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
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"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
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"Rhymes:Polish/uɡa/2 syllables"
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{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
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{
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],
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{
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}
],
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"rugać",
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]
],
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}
],
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{
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},
{
"rhymes": "-uɡa"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Portuguese countable nouns",
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"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
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],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "la",
"3": "ruga"
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "rua",
"t1": "street"
},
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"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).",
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{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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},
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],
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],
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"word": "rugoso"
}
],
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{
"glosses": [
"wrinkle"
],
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[
"wrinkle",
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]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"crease"
],
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[
"crease",
"crease"
]
],
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]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
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"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡɐ]",
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"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡɐ]",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Rio-de-Janeiro"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈχu.ɡɐ]",
"tags": [
"Rio-de-Janeiro"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡa/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈhu.ɡa]",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈʁu.ɡɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈʁu.ɣɐ]",
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"Portugal"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
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],
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{
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}
],
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],
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[
"rugar",
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]
],
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"singular",
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},
{
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"word": "rugar"
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],
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[
"rugar",
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]
],
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"imperative",
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}
],
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}
{
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"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
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"Romanian terms inherited from Latin",
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],
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},
{
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}
],
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{
"form": "a ruga 1st conjugation",
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"canonical"
]
},
{
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]
},
{
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"past"
]
},
{
"form": "conjugation-1",
"source": "conjugation",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-conj-a",
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]
},
{
"form": "a ruga",
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"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "rugând",
"source": "conjugation",
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"gerund"
]
},
{
"form": "rugat",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "rog",
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"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rogi",
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"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
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"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugăm",
"source": "conjugation",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
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"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugam",
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"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugai",
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"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruga",
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"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugam",
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"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
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"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugau",
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"imperfect",
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugai",
"source": "conjugation",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugași",
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"perfect",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugă",
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"indicative",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugarăm",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugarăți",
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"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugară",
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"indicative",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugasem",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaseși",
"source": "conjugation",
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"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugase",
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"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaserăm",
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"first-person",
"indicative",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaserăți",
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"indicative",
"pluperfect",
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"second-person"
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},
{
"form": "rugaseră",
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"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "să rog",
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"present",
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"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să rogi",
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"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "să roage",
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"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
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"plural",
"present",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
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"present",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
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"present",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roagă",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugați",
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"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "nu ruga",
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"negative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
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"second-person"
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}
],
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],
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],
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{
"word": "rugăminte"
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{
"word": "rugător"
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{
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{
"word": "te rog"
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{
"word": "vă rog"
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],
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{
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"Romanian terms with usage examples",
"Romanian transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
3,
6
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
5
]
],
"english": "We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.",
"text": "Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to ask politely, to say please"
],
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"please",
"please"
]
],
"qualifier": "transitive or (obsolete) reflexive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive or (obsolete) reflexive) to ask politely, to say please"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Romanian reflexive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to pray"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "dat/:la<to>"
},
"expansion": "[with dative or la ‘to’]",
"extra_data": {
"tags": [
"dative"
],
"words": [
"la",
"‘to’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"pray",
"pray"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive) to pray [with dative or la ‘to’]"
],
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Romanian informal terms",
"Romanian reflexive verbs",
"Romanian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
6,
13
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
8
]
],
"english": "He is begging his classmates to give him the homework.",
"text": "Se roagă de colegi să îi dea tema.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
45,
48
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
50,
53
]
],
"english": "I cannot pay off my debt now; I will have to beg the creditors to grant me an extension.",
"text": "Nu pot să îmi achit datoria acum; va trebui să mă rog de creditori să mă amâne.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg"
],
"info_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": ":de<of>"
},
"expansion": "[with de ‘of’]",
"extra_data": {
"words": [
"de",
"‘of’"
]
},
"name": "+obj"
}
],
"links": [
[
"ask",
"ask"
],
[
"beg",
"beg"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(reflexive, informal) to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg [with de ‘of’]"
],
"tags": [
"informal",
"reflexive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ruˈɡa/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Filosoful-ruga.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Filosoful-ruga.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q7913 (ron)-Andreea Teodoraa-ruga.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav/LL-Q7913_%28ron%29-Andreea_Teodoraa-ruga.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-a"
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sardinian entries with incorrect language header",
"Sardinian feminine nouns",
"Sardinian lemmas",
"Sardinian nouns",
"Sardinian terms derived from Latin",
"Sardinian terms inherited from Latin"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "la",
"3": "rūga"
},
"expansion": "Latin rūga",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin rūga.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "berruca",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ferruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruca",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "verruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruda",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "rua",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "rugas",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "rugas"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "sc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"street"
],
"links": [
[
"street",
"street"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Sardinian entries with incorrect language header",
"Sardinian feminine nouns",
"Sardinian lemmas",
"Sardinian nouns",
"Sardinian terms derived from Latin",
"Sardinian terms inherited from Latin"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "la",
"3": "eruca"
},
"expansion": "Latin eruca",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin eruca.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rugas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rua",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "arruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "orruga",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "rugas",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "rugas"
},
"expansion": "ruga f (plural rugas)",
"name": "sc-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Sardinian",
"lang_code": "sc",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mamaruga"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "maniposa"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "babbaliscu"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cabagasu"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mariavolavola"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"caterpillar"
],
"links": [
[
"caterpillar",
"caterpillar"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish verb forms"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "rugar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of rugar:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"rugar",
"rugar#Spanish"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*ruka",
"id": "resin"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *ruka",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *ruka",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "vep-decl-kuva",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruga",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiden",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugad",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugid",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive-instructive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugin",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"essive-instructive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugikš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"translative"
]
},
{
"form": "rugas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugiš",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaspäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugišpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"elative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugaha",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"illative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugal",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugil",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilpäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugale",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugile",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"allative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugata",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugita",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"abessive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruganke",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidenke",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comitative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugadme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"prolative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"prolative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruganno",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-i",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidenno",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-i",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugannoks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-ii",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidennoks",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"approximative",
"approximative-ii",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugannopäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"egressive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugidennopäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"egressive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugahasai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-i"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-i"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilesai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugassai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"terminative",
"terminative-iii"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"terminative",
"terminative-iii"
]
},
{
"form": "rugahapäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-i",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugihepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-i",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rugalepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-ii",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rugilepäi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"additive",
"additive-ii",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vep",
"2": "nouns",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruga",
"name": "vep-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ruga"
},
"name": "vep-decl-kuva"
}
],
"lang": "Veps",
"lang_code": "vep",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 12 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Veps entries with incorrect language header",
"Veps kuva-type nominals",
"Veps lemmas",
"Veps nouns",
"Veps terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Veps terms inherited from Proto-Finnic"
],
"glosses": [
"resin"
],
"links": [
[
"resin",
"resin"
]
]
}
],
"word": "ruga"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ruga meaning in All languages combined (39.5kB)
{
"called_from": "page/1713/20221215",
"msg": "later head without list of senses,template node #, ruga/Latin",
"path": [
"ruga"
],
"section": "Latin",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "ruga",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-06-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-06-01 using wiktextract (074e7de and f1c2b61). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.